代码随想录训练营｜Day 13｜150，239，347，总结

标签：150 13 元素 deque int nums 随想录队列 stack

150. Evaluate Reverse Polish Notation

Evaluate the value of an arithmetic expression in Reverse Polish Notation.

Valid operators are +, -, *, and /. Each operand may be an integer or another expression.

Note that division between two integers should truncate toward zero.

It is guaranteed that the given RPN expression is always valid. That means the expression would always evaluate to a result, and there will not be any division by zero operation.

Example 1:

Input: tokens = ["2","1","+","3","*"]
Output: 9
Explanation: ((2 + 1) * 3) = 9

Example 2:

Input: tokens = ["4","13","5","/","+"]
Output: 6
Explanation: (4 + (13 / 5)) = 6

Example 3:

Input: tokens = ["10","6","9","3","+","-11","*","/","*","17","+","5","+"]
Output: 22
Explanation: ((10 * (6 / ((9 + 3) * -11))) + 17) + 5
= ((10 * (6 / (12 * -11))) + 17) + 5
= ((10 * (6 / -132)) + 17) + 5
= ((10 * 0) + 17) + 5
= (0 + 17) + 5
= 17 + 5
= 22

Constraints:

1 <= tokens.length <= 104
tokens[i] is either an operator: "+", "-", "*", or "/", or an integer in the range [-200, 200].

遇到数字则入栈；遇到算符则取出栈顶两个数字进行计算，并将结果压入栈中。
计算机可以利用栈里顺序处理，不需要考虑优先级了。也不用回退了，所以后缀表达式对计算机来说是非常友好的。

class Solution {
    public int evalRPN(String[] tokens) {
        Deque<Integer> stack = new LinkedList();
        for (String s : tokens) {
            if ("+".equals(s)) {        // leetcode 内置jdk的问题，不能使用==判断字符串是否相等
                stack.push(stack.pop() + stack.pop());      // 注意 - 和/ 需要特殊处理
            } else if ("-".equals(s)) {
                stack.push(-stack.pop() + stack.pop());
            } else if ("*".equals(s)) {
                stack.push(stack.pop() * stack.pop());
            } else if ("/".equals(s)) {
                int temp1 = stack.pop();
                int temp2 = stack.pop();
                stack.push(temp2 / temp1);
            } else {
                stack.push(Integer.valueOf(s));
            }
        }
        return stack.pop();
    }
}

Time Complexity：O(n)
Space Complexity：O(n)

For Future References

题目链接：https://leetcode.com/problems/evaluate-reverse-polish-notation/

文章讲解： https://programmercarl.com/0150.逆波兰表达式求值.html

视频讲解：https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1kd4y1o7on/

239. Sliding Window Maximum

You are given an array of integers nums, there is a sliding window of size k which is moving from the very left of the array to the very right. You can only see the k numbers in the window. Each time the sliding window moves right by one position.

Return the max sliding window.

Example 1:

Input: nums = [1,3,-1,-3,5,3,6,7], k = 3
Output: [3,3,5,5,6,7]
Explanation:
Window position                Max
---------------               -----
[1  3  -1] -3  5  3  6  7       3
 1 [3  -1  -3] 5  3  6  7       3
 1  3 [-1  -3  5] 3  6  7       5
 1  3  -1 [-3  5  3] 6  7       5
 1  3  -1  -3 [5  3  6] 7       6
 1  3  -1  -3  5 [3  6  7]      7

Example 2:

Input: nums = [1], k = 1
Output: [1]

Constraints:

1 <= nums.length <= 105
104 <= nums[i] <= 104
1 <= k <= nums.length

暴力方法，遍历一遍的过程中每次从窗口中在找到最大的数值，这样很明显是O(n × k)的算法。
需要一个队列，这个队列呢，放进去窗口里的元素，然后随着窗口的移动，队列也一进一出，每次移动之后，队列告诉我们里面的最大值是什么。

其实队列没有必要维护窗口里的所有元素，只需要维护有可能成为窗口里最大值的元素就可以了，同时保证队里里的元素数值是由大到小的。

Customize a queue

class MyQueue {
    Deque<Integer> deque = new LinkedList<>();
    //弹出元素时，比较当前要弹出的数值是否等于队列出口的数值，如果相等则弹出
    //同时判断队列当前是否为空
    void poll(int val) {
        if (!deque.isEmpty() && val == deque.peek()) {
            deque.poll();
        }
    }
    //添加元素时，如果要添加的元素大于入口处的元素，就将入口元素弹出
    //保证队列元素单调递减
    //比如此时队列元素3,1，2将要入队，比1大，所以1弹出，此时队列：3,2
    void add(int val) {
        while (!deque.isEmpty() && val > deque.getLast()) {
            deque.removeLast();
        }
        deque.add(val);
    }
    //队列队顶元素始终为最大值
    int peek() {
        return deque.peek();
    }
}

class Solution {
    public int[] maxSlidingWindow(int[] nums, int k) {
        if (nums.length == 1) {
            return nums;
        }
        int len = nums.length - k + 1;
        //存放结果元素的数组
        int[] res = new int[len];
        int num = 0;
        //自定义队列
        MyQueue myQueue = new MyQueue();
        //先将前k的元素放入队列
        for (int i = 0; i < k; i++) {
            myQueue.add(nums[i]);
        }
        res[num++] = myQueue.peek();
        for (int i = k; i < nums.length; i++) {
            //滑动窗口移除最前面的元素，移除是判断该元素是否放入队列
            myQueue.poll(nums[i - k]);
            //滑动窗口加入最后面的元素
            myQueue.add(nums[i]);
            //记录对应的最大值
            res[num++] = myQueue.peek();
        }
        return res;
    }
}

利用双端队列手动实现单调队列

class Solution {
    public int[] maxSlidingWindow(int[] nums, int k) {
        ArrayDeque<Integer> deque = new ArrayDeque<>();
        int n = nums.length;
        int[] res = new int[n - k + 1];
        int idx = 0;
        for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            // 根据题意，i为nums下标，是要在[i - k + 1, i] 中选到最大值，只需要保证两点
            // 1.队列头结点需要在[i - k + 1, i]范围内，不符合则要弹出
            while(!deque.isEmpty() && deque.peek() < i - k + 1){
                deque.poll();
            }
            // 2.既然是单调，就要保证每次放进去的数字要比末尾的都大，否则也弹出
            while(!deque.isEmpty() && nums[deque.peekLast()] < nums[i]) {
                deque.pollLast();
            }

            deque.offer(i);

            // 因为单调，当i增长到符合第一个k范围的时候，每滑动一步都将队列头节点放入结果就行了
            if(i >= k - 1){
                res[idx++] = nums[deque.peek()];
            }
        }
        return res;
    }
}

Time Complexity：O(n)
Space Complexity：O(1)

For Future References

题目链接：https://leetcode.com/problems/sliding-window-maximum/

文章讲解： https://programmercarl.com/0239.滑动窗口最大值.html

视频讲解：https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1XS4y1p7qj/

347. Top K Frequent Elements

Given an integer array nums and an integer k, return the k most frequent elements. You may return the answer in any order.

Example 1:

Input: nums = [1,1,1,2,2,3], k = 2
Output: [1,2]

Example 2:

Input: nums = [1], k = 1
Output: [1]

Constraints:

1 <= nums.length <= 105
104 <= nums[i] <= 104
k is in the range [1, the number of unique elements in the array].
It is guaranteed that the answer is unique.

Follow up: Your algorithm's time complexity must be better than O(n log n), where n is the array's size.

要统计元素出现频率
对频率排序
找出前K个高频元素

Priority Queue 就是一个披着队列外衣的堆，因为优先级队列对外接口只是从队头取元素，从队尾添加元素，再无其他取元素的方式，看起来就是一个队列。

堆是一棵完全二叉树，树中每个结点的值都不小于（或不大于）其左右孩子的值。如果父亲结点是大于等于左右孩子就是大顶堆，小于等于左右孩子就是小顶堆。

要用小顶堆，因为要统计最大前k个元素，只有小顶堆每次将最小的元素弹出，最后小顶堆里积累的才是前k个最大元素。

/*Comparator接口说明:
 * 返回负数，形参中第一个参数排在前面；返回正数，形参中第二个参数排在前面
 * 对于队列：排在前面意味着往队头靠
 * 对于堆（使用PriorityQueue实现）：从队头到队尾按从小到大排就是最小堆（小顶堆），
 *                                从队头到队尾按从大到小排就是最大堆（大顶堆）--->队头元素相当于堆的根节点
 * */
class Solution {
    public int[] topKFrequent2(int[] nums, int k) {
        Map<Integer,Integer> map = new HashMap<>();//key为数组元素值,val为对应出现次数
        for(int num:nums){
            map.put(num,map.getOrDefault(num,0)+1);
        }
        //在优先队列中存储二元组(num,cnt),cnt表示元素值num在数组中的出现次数
        //出现次数按从队头到队尾的顺序是从小到大排,出现次数最低的在队头(相当于小顶堆)
        PriorityQueue<int[]> pq = new PriorityQueue<>((pair1,pair2)->pair1[1]-pair2[1]);
        for(Map.Entry<Integer,Integer> entry:map.entrySet()){//小顶堆只需要维持k个元素有序
            if(pq.size()<k){//小顶堆元素个数小于k个时直接加
                pq.add(new int[]{entry.getKey(),entry.getValue()});
            }else{
                if(entry.getValue()>pq.peek()[1]){//当前元素出现次数大于小顶堆的根结点(这k个元素中出现次数最少的那个)
                    pq.poll();//弹出队头(小顶堆的根结点),即把堆里出现次数最少的那个删除,留下的就是出现次数多的了
                    pq.add(new int[]{entry.getKey(),entry.getValue()});
                }
            }
        }
        int[] ans = new int[k];
        for(int i=k-1;i>=0;i--){//依次弹出小顶堆,先弹出的是堆的根,出现次数少,后面弹出的出现次数多
            ans[i] = pq.poll()[0];
        }
        return ans;
    }
}

Time Complexity：O(n)
Space Complexity：O(1)

For Future References

题目链接：https://leetcode.com/problems/top-k-frequent-elements/

文章讲解：https://programmercarl.com/0347.前K个高频元素.html

视频讲解：https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Xg41167Lz/