2003 年考研英语真题 - 阅读 3 解析
In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. [1]
翻译：近年来，铁路公司一直在相互合并以便形成超级集团，这引起了人们对垄断的极大关注。
1. In recent years, 介词短语作时间状语。
2. combine with 与… 结合。
3. each other 彼此，互相。
4. merging into super systems, 是现在分词短语作结果状语。
5. merge into 并入；结合。
6. causing heightened concerns about monopoly. 是现在分词短语作结果状语。
7. cause heightened concerns 引起极大关注；引起高度关注。
8. about monopoly, 介词短语作定语，修饰 concerns。
As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. [2]
翻译：最近在 1995 年，四家大型铁路公司占据了铁路运输的总吨英里数的 70% 以下。
1. As recently as 1995, 介词短语作时间状语。
2. as recently as 最近。
3. account for 对… 负有责任；对… 做出解释；说明… 的原因；（比例）占。
4. under 70 percent of the total ton-miles, 介词短语作宾语。
5. ton-mile 吨英里（货运单位）。
6. moved by rails. 过去分词短语作定语，修饰 the total ton-miles。
Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers. [3]
翻译：明年，一系列的兼并活动完成之后，主要铁路运输公司所运输的 90% 以上的货物将仅仅被四家铁路公司控制。
1. after a series of mergers is completed, 是 after 引导的时间状语从句。
2. a series of 一系列的；一连串的。
3. control over 控制；支配；征服。
4. moved by major rail carriers. 是过去分词短语作定语，修饰 the freight。
5. rail carrier 铁路承运人。
Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. [4]
翻译：新超级集团的支持者认为，这些兼并活动将使大幅度降低成本和更好的协调服务成为可能。
1. of the new super systems, 介词短语作定语，修饰 Supporters。
2. super system 超级系统；超级体系。
3. that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. 是 that 引导的从句，作 argue 的宾语。
4. allow for 考虑到，虑及；使… 成为可能。
5. substantial cost reduction 大幅降低成本；大量的成本降低。
6. better coordinated service 更好的协调服务。
Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. [5]
翻译：他们认为，载货汽车之间的激烈竞争消除了任何垄断的威胁。
1. they argue, 作插入语；可理解成主谓，剩下的部分作其宾语。
2. of monopoly, 介词短语作定语，修饰 Any threat。
3. be removed 被除去；被免职。
4. by fierce competition from trucks. 是介词短语作方式状语。
5. fierce competition 激烈的竞争。
6. from trucks, 介词短语作定语，修饰 fierce competition。
But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat. [6]
翻译：然而很多运货商抱怨，对于像煤炭、化工产品、农作物这样要进行长途运输的重型大宗货物来说，货车运输费用太高，因而铁路运输就会卡住他们的脖子了。
1. that (for..., such as...) trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat. 是 that 引导的从句，由 and 连接两个并列句，作 complain 的宾语。
2. for heavy bulk commodities, 介词短语作方面状语。
3. bulk commodity 大宗商品，散装货物。
4. traveling long distances, 是现在分词短语作定语，修饰 heavy bulk commodities。
5. such as coal, chemicals, and grain, 是介词短语作定语，修饰 heavy bulk commodities。
6. have sth. by the throat, 扼住喉咙；卡住脖子；完全控制（某人或某物）。
The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. [7]
翻译：铁路行业内的大规模合并意味着只有一家铁路公司为大部分的运货商提供服务。
1. within the rail industry, 介词短语作定语，修饰 The vast consolidation。
2. rail industry 铁路行业。
3. that most shippers are served by only one rail company. 是 that 引导的从句，作 means 的宾语。
4. be served by 被⋯服务。
5. rail company 铁路公司。
Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. [8]
翻译：铁路公司通常对这些 “受控” 运货商的收费要比有竞争对手抢生意时高 20%～30%。
1. captive shipper 受制的运货商。
2. than they do (when...), 作比较状语从句（该从句有省略，do 代指前面的 charge：than they charge such "captive" shippers）。
3. when another railroad is competing for the business. 是 when 引导的时间状语从句。
4. compete for 角逐，竞争；为… 比赛。
Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases. [9]
翻译：感觉被要价过高的运货商有权上诉联邦政府地面交通委员会以求费用减免，但是这一过程花费高、浪费时间，而且只是在真正极端的案件中才起作用。
1. but 连接两个并列句。
2. who feel they are being overcharged, 是 who 引导的定语从句，修饰 Shippers。
3. they are being overcharged, 是省略引导词的从句，作 feel 的宾语。
4. to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, 是 to do 不定式短语作定语，修饰 the right。
5. appeal to 呼吁；上诉；要求；对… 有吸引力。
6. federal government 联邦政府。
7. Surface Transportation Board 地面交通委员会；地面运输委员会。
8. for rate relief, 介词短语作目的状语。
9. rate relief 费用减免。
10. time consuming 耗费时间的；旷日持久的。
11. in extreme cases 介词短语作条件状语；意思是：在极端情况下。
Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. [10]
翻译：铁路公司认为对受制的运货商的价格歧视是合理的，理由是从长远看它减少了每个人的成本。
1. rate discrimination 费率歧视；费率差别歧视。
2. against captive shippers, 是介词短语作定语，修饰 rate discrimination。
3. captive shipper 受制的运货商。
4. on the grounds that... 由于（根据），引导后面的从句，作原因状语。
5. in the long run 从长远来看；终究；最终。
6. reduce cost 降低成本。
If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. [11]
翻译：他们争辩，如果铁路公司向所有客户收取同样的平均价格，那么那些可以使用公路运输或其他形式交通工具的运货商会这么做，这样会使剩下的运货商来承担（铁路公司）继续运行下去的开销。
1. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, 是 if 引导的条件状语从句。
2. average rate 平均价格；平均汇率。
3. they argue, 作插入语，也认为其余部分作其宾语。
4. who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation, 是 who 引导的定语从句，修饰 shippers。
5. have the option 有选择；有期权。
6. of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation, 介词短语作定语，修饰 the option。
7. switch to 切换到；转到；转变成。
8. other form of 其他形式的。
9. leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. 现在分词短语作结果状语。
10. the cost of 以… 为代价；成本；造价。
11. of keeping up the line. 是介词短语作定语，修饰 the cost。
12. keep up 保持；继续；不低落；不落后。
13. keep up the line 继续运行；保持同一起跑线。
It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. [12]
翻译：许多经济学家支持这种理论，但实际上，它使铁路公司处在一个决定谁兴谁衰的地位上。
1. but 连接两个并列句。
2. to which many economists subscribe, 是 to+which 引导的定语从句，修饰 theory。
3. subscribe to 订阅；同意；捐款。
4. in practice 在实践中；实际上，事实上。
5. in the position, 是介词短语作宾语 railroads 的补语。
6. in the position of 处在… 位置；处在… 地位。
7. of determining (which...and which...), 是介词短语作定语，修饰 the position。
8. which companies will flourish /which will fail. 是两个 which 引导的从句，作 determining 的宾语。
"Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?" asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper. [13]
翻译：一位常常代表运货商的华盛顿律师 Martin Bercovici 说道，“我们真的想让铁路公司在市场上成为决定‘谁胜谁败’的裁决者吗？”
1. 双引号内容是引语，作 asks 的宾语。
2. a Washington lawyer (who...). 作 Martin Bercovici 的同位语，对其解释说明。
3. who frequently represents shipper. 是 who 引导的定语从句，修饰 a Washington lawyer。
4. to be the arbiters, 是 to do 不定式作宾语 railroads 的补语。
5. of (who...and who...), 是介词短语作定语，修饰 the arbiters。
6. who wins and who loses, 是两个 who 引导的从句，作 of 的宾语。
7. in the marketplace, 介词短语作地点状语。
Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. [14]
翻译：许多 “受控” 的运货商还担心他们很快将遭受一轮大幅涨价的冲击。
1. captive shipper 受制的托运人。
2. they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. 是省略引导词的从句，作 worry 的宾语。
3. be hit with 被… 击中；遭受。
4. a round of 一轮…；一场…；一连串的…。
5. rate increase 速率提高；加息；利率增长。
The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. [15]
翻译：总的来说，虽然铁路行业经济前景正在好转，但它的收入仍然不足以支付为满足不断增长的交通量而进行的固定资产投资。
1. railroad industry 铁路工业。
2. as a whole 总的来说。
3. despite its brightening fortunes, 是 despite 引导的让步状语。
4. brightening fortunes 光明的命运；正在好转的经济前景。
5. enough to do sth 足以用来做某事；足够做某事。
6. cover the cost 支付费用。
7. the cost of 以… 为代价；成本；造价。
8. of the capital, 是介词短语作定语，修饰 the cost。
9. it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. 是省略引导词的定语从句，修饰 the capital。
10. to keep up with its surging traffic. 是 to do 不定式短语作目的状语。
11. keep up with 赶得上；和… 保持联系。
12. surging traffic 增加的交通量。
Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. [16]
翻译：然而在华尔街的鼓励下，铁路公司继续贷款数十亿美元来进行相互兼并。
1. continue to do sth 继续做某事。
2. to acquire one another, 是 to do 不定式短语作目的状语。
3. with Wall Street cheering them on. 是 with 引导的独立主格结构，作伴随状语。
4. Wall Street 华尔街。
5. cheer on 鼓励，为某人打气。
Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. [17]
翻译：想一想今年 Norfolk Southern 和 CSX 这两家公司为兼并 Conrail 公司而出价 102 亿美元吧。
1. 该句子是 do 型祈使句。
2. bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX, 是过去分词短语作定语，修饰 the $10.2 billion。
3. to acquire Conrail. 是 to do 不定式短语，作目的状语。
4. this year 作时间状语。
Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. [18]
翻译：Conrail 公司 1996 年的铁路营业收入为 4.27 亿美元，还不到这宗交易运作成本的一半。
1. operating income 营业收益，营业收入。
2. in 1996, 介词短语作定语，修饰 net railway operating income。
3. less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. 作比较状语。
4. less than 小于；少于；不到。
5. carrying cost 财产维持费，储囤成本；运作成本。
6. of the transaction, 介词短语作定语，修饰 the carrying costs。
Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? [19]
翻译：谁来支付其余的费用？
1. pay for 赔偿；为… 而付钱；为… 付出代价。
2. the rest of 其余的；剩下的。
Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market. [20]
翻译：许多受制的运货商担心，随着 Norfolk Southern 和 CSX 公司将增加对市场的控制，他们将（支付其余费用）。
1. captive shipper 受制的运货商。
2. that they will, (as...), 是 that 引导的从句，作 fear 的宾语（该句子有省略，参考上一句，完整应为：that they will pay for the rest of the bill, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market）。
3. as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market. 是 as 引导的时间状语从句。
4. get a grip on 控制；把握关键；管束；抓拄。
5. increase grip 增加控制。
6. on the market. 介词短语作定语，修饰 their grip。
标签：定语,真题,短语,状语,介词,从句,2003,修饰,考研 From： https://www.cnblogs.com/ah1949/p/18100422