「题解报告」[POI2008]PER-Permutation
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目录
不理解哪里难了,学过扩卢并且推一下式子基本就是两眼切吧。
个人感觉顶多上位紫。
思路
首先设 \(f_i\) 表示前 \(i-1\) 位固定,第 \(i\) 位选一个比原来小的,后面随便排的方案数。
显然 \((\sum_{i=1}^{n}f_i)+1\) 为答案,那么考虑如何快速求出 \(f_i\)。
考虑用“交换”的思想,即在后 \(n-i\) 个数中找到比 \(a_i\) 小的数和它换一下,然后再随便排。
然而这里是可重集,所以还要去重乘上 \(\dfrac{1}{\prod_{j}(A_{cnt_j}^{cnt_j})}=\dfrac{1}{\prod_{j}(cnt_j!)}\)。(\(cnt_j\) 表示在 \(i\sim n\) 中 \(j\) 出现了几次)
那么可写出式子:
\[f_i=\frac{(n-i)!}{\prod(cnt_j!)}\sum_{j=1}^{n}[a_i>a_j]\bmod M \]但是 \(M\) 不是质数,没法直接求逆元,怎么办呢?
用扩展卢卡斯的思想。
首先把 \(M\) 分解成 \(p_1^{k_1}p_2^{k_2}\cdots p_t^{k_t}(p_i\in\mathbb{P})\),解决这个方程组:
\[\begin{cases} x \equiv \frac{(n-i)!}{\prod(cnt_j!)}\sum_{j=1}^{n}[a_i>a_j] \pmod{p_1^{k_1}}\\ x \equiv \frac{(n-i)!}{\prod(cnt_j!)}\sum_{j=1}^{n}[a_i>a_j] \pmod{p_2^{k_2}}\\ \dots\\ x \equiv \frac{(n-i)!}{\prod(cnt_j!)}\sum_{j=1}^{n}[a_i>a_j] \pmod{p_t^{k_t}}\\ \end{cases} \]这些内容可用 CRT 合并,然后注意这个方程:
\[x \equiv \frac{(n-i)!}{\prod(cnt_j!)}\sum_{j=1}^{n}[a_i>a_j] \pmod{p^k}\\ \]\(\sum_{j=1}^{n}[a_i>a_j]\) 简单树状数组解决,问题就只剩下了如何求 \(\dfrac{(n-i)!}{\prod(cnt_j!)}\bmod{p^k}\)。
继续用扩卢的思想,把分子和分母中的 \(p\) 提取出来:
\[\large\dfrac{\frac{(n-i)!}{p^{x}}}{\frac{\prod(cnt_j!)}{p^{y}}}*p^{x-y}\bmod{p^k} \]直接提显然会 TLE,所以我们充分发挥人类智慧:求 \(f_i\) 时倒序跑,这样每次只用额外提出 \((n-i)\) 和 \(cnt_{a_i}\) 的 \(p\),然后与上一次的分子与分母合并即可。
然后有个小细节:\(x-y\) 可能为负,此时要发挥人类智慧用逆元淦。
然后就切掉了。
代码
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#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#define lowb(a, r, x) lower_bound(a + 1, a + r + 1, x) - a
#define uppb(a, r, x) upper_bound(a + 1, a + r + 1, x) - a
#define _for(i, a, b) for (ll i = a; i <= b; ++i)
#define for_(i, a, b) for (ll i = a; i >= b; --i)
#define far(i, vec) for (auto i : vec)
#define bdmd int mid = (l + r) >> 1
#define NO nullptr
typedef long double ldb;
typedef long long ll;
typedef double db;
const ll N = 3e5 + 10, INF = 1ll << 40;
class TreeArray {
public:
ll b[N], mx;
inline ll lowbit (ll x) { return x & -x; }
inline void Update (ll x) {
while (x <= mx) ++b[x], x += lowbit (x);
return;
}
inline ll Query (ll x) {
ll ans = 0;
while (x > 0) ans += b[x], x -= lowbit (x);
return ans;
}
} ta;
namespace MathBasic {
inline void GetFactor (ll x, std::vector <ll>& p, std::vector <ll>& k) {
p.push_back (0), k.push_back (0);
for (ll i = 2; i * i <= x; ++i) {
if (!(x % i)) {
p.push_back (i), k.push_back (0);
while (!(x % i)) x /= i, ++k[k.size () - 1];
}
}
if (x != 1) p.push_back (x), k.push_back (1);
return;
}
inline ll ExGcd (ll a, ll b, ll& x, ll& y) {
if (!b) { x = 1, y = 0; return a; }
ll g = ExGcd (b, a % b, x, y), _x = x;
x = y, y = _x - (a / b) * y;
return g;
}
inline ll Inv (ll a, ll P) {
ll x, y;
ExGcd (a, P, x, y);
return (x % P + P) % P;
}
inline ll FastPow (ll a, ll b, ll Mod = INF) {
ll ans = 1;
if (b < 0) a = Inv (a, Mod), b = -b;
while (b) {
if (b & 1) ans = ans * a % Mod;
a = a * a % Mod, b >>= 1;
}
return ans;
}
}
namespace CRT {
using namespace MathBasic;
ll a[N], m[N], fac[N], fm[N], in[N], cnt[N];
std::vector <ll> p, k;
inline void Pre (ll P) {
GetFactor (P, p, k);
ll len = p.size () - 1;
_for (i, 1, len) fac[i] = fm[i] = 1;
return;
}
inline ll Idx (ll x, ll P) {
ll idx = 0;
while (!(x % P)) x /= P, ++idx;
return idx;
}
inline ll DelP (ll x, ll P) {
while (!(x % P)) x /= P;
return x;
}
inline ll CRT (ll n, ll j, ll ai, ll P) {
ll ans = 0, len = p.size () - 1;
++cnt[ai];
_for (i, 1, len) {
m[i] = FastPow (p[i], k[i]);
in[i] += Idx ((n - j) ? (n - j) : 1, p[i]) - Idx (cnt[ai], p[i]);
fac[i] = fac[i] * DelP ((n - j) ? (n - j) : 1, p[i]) % m[i];
fm[i] = fm[i] * DelP (cnt[ai], p[i]) % m[i];
a[i] = FastPow (p[i], in[i], m[i]) * fac[i] % m[i] * Inv (fm[i], m[i]) % m[i];
ll q = P / m[i];
ans = (ans + a[i] * q % P * Inv (q, m[i]) % P) % P;
}
return ans;
}
}
namespace SOLVE {
ll n, P, a[N], ans = 1;
inline ll rnt () {
ll x = 0, w = 1; char c = getchar ();
while (!isdigit (c)) { if (c == '-') w = -1; c = getchar (); }
while (isdigit (c)) x = (x << 3) + (x << 1) + (c ^ 48), c = getchar ();
return x * w;
}
inline void In () {
n = rnt (), P = rnt ();
_for (i, 1, n) a[i] = rnt (), ta.mx = std::max (ta.mx, a[i]);
return;
}
inline void Solve () {
CRT::Pre (P);
for_ (i, n, 1) {
ll crt = CRT::CRT (n, i, a[i], P);
ans = (ans + ta.Query (a[i] - 1) % P * crt % P) % P;
ta.Update (a[i]);
}
return;
}
inline void Out () {
printf ("%lld\n", ans);
return;
}
}
int main () {
#ifndef ONLINE_JUDGE
freopen ("date.in", "r", stdin);
#endif
SOLVE::In ();
SOLVE::Solve ();
SOLVE::Out ();
return 0;
} /*
*/