完全数 / perfect numbers
他们的真因子(除了本身以外的所有因子)之和为自己:$6=3+2+1$, $28=14+7+4+2+1$, $496=248+124+62+31+16+8+4+2+1$, $8128=4064+2032+1016+508+254+127+64+32+16+8+4+2+1$, …
质数
19, 199, 1009, 1999 are prime numbers!!!
twin primes / 孪生素数: $3,5,7$,$29,31$,$41,43$,$101,103$,$2027,2029$,$9999971,9999973$
常用的分解:$7×11×13=1001$, $17×59=1003$, $19×53=1007$, $73×137=10001$, $3×7×13×37=10101$, $41×271=11111$
平方数的差:
\begin{aligned}
&1^2=2\times1^2-1,3^2=2\times2^2+1,7^2=2\times5^2-1,17^2=2\times12^2+1,\cdots\\
&\frac{2^2}{2}=1^2+1,\frac{4^2}{2}=3^2-1,\frac{10^2}{2}=7^2+1,\frac{24^2}{2}=17^2-1,\cdots
\end{aligned}
另一些比较特殊的关系
$2\times 84 \times 85=119 \times 120 \Rightarrow 2 \times(1 + 2 + \cdots + 84) = 1 + 2 + \cdots + 119$
$65=8^2+1^2=7^2+4^2=(2^2+1^2)(3^2+2^2),1729=12^3+1^3=10^3+9^3$
$3^2+4^2=5^2,10^2+11^2+12^2=13^2+14^2=365$
$1^2+\cdots+24^2=\frac{24\times25\times49}{6}=4\times25\times49=2^2\times5^2\times7^2=(2\times5\times7)^2=70^2$
需要枚举的
尽量记的常数
\begin{aligned}
e=\lim_{x\to\infty}(1+\frac{1}{x})^x=\lim_{y\to0}(1+y)^\frac{1}{y}&=2.718281828459...\\
\pi&=3.14159265359...\\
\sqrt{2}&=1.414213562373095...\\
\sqrt{3}&=1.732050807568877...\\
\sqrt{5}&=2.23606797749979...\\
\sqrt{10}&=3.1622776601683793319988935444327...\\
1+\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}+\cdots+\frac{1}{n^2}&≈\frac{\pi^2}{6}≈1.644934066848226436472415166646...
\end{aligned}