一、实验目的
能够独立部署RYU控制器；
能够理解RYU控制器实现软件定义的集线器原理；
能够理解RYU控制器实现软件定义的交换机原理。
二、实验环境
Ubuntu 20.04 Desktop amd64
三、实验要求
（一）基本要求
1.搭建下图所示SDN拓扑，协议使用Open Flow 1.0，并连接Ryu控制器，通过Ryu的图形界面查看网络拓扑。
- 构建拓扑：
sudo mn --topo=single,3 --controller=remote,ip=127.0.0.1,port=6633 --switch ovsk,protocols=OpenFlow10
- 启动控制器，利用Web图形界面查看网络拓扑（默认web端口8080）：
ryu-manager ryu/ryu/app/gui_topology/gui_topology.py --observe-links
2.阅读Ryu文档的The First Application一节，运行当中的L2Switch，h1 ping h2或h3，在目标主机使用 tcpdump 验证L2Switch，分析L2Switch和POX的Hub模块有何不同。
点击查看代码
from ryu.base import app_manager
from ryu.controller import ofp_event
from ryu.controller.handler import MAIN_DISPATCHER
from ryu.controller.handler import set_ev_cls
from ryu.ofproto import ofproto_v1_0
class L2Switch(app_manager.RyuApp):
OFP_VERSIONS = [ofproto_v1_0.OFP_VERSION]
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(L2Switch, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPPacketIn, MAIN_DISPATCHER)
def packet_in_handler(self, ev):
msg = ev.msg
dp = msg.datapath
ofp = dp.ofproto
ofp_parser = dp.ofproto_parser
actions = [ofp_parser.OFPActionOutput(ofp.OFPP_FLOOD)]
data = None
if msg.buffer_id == ofp.OFP_NO_BUFFER:
data = msg.data
out = ofp_parser.OFPPacketOut(
datapath=dp, buffer_id=msg.buffer_id, in_port=msg.in_port,
actions=actions, data = data)
dp.send_msg(out)
- 运行Ryu：
ryu-manager L2Switch.py
- 开启主机终端
mininet> xterm h1 h2 h3 - 抓取数据包
tcpdump -nn -i h2-eth0
tcpdump -nn -i h3-eth0
- 分析L2Switch和POX的Hub模块有何不同
查看流表：
dpctl dump-flows
（a）POX的Hub模块查看流表
（b）Ryu的的L2Switch模块查看流表
- 结论： 通过上述实验可以看出 Ryu的L2Switch模块和POX的Hub模块均为洪泛转发，不同之处是Ryu的L2Switch模块不能查看下发的流表，而POX的Hub模块可以查看。
3.编程修改L2Switch.py，另存为L2xxxxxxxxx.py，使之和POX的Hub模块的变得一致。（xxxxxxxxx为学号）
from ryu.base import app_manager
from ryu.ofproto import ofproto_v1_3
from ryu.controller import ofp_event
from ryu.controller.handler import MAIN_DISPATCHER, CONFIG_DISPATCHER
from ryu.controller.handler import set_ev_cls
class hub(app_manager.RyuApp):
OFP_VERSIONS = [ofproto_v1_3.OFP_VERSION]
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(hub, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPSwitchFeatures, CONFIG_DISPATCHER)
def switch_feathers_handler(self, ev):
datapath = ev.msg.datapath
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
ofp_parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
# install flow table-miss flow entry
match = ofp_parser.OFPMatch()
actions = [ofp_parser.OFPActionOutput(ofproto.OFPP_CONTROLLER, ofproto.OFPCML_NO_BUFFER)]
# 1\OUTPUT PORT, 2\BUFF IN SWITCH?
self.add_flow(datapath, 0, match, actions)
def add_flow(self, datapath, priority, match, actions):
# 1\ datapath for the switch, 2\priority for flow entry, 3\match field, 4\action for packet
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
ofp_parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
# install flow
inst = [ofp_parser.OFPInstructionActions(ofproto.OFPIT_APPLY_ACTIONS, actions)]
mod = ofp_parser.OFPFlowMod(datapath=datapath, priority=priority, match=match, instructions=inst)
datapath.send_msg(mod)
@set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPPacketIn, MAIN_DISPATCHER)
def packet_in_handler(self, ev):
msg = ev.msg
datapath = msg.datapath
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
ofp_parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
in_port = msg.match['in_port'] # get in port of the packet
# add a flow entry for the packet
match = ofp_parser.OFPMatch()
actions = [ofp_parser.OFPActionOutput(ofproto.OFPP_FLOOD)]
self.add_flow(datapath, 1, match, actions)
# to output the current packet. for install rules only output later packets
out = ofp_parser.OFPPacketOut(datapath=datapath, buffer_id=msg.buffer_id, in_port=in_port, actions=actions)
# buffer id: locate the buffered packet
datapath.send_msg(out)
- 运行ryu及查看流表
(二）进阶要求
阅读Ryu关于simple_switch.py和simple_switch_1x.py的实现，以simple_switch_13.py为例，完成其代码的注释工作，并回答下列问题：
点击查看代码
# Copyright (C) 2011 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
# implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
from ryu.base import app_manager
from ryu.controller import ofp_event
from ryu.controller.handler import CONFIG_DISPATCHER, MAIN_DISPATCHER
from ryu.controller.handler import set_ev_cls
from ryu.ofproto import ofproto_v1_3
from ryu.lib.packet import packet
from ryu.lib.packet import ethernet
from ryu.lib.packet import ether_types
class SimpleSwitch13(app_manager.RyuApp): # 继承ryu.base.app_manager.RyuApp
OFP_VERSIONS = [ofproto_v1_3.OFP_VERSION] # 指定OpenFlow 1.3版本
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(SimpleSwitch13, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.mac_to_port = {} #定义保存mac地址到端口的一个映射
@set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPSwitchFeatures, CONFIG_DISPATCHER)
def switch_features_handler(self, ev):
datapath = ev.msg.datapath # ev.msg 是用来存储对应事件的 OpenFlow 消息类别实体
ofproto = datapath.ofproto # ofproto表示使用的OpenFlow版本所对应的ryu.ofproto.ofproto_v1_3
parser = datapath.ofproto_parser # 使用对应版本的ryu.ofproto.ofproto_v1_3_parser来解析协议才能使用
# install table-miss flow entry
#
# We specify NO BUFFER to max_len of the output action due to
# OVS bug. At this moment, if we specify a lesser number, e.g.,
# 128, OVS will send Packet-In with invalid buffer_id and
# truncated packet data. In that case, we cannot output packets
# correctly. The bug has been fixed in OVS v2.1.0.
match = parser.OFPMatch()
actions = [parser.OFPActionOutput(ofproto.OFPP_CONTROLLER,
ofproto.OFPCML_NO_BUFFER)]
self.add_flow(datapath, 0, match, actions) # 执行 add_flow() 方法以发送 Flow Mod 消息，priority = 0 ，优先级最低，为了所有流表都匹配不到的时候，才会发送到controller
def add_flow(self, datapath, priority, match, actions, buffer_id=None):
# 新增流表项
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
# Apply Actions 是用来设定必须立即执行的 action 所使用
inst = [parser.OFPInstructionActions(ofproto.OFPIT_APPLY_ACTIONS,
actions)]
# 根据流表下发buffer_id有无来区分下发,有buffer_id，到对应缓存区下发，无则自动分配，不传参buffer_id
if buffer_id:
mod = parser.OFPFlowMod(datapath=datapath, buffer_id=buffer_id,
priority=priority, match=match,
instructions=inst)
else:
mod = parser.OFPFlowMod(datapath=datapath, priority=priority,
match=match, instructions=inst)
datapath.send_msg(mod)
@set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPPacketIn, MAIN_DISPATCHER)
def _packet_in_handler(self, ev): # packet_in_handler方法用于处理packet_in事件
# If you hit this you might want to increase
# the "miss_send_length" of your switch
if ev.msg.msg_len < ev.msg.total_len:
self.logger.debug("packet truncated: only %s of %s bytes",
ev.msg.msg_len, ev.msg.total_len)
msg = ev.msg # 每一个事件类ev中都有msg成员，用于携带触发事件的数据包
datapath = msg.datapath
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
in_port = msg.match['in_port'] # 更新Mac地址表
pkt = packet.Packet(msg.data)
eth = pkt.get_protocols(ethernet.ethernet)[0]
if eth.ethertype == ether_types.ETH_TYPE_LLDP:
# ignore lldp packet
return
dst = eth.dst
src = eth.src
# dpid是交换机的id，src是数据包的源mac地址
dpid = format(datapath.id, "d").zfill(16)
self.mac_to_port.setdefault(dpid, {})
self.logger.info("packet in %s %s %s %s", dpid, src, dst, in_port) # 日志记录信息
# learn a mac address to avoid FLOOD next time.
self.mac_to_port[dpid][src] = in_port # in_port是交换机接受到包的端口
# 判断转发的数据包的连接端口
if dst in self.mac_to_port[dpid]:
out_port = self.mac_to_port[dpid][dst] # 有目的地址寻找端口号，否则进行泛洪转发
else:
out_port = ofproto.OFPP_FLOOD
actions = [parser.OFPActionOutput(out_port)]
# install a flow to avoid packet_in next time
if out_port != ofproto.OFPP_FLOOD:
match = parser.OFPMatch(in_port=in_port, eth_dst=dst, eth_src=src)
# verify if we have a valid buffer_id, if yes avoid to send both
# flow_mod & packet_out
if msg.buffer_id != ofproto.OFP_NO_BUFFER:
self.add_flow(datapath, 1, match, actions, msg.buffer_id)
return
else:
self.add_flow(datapath, 1, match, actions)
# 在 MAC 地址表中找寻目的 MAC 地址，若是有找到则发送 Packet-Out 信息，并且转送数据包。
data = None
if msg.buffer_id == ofproto.OFP_NO_BUFFER:
data = msg.data
out = parser.OFPPacketOut(datapath=datapath, buffer_id=msg.buffer_id,
in_port=in_port, actions=actions, data=data)
datapath.send_msg(out)
- 不同的是：simple_switch直接输出dpid，而simple_switch_13是在dpid前端填充0直至满16位。
#simple_switch.py
dpid = datapath.id
#simple_switch_13.py
dpid = format(datapath.id, "d").zfill(16)
c) 相比simple_switch，simple_switch_13增加的switch_feature_handler实现了什么功能？
- 实现了交换机以特性应答消息来响应特性请求的功能。
d) simple_switch_13是如何实现流规则下发的？
- 在接收到packetin事件后，首先获取包学习，交换机信息，以太网信息，协议信息等。若以太网类型是LLDP类型，则不予处理。如果不是，则获取源端口的目的端口和交换机id，先学习源地址对应的交换机的入端口，再查看是否已经学习目的mac地址，如果没有则进行洪泛转发。如果学习过该mac地址，则查看是否有buffer_id，如果有，则在添加流表信息时加上buffer_id，向交换机发送流表。
e) switch_features_handler和_packet_in_handler两个事件在发送流规则的优先级上有何不同？
- switch_features_handler下发流表的优先级比_packet_in_handler的优先级高。
2.编程实现和ODL实验的一样的硬超时功能。
点击查看代码
# Copyright (C) 2011 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
# implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
from ryu.base import app_manager
from ryu.controller import ofp_event
from ryu.controller.handler import CONFIG_DISPATCHER, MAIN_DISPATCHER
from ryu.controller.handler import set_ev_cls
from ryu.ofproto import ofproto_v1_3
from ryu.lib.packet import packet
from ryu.lib.packet import ethernet
from ryu.lib.packet import ether_types
class SimpleSwitch13(app_manager.RyuApp):
OFP_VERSIONS = [ofproto_v1_3.OFP_VERSION]
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(SimpleSwitch13, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.mac_to_port = {}
@set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPSwitchFeatures, CONFIG_DISPATCHER)
def switch_features_handler(self, ev):
datapath = ev.msg.datapath
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
# install table-miss flow entry
#
# We specify NO BUFFER to max_len of the output action due to
# OVS bug. At this moment, if we specify a lesser number, e.g.,
# 128, OVS will send Packet-In with invalid buffer_id and
# truncated packet data. In that case, we cannot output packets
# correctly. The bug has been fixed in OVS v2.1.0.
match = parser.OFPMatch()
actions = [parser.OFPActionOutput(ofproto.OFPP_CONTROLLER,
ofproto.OFPCML_NO_BUFFER)]
self.add_flow(datapath, 0, match, actions)
def add_flow(self, datapath, priority, match, actions, buffer_id=None, hard_timeout=0):
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
inst = [parser.OFPInstructionActions(ofproto.OFPIT_APPLY_ACTIONS,
actions)]
if buffer_id:
mod = parser.OFPFlowMod(datapath=datapath, buffer_id=buffer_id,
priority=priority, match=match,
instructions=inst, hard_timeout=hard_timeout)
else:
mod = parser.OFPFlowMod(datapath=datapath, priority=priority,
match=match, instructions=inst, hard_timeout=hard_timeout)
datapath.send_msg(mod)
@set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPPacketIn, MAIN_DISPATCHER)
def _packet_in_handler(self, ev):
# If you hit this you might want to increase
# the "miss_send_length" of your switch
if ev.msg.msg_len < ev.msg.total_len:
self.logger.debug("packet truncated: only %s of %s bytes",
ev.msg.msg_len, ev.msg.total_len)
msg = ev.msg
datapath = msg.datapath
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
in_port = msg.match['in_port']
pkt = packet.Packet(msg.data)
eth = pkt.get_protocols(ethernet.ethernet)[0]
if eth.ethertype == ether_types.ETH_TYPE_LLDP:
# ignore lldp packet
return
dst = eth.dst
src = eth.src
dpid = format(datapath.id, "d").zfill(16)
self.mac_to_port.setdefault(dpid, {})
self.logger.info("packet in %s %s %s %s", dpid, src, dst, in_port)
# learn a mac address to avoid FLOOD next time.
self.mac_to_port[dpid][src] = in_port
if dst in self.mac_to_port[dpid]:
out_port = self.mac_to_port[dpid][dst]
else:
out_port = ofproto.OFPP_FLOOD
actions = [parser.OFPActionOutput(out_port)]\
actions_timeout=[]
# install a flow to avoid packet_in next time
if out_port != ofproto.OFPP_FLOOD:
match = parser.OFPMatch(in_port=in_port, eth_dst=dst, eth_src=src)
# verify if we have a valid buffer_id, if yes avoid to send both
# flow_mod & packet_out
hard_timeout=10
if msg.buffer_id != ofproto.OFP_NO_BUFFER:
self.add_flow(datapath, 2, match,actions_timeout, msg.buffer_id,hard_timeout=10)
self.add_flow(datapath, 1, match, actions, msg.buffer_id)
return
else:
self.add_flow(datapath, 2, match, actions_timeout, hard_timeout=10)
self.add_flow(datapath, 1, match, actions)
data = None
if msg.buffer_id == ofproto.OFP_NO_BUFFER:
data = msg.data
out = parser.OFPPacketOut(datapath=datapath, buffer_id=msg.buffer_id,
in_port=in_port, actions=actions, data=data)
datapath.send_msg(out)
- 运行结果及查看流表
（三）个人总结
- 通过此次实验学习到了RYU控制器实现软件定义的交换机原理，对于L2Switch和POX的Hub模块两者之间的不同也有了更深刻的印象。
- 在做实验的过程中通过查找资料也了解到了更多关于ryu控制器的知识，对于不了解的知识点需要多方的知识点汇在一起比较最终得到自己想要的知识点，花费在查阅资料上的时间较多，自己的阅读速度需提升。
- 目标需明确，先了解自己需要的是哪一个知识点，再入手去查阅，不可泛泛查阅。