符号定义
考虑随机矩阵\(P \in \mathbb R^{N \times N}\),这里规定列和为\(1\).故对于任意状态\(x \in \mathbb{R}^n\), 游走一步后为
\[ x^\prime = Px. \]在量子离散随机游走当中,我们可以用一个\(\mathbb{C}^{N}\otimes \mathbb{C}^N\)中的酉变换描述.引入状态
\[ \ket{\psi_j} \coloneqq \ket{j} \otimes \sum_{k=1}^{N} \sqrt{p_{kj}}\ket{k} = \sum_{k=1}^{N} \sqrt{p_{kj}}\ket{j,k} \]由随机矩阵性质可知\(\ket{\psi_{j}}\)是归一化的.令
\[ \Pi = \sum_{j=1}^{N} \ket{\psi_{j}}\bra{\psi_{j}} \]为空间\(\text{span}\{\ket{\psi_j}\}\)上的投影,并定义交换算子
\[ S = \sum_{j, k = 1}^N \ket{j, k}\bra{k, j}. \]上述矩阵的性质:\(S^2 = S, \Pi^2 = \Pi, S = S^\dagger, \Pi = \Pi^\dagger\).
我们将量子游走的一步定义为\(U = S(2\Pi -I)\).
首先不难看出\(U\)是酉变换.因为
\[\begin{aligned} UU^\dagger &= S(2\Pi -I)[S(2\Pi -I)]^\dagger \\ &= S[(2\Pi -I)]^2S \\ &= \end{aligned} \] 标签:mathbb,psi,dagger,sum,随机,ket,游走,Pi,量子 From: https://www.cnblogs.com/linxiaoshu/p/16867398.html