\[\Large 英语基础知识点整理\\ {\rm author}:Stephen Boer. \]
方法做题步骤仅供参考,语言类没有完全绝对的概念,如有纰漏及时联系纠正。
附录
do\doing\done\does\did
词 | 性质 |
---|---|
do | 动词原形 |
doing | 现在分词 |
done | 过去分词 |
did | 过去式 |
does | do的第三人称单数现在式形式 |
be, being, been 区别
词 | 词性 |
---|---|
be | 原形 |
been | be的过去分词 |
being | be动词的现在分词 |
was/were | be动词过去式(分别用在单数和复数中) |
词性及其缩写
词名 | 缩写 | 介绍 |
---|---|---|
noun(名词) | n | china、book |
pronoun(代词) | pron | 可以代替名词或者名词性短语的词(we、that、all、 who) |
numeral(数词) | num | one、ten、fifty、hundred |
article (冠词) | art | 加在名词或者名词词组前后(a、an、the) |
verb(动词) | v | get、do、play |
adverb(副词) | adv | 修饰动词(next、much、back) |
adjective(形容词) | adj | good、fast、 hot |
preposition(介词) | prep | at、in、on |
conjunction(连词) | conj | and、also、but |
interjection(感叹词) | int | what、yum、blah |
- 附录
- 英语简单句
- 一. 名词
- 二. 代词
- 三. 一般态
- 四. 进行态
- 五. 完成态
- 六. 主谓一致
- 七. 被动语态
- 八. 虚拟语气
- 九. 情态动词
- 十. 从句
- 十一. 倒装
- 十二. 反义疑问句
- 十三. 感叹句
- 十四. 非谓语动词
英语简单句
1. 五大简单句
陈述句五种句型:
- 主+谓
- 主+谓+宾
- 主+系+表
- 主+谓+双宾
- 主+谓+宾补
肯定式:
I have money
肯定变否定的方式,助动词(do)后面加否定词(not)
否定式:
I don't (do not) have money
1.1 主谓
主+谓(不及物动词(\(v_i\))后面什么都不用加)
\(I\) run. (我跑)
1.2 主谓宾
宾语就是动作的承受者。及物动词(\(v_t\))后面加宾语。
\(I\) love you. (我爱你)
1.3 主系表
系动词=be动词+感官动词(看、听、闻....)
句子的谓语动词如果是系动词,那么系动词后跟的就是表语,之前的就是主语
My hobby is reading. 我的爱好是读书。
1.4 主谓双宾(直接宾语+间接宾语)
\(I\) give you money
双宾表示,谓语后面加的两个东西,都是动作的对象。
判断技巧:谓语后面两个东西,都能做被动语态主语就是双宾,否则就是宾补
我给(你+钱)=(你)被我给了(钱)=(钱)被我给了(你)
即:\(v+sb+sth\)为为双宾语
1.5 主谓宾宾补
补语是用来宾语的。
They make me proud.他们让我骄傲
2. 八大句子成分
以下为句子主干成分,不可省。
成分 | 词性 | 位置 |
---|---|---|
主语 | n | 动词之前 |
谓语(系动词) | v | |
宾语 | n | 动词后面 |
表语 | n | be(系动词)之后 |
宾补 | 任意词 | 宾语之后 |
以下为不为句子支干成分,可省。
成分 | 词性 | 位置 |
---|---|---|
同位语 | n | 放在名词之后,用于解释说明前名词 |
状语 | 副词(\(adv\))用来修饰动词 | 句首或句末 |
定语 | "的"字形容词(\(adj\)),用来修饰名词 不一定是形容词,但要有形容词属性 |
如果只有一个词放在n(名词)之前 多于一个词放在n之后 |
注意:定语中,如果定语是adj,无论有几个都放在n之前。
一. 名词
1. 名词的分类
1.1 专有名词
种类:人名,地名、机构名等专用名称
特点:
专有名词中的实词[1]首字母大写
专有名词如含有普通名词,加定冠词the。如:Great wall长城,其中wall为普通名词,所以要为the Great wall
定冠词+姓氏s:表示该姓氏的一家人。如:the Greens. 格林一家人
1.2 普通名词
指的是:人或事物的名称
比较重要名词:\(battle(战斗)、contradiction(矛盾)、transcript(成绩单)、controversy(争论)\)
1.3 可数与不可数名词
可数名词:可以用数次计数的词。如:\(book, advertisement(广告), apartment(公寓)\)
不可数名词:不可以计数的名词。如:\(news、money、agony(愤怒)、milk、water、bread、meat\)
2. 名词的数
2.1 规则变化
变化规则:
直:大部分单词的词尾直接+s。如:signal(信号)\(\Longrightarrow\)signals、virtue(美德)\(\Longrightarrow\)virtues、pose(姿势)\(\Longrightarrow\)poses
双:以\(s,o,x,sh,ch\)结尾的单数名词变复数时,词尾加\(es\),其中\(o\)结尾大部分词加\(s\)。如:\(photo\Longrightarrow photos、class\Longrightarrow classes、dish(盘子)\Longrightarrow dishes、bench(长凳子)\Longrightarrow benches\)
特殊词\(+es\):\(negro(黑人), hero, tomato, potato, volcano(火山)\)(两人两菜一火山)变:
- 以元音[2]\(+y\)直接\(+s\)
- 以辅音\(+y\)将\(y\)变为\(i+es\)
- 以\(f或fe\)结尾的名词变复数,变\(f/fe\)为\(v+es\)
如\(wolf\Longrightarrow wolves、bady\Longrightarrow badies\)
不:名词变为复数时不用加任何东西。如:\(sheep\Longrightarrow sheep、Chinese\Longrightarrow Chinese\)
2.2 不规则变化
\(man\Longrightarrow men、woman\Longrightarrow women、child\Longrightarrow children、goose\Longrightarrow geese、tooth\Longrightarrow teeth、foot\Longrightarrow feet\)
注意:\(man\Longrightarrow men、woman\Longrightarrow women\)后加名词复数时,也要用复数。如:\(men\quad teachers\).男老师们
3. 不可数名词
不可数名词变化:不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。
如:a piece of paper\(\Longrightarrow\)two pieces of paper.这里的\(piece\)就为量词。
总结:不可数名词变复数时要将其量词变为复数,本身不变。
4. 名词的格
构成:名词 的 名词
名词的格指:名词\(+\)的
4.1 \('s\)的所有格
常表示为:\(n_1's\quad n_2(n_1有生命)\)
-
名词之后\(+'s\)
my mother' S photo.妈妈的照片
Children' S Day.儿童节 -
以\(s或者es\)结尾的复数名词,只需要在词尾\(+'\)
Teachers' Day.教师节
-
表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等名词时词尾\(+'s\)
Today' s newspaper.今天的报纸
ten minutes' break.十分钟的课间休息
China' s population.中国的人口
-
\('s\)还可以表示某人的家或某店铺
在人的后面\(+'s\)一般表示这个人的家。在职业后面\(+'s\)一般表示这个场所。the barber' s.理发店
the butcher' s.肉店
my aunt' s.阿姨家
the doctor' s.诊所
-
A and B\('s\)的形式表示两人共有的某物,这个物品不用变复数。A\('s\) and B\('s\)的形式表示两人各自的东西,这里的物品要变为复数。
Lucy and Lily' s bedroom
Lucy's and Lily' s bedrooms
4.2 \(of\)的所有格
构成:\(n_2\quad of\quad n_1(n_1无生命)\)
如:tittles of the newspaper(报纸的标题)
4.3 双重所有格
当碰见:数量词/指示代词(this、that...)时,要变为双重所有格。即:\(数量词/指示代词时+n\quad of+(n's)/(名词性物主代词)\)
如果\(of\)后为代词,则\(+名词性物主代词(如:herss)\)
如:
a friend of mine.我的一个朋友(这里因为\(of\)后面\(my\)是代词,所以要变为名词性物主代词\(mine\))
a friend of my sister's.我妹妹的一个朋友(\(of\)后面的\(my\quad sister\)显然不是一个代词,所以直接名词所有格就可以)
5. 单数与复数
5.1 单复数同形
这些单词,单数和复数是一样的,我们要判断名词前面的量词才能知道它的单复数
\(Sheep,fish,deer,works,means,Swiss,Chinese\)
5.2 单复数含义不同
由单数变为复数之后,意思变了。
常见的由以下:
advice忠告\(\Longrightarrow\)advices消息
ash灰烬\(\Longrightarrow\)ashes骨灰
custom习惯风俗\(\Longrightarrow\)customs海关关税
damage损害\(\Longrightarrow\)damages赔偿金
effect效果\(\Longrightarrow\)effects动产,家产
foot脚\(\Longrightarrow\)foots渣滓
ground土地\(\Longrightarrow\)grounds根据,理由
pain痛苦\(\Longrightarrow\)pains辛苦努力
scale风度\(\Longrightarrow\)scales天平
silk丝绸\(\Longrightarrow\)silks绸衣
water水\(\Longrightarrow\)waters水域
troop群\(\Longrightarrow\)troops军队
6. 练习
- They got much
____
from those new books.
A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories
选\(C\),因为\(much\)后面跟不可数名词,\(A、B、D\)都为可数名词。
- How many
_____
would you like?
A. paper B. bread C. pieces of papers D. pieces of bread
选\(D\),\(many\)后\(+\)可数名词复数形式。\(C\)选项因为用\(pieces\)修饰,所以后面的\(papers\)不用加复数。
- An old
______
wants to see you.
A. people B. person C. the people D. the person
选\(B\),\(people\)为复数形式,名词前面已经不定冠词\(An\),那么后面就不能再有定冠词\(the\)
补充:不定冠词:\(a/an\)。定冠词:\(the\)
-
______
is too much for the boy to carry.
A. The box weight B. The box's weight C. The weight of the box D. The box of the weight选\(C\),题中句型为\(too...to...\)(太......而不能......),所以表达的是箱子的重量太重了。而箱子无生命所以只能用\(of\)
-
______
mothers couldn't go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai.A. Mary and Peter's B. Mary and Peter C. Mary's and Peter D. Mary's and Peter's
选\(D\),A and B\('s\)的形式表示两人共有的某物,这个物品不用变复数。A\('s\) and B\('s\)的形式表示两人给自的东西,这里的物品要变为复数。这里的\(mothers\)为复数。
-
Last month, he wrote me
______
letter.A. a 1000-word B.1000 words C. a 1000-words D. 1000 word's
选\(A\),数词和名词作定语的组合为\(数次-名词单数\)
-
The team
______
having a meeting.
A. is B. are C. am D. be选\(B\),\(team\)表示团队时为单数,所以动词也要为单数。\(team\)也可以表示团队里的人,此时是复数,所以动词也要用复数。
这道题意思是团队的成员在开会,所以是复数,\(be\)动词也要为复数。
-
The Great Wall was made not only by
______
but also the flesh and blood of______
men.A. earth and stone, millions of
B. earths and stones, millions
C. the earth and stone, million of
D. the earths and stones, millions选\(A\),前面侧重讲的是长城所需的材料,所以两个词按照材料来说都是单数,后面\(million\)后跟\(of\)要变为复数。
-
They say that the meeting will be
_____
A. of very important B. great importance C. of great importance D. great important
选\(C\),形容动=\(be\quad of+形容词的n形式\)
二. 代词
1. 人称代词
代词是指代名词或一句话的一种词类。
主格就是主语,在谓语动词后面做动作接收者的就是宾格,形容词性物主代词本质是形容词,名词性物主代词本质是名词。反身代词是动作发出者本身(你自己,我自己...)
1.1 第一人称
主语 | 宾语 | 形容词性物主代词 | 名词性物主代词 | 反身代词 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
第一人称 | \(I\) | \(me\) | \(my\) | \(mine\) | \(myself\) |
复数 | \(we\) | \(us\) | \(our\) | \(ours\) | \(ourselves\) |
1.2 第二人称
主语 | 宾语 | 形容词性物主代词 | 名词性物主代词 | 反身代词 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
第二人称 | \(you\) | \(you\) | \(your\) | \(yours\) | \(yourself\) |
复数 | \(you\) | \(you\) | \(your\) | \(yours\) | \(yourselves\) |
1.3 第三人称
主语 | 宾语 | 形容词性物主代词 | 名词性物主代词 | 反身代词 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
第二人称 | \(he/she/it\) | \(him/her/it\) | \(his/her/its\) | \(his/hers/its\) | \(himself/herself/itself\) |
复数 | \(thry\) | \(them\) | \(their\) | \(theirs\) | \(themselves\) |
如果三个人称同时存在于一个句子中,出现顺序是:第二人称\(\Longrightarrow\)第三人称\(\Longrightarrow\)第一人称
1.4 物主代词
物主代词:表示名词的所属关系
-
形如性物主代词后要跟名词\((adj+n)\)
如:\(I\) will go to see my aunt on Sundays.
(\(on\)后面\(+s+某星期\)表示在某星期)
-
名词性物主代词: 当\(n\)单独使用
如:Your classroom is very big, but ours is \(rather(相当)\) small.
(这里的\(ours\)在这里表示的是\(our\) \(classroom\))
所以形容词性物主代词\(+n=\)名词性物主代词
如:These are my books.= These books are mine.
(mine\(=\)my books)
1.5 反身代词
反身代词可以做宾语(动词或介词之后)也可以做同位语(名词之后表解释说明该名词)
如:Don't play with the knife, you \(might(可能)\) hurt yourself.(这里的\(yourself\)在宾语\(hurt\)后面,指动作返回到执行者本身)
The story itself is good. Only he didn't tell it well.(\(story\)在这里是名词,\(itself\)做同位语,用于强调故事本身的好)
1.6 代词\(it\)用法
\(it\)使用范围:指人、指物、用于强调、做形式主语/宾语
-
指人
当我们不清楚性别的时候可以用\(it\)代替如:Her baby' s \(due(到期)\) next month and she hopes it's boy.她的孩子即将出生,她希望是男孩
-
强调
由\(it\) \(is...that\)所引导的强调句用如:\(It's\) the milkman that are knocking at the door.是送牛奶的人在敲门
这里我们去掉\(It's和that\),会发现句意完全没有变,这就是强调句。
-
指\(天气,时间,温度,\)距离等含义
如:\(It's\) raining.下雨了
\(It's\) a long way to go.路程很长
-
做形式主语/宾语
主要避免头重脚轻做形式主语如:
- \(It's\) no use shouting.大喊大叫是没有用的
(这里的\(it\),作主语,但实际上主语却是\(shouting\),这样的主语叫形式主语) - I find it strange that she doesn't want to travel.我对她不旅行感到很奇怪
(it形式主语,实际主语为she doesn't want to travel)
- \(It's\) no use shouting.大喊大叫是没有用的
2. 指示代词
单数 | 复数 | 含义 |
---|---|---|
\(this\) | \(these\) | 指代较近的人/物 |
\(that\) | \(those\) | 指代较远的人/物 |
\(such(这种,这样,这么)\) | 无 | 上文提到的这样的人/物 |
same | 无 | 上文提到的相同的人/物 |
it | 只能指代单数 | 不清楚对方是谁,或天气时间距离 |
2.1 \(that,it,one\)区别
-
\(it\)指同名同物(即可指可数也可指不可数)
如:\(I\) have lost my umbrella, and I'm looking for it.我丢了我的伞,我正在寻找它
(这里的\(it\)代指\(umbrella\))
-
\(one\)指同名不同物(是一种泛指)
相当于\(a+n\)指人或物,只能修饰可数名词单数
如:\(I\) have lost my umbrella,and \(I\) must buy one.我丢了我的伞,我必须买一把伞
(\(one\)指的是伞,但不是前面那一把是将要新买的那一把)
-
\(that\)也指同名不同物(是特指)
\(that\)能修饰可数名词和不可数名词,相当于特指\(the+n\)只能指物,复数要用\(those\)
The umbrella you bought is cheaper than that \(I\) bought.你买的那把伞会更便宜
(that= the umbrella)
3. 不定代词
指定不明确的词
单数不定代词:\(some, any, no, none, each, every, one, either,neither, the\) \(other(另一个), another, much, little,a\) \(little,all\),这些词如果单独使用指的就是单数,它们的动词用单数。
复数不定代词:\(many, few, a few, ones, both, others,the\) \(others\),这些不定代词动词用复数
复合不定代词:\(some/any/no/every + one/body/thing\),前后随意组合形成的复合不定代词
3.1 \(all\)和\(both\)
-
\(all\)指三者或三者以上的人/物,后\(+\)可数名词/不可数名词
如:all persons
-
\(both\)指两者,后\(+\)可数名词,常与\(and\)连用
如:
- booth you and \(I\)
- This maths problem can be worked out(计算出) in both ways.这道数学题可以用两者方法解出来
- \(I\) know all of the six \(cyber(网络)\) \(celebrities(名人)\).这六个网红我都知道他们
注意:\(all/both+of\) \(the+名词/复数\),其中\(of\)可以省略
All (of )(the) knowledge is useful.
3.2 \(no\)与\(none\)
\(no\)与\(none\)是不定代词
-
\(no\)后面\(+\)可数/不可数名词,表示没有(做\(adj\))
There is no time left. Please hurry up.
(\(no\)后面跟名词\(time\))
-
\(none\)可以单独使用,表示:没有一个(人或物)做\(n\)
None is in the classroom.没有人在教室里
(\(None\)后面可以不跟名词)
3.3 \(every\)与\(each\)
every | each |
---|---|
形容词,后面要跟名词 | 可做形容词也可做代词 |
表示每一个,是一个整体概念 | 每个,表示单个概念 |
Every one of the students in his class studies very hard.他班上的每个学生学习都很努力
They are very busy. Each of them has something to do.他们很忙。他们每个人都有事可做
(某个词的后面跟\(of\),那么这个词定是名词)
3.4 \(either\)和\(neither\)
-
\(either\)是两者选其一的意思
either A or B.不是A就是B
用在否定句的句末表示:\(也\)
\(I\) don't like it,either.我也不喜欢它
-
\(neither\)是两者都不得意思
neither A nor B.既不是A也不是B
\(neither\)和\(nor\)是就近原则。
如:Neither he nor you are a student.你和他都不是学生(\(nor\)后面的是\(you\)所以\(be\)动词为\(are\))
也可以改写为:Neither you nor he is a student
\(neither=not either\)
3.5 \(others\)和\(the\) \(others\)
-
\(others\)表示的是"其余的人/物",指大部分
A few students are playing soccer while others are watching them.一些学生在踢足球,而其他人在看他们
-
\(the\) \(others\)表示的是"其余所有的人/物",指全部
Two of the ten boys are standing and the others are sitting round them.十个男孩中有两个站着,其他的坐在他们周围
(这里的the other表示剩下的八个男孩都围着他俩)
3.6 \(other\)和\(the\) \(other\)和\(another\)
-
\(other\)表示不同种类,"另一,其余",复数形式就是\(others\)
\(other+n=others\)
You have had \(several(几个)\) cakes. Do you really want other dessert.你已经吃了好几块蛋糕了。你真的要其他甜点吗
(\(other\)在这里暗示不再吃蛋糕了,吃其他甜点。这里的\(other\) \(dessert=others\))
-
\(the\) \(other\),指两者中的另一个,"另一"
one...the other.一(人或物)……另一……
This is one of your socks. Where is the other one?这是你的一只袜子。另一个在哪里?
-
\(Another\)同种类,\(另外,另一个\)
\(I\) have eaten 4 cakes, but \(I\) \(still(还)\) want another.我已经吃了四个蛋糕了,还想吃另一个
(所以这里的\(another\)指的是另外的蛋糕)
3.7 \(few、little、a\) \(few、与a\) \(little\)
肯定 | 表否定 | |
---|---|---|
可数 | \(a\) \(few\) | \(few\) |
不可数 | \(a\) \(little\) | \(little\) |
如:He has few friends besides us.除了我们,他几乎没什么朋友。
3.8 复合不定代词
-
含有\(some\)的词一般用在肯定句
-
含有\(any\)的词一般用在否定、疑问句和条件句中(\(if\)引导的状语从句)
-
这些复合不定代词如果有形容词修饰,修饰词放在其后
如:
- something interesting.
- and everything.等等
- she is nothing but a kind woman.她只是一个善良的女人
3.9 \(none、no\) \(one\)与\(nobody\)
-
\(no\) \(one/nobody\),指人,后不可\(+of\)的短语,谓语动词只能用单数
Nobody handed in his paper yesterday.昨天没有人交论文
No one knows how he managed to get the ticket. 没有人知道他是怎么弄到那张票的
-
\(none\)即可指人,也可指物,后面可以\(+of\)的短语,谓语动词可以用单数也可用复数
None of my friends came to see me that day.那天我的朋友没有一个来看我
4. 习题
-
Which of the two computer games did you \(prefer(偏爱)\)?
----Actually, I didn't like______
A. both of them B. either of them C. none of them D. neither of them选\(B\),选项前面的是\(not\),\(not\)和\(both\)连用表达的是部分否定,是并不都喜欢的意思。\(not\)和\(either\)连用是"都不"的意思。
根据语境的意思可以看出,两个都不喜欢。\(C\)项\(none\)的否定是\(all\)用于三者以上。\(D\)项,\(neither\)不能和\(not\)连用。
-
How do you find your new classmates?
----Most of them are \(kind(好,体贴的)\), but______
is so good to me as Bruce.
A. none B. no one C. everyone D. someone选\(A\),how do you find.... \(=\) what do you think of....意思是:你认为你的新同学怎么样.
\(A\)项后可以跟\(of\),\(B\)项不能,题中省略了\(of\) \(them\)。
三. 一般态
一般态(\(do\)) | 进行态(\(be\) \(doing\)) | 完成态(\(have\) \(done\)) | 完成进行态 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
现在 | 一般现在时 | |||
过去 | 一般过去式 | |||
将来 | 一般将来式 | |||
过去将来 | 一般过去将来 |
1. 一般现在时
一般态通式:\(do\),经常性动作
定义:经常发生或近一段时间发生的动作
构成:主语是第三人称单数动词要用\(does\),普通动词用\(do\)。如果动词是\(be\)动词则要用:\(am/is/are\)
时间引导词有:\(today , every, often,usually,always(总是), regularly(定期,有规律的),frequently(频繁的),sometimes(有时) , seldom(很少)\)
如:Earthquakes often happen Japan.日本经常发生地震
1.1 一般现在时的主将从现
含义:主句用一般将来时,从句[3]用一般现在时
-
主句:主语\(+will\) do
-
从句:主语\(+do/does\)
使用条件:时间状语从句和条件状语从句
-
时间状语从句:连词如:\(when/as\) \(soon\) \(as(一...就...)\)
As soon as you turn up, others will seem \(mediocre(平庸)\).你一出场,别人就显得不过如此。
(As soon as引导的句子为从句,后面是主句)
-
条件状语从句:连词如:\(if,unless(如果不,除非),on\) \(condition\) \(that(如果)\)
If you don't leave me,\(I\) will be with you till death separates us.如果你不离开我,我会和你在一起,直到死亡将我们分开。
1.2 一般现在时其他用法
-
描述客观事实,普遍的真理
Men prefer beautiful girls.男人喜欢漂亮的女孩
-
表示个人性格、特征、能力
People in Shanghai concern outlanders.上海人关心外地人。
-
谓语动词是\(go,come,arrive,start,sail(移动,航行)\)等位移动词表示将要发生的且事先安排好的事
The plane arrives at 9 a.m.飞机上午9点到达。
1.3 一般现在时总结
- 当时间状语有:\(today , every, often,usually,always(总是), regularly(定期,有规律的),frequently(频繁的),sometimes(有时) , seldom(很少)\)时用一般现在时
- 主将从现
- 事实、人特征、位移
2. 一般过去式
定义:过去某一段时间发生的动作
形式:普通动词:\(did\)。如果为\(be\)动词:\(was/were\)
时间状语:
\(yesterday,the\) \(day\) \(before\) \(yesterday(前天),ago,last,in+过去时间\)
如:I went to the gym for a run last week.上周我去了健身房跑步
2.1 频度副词做一般过去式
\(always,often\)等频度副词也可以表示过去经常发生的动作也可用一般过去式
e.g. When she was a girl, she often \(swam(swim过去式)\) across this river.(swim的过去分词:swum)
2.2 一般过去时其他用法
used to do....过去常常做某事
be used to doing.习惯于做某事
be used to do.被用来做...
如:When I was little, my mother often told me stories.当我还小的时候,妈妈经常给我讲故事
3. 一般将来时
定义:将来某一时间即将发生的动作
动词形式:普通动词用:\(will/shall\) do。\(be\)动词:\(will/shall\) \(be\)
\(will\)的主语任意
\(shall\)用于第一人称(\(I/we\))
\(I\) will/shall be a wife soon.我很快就要结婚了。
时间状语:将来时间状语和过去相反:
\(tomorrow,the\) \(day\) \(after\) \(tomorrow(后天),later,next-,in+将来时间,in\) \(the\) \(following-(在接下来的...),soon,in\) \(the\) \(future(在将来)\)如:you will see me without makeup next class.下节课你就会看到我素颜了。(make up.化妆 makeup.化妆品)
一般将来其他用法
-
be going to.计划、打算要做某事
He is going to speak on TV tomorrow.他明天要在电视上讲话。
-
be about to.安排好的事
The plane is about to take off.飞机就要起飞了。
-
be to do.将来可能成为现实的事
\(I\) am to be a doctor in a few years.几年后我将成为一名医生
(\(in+时间段\) 表示的是这段时间之后。\(at+时间点\),表示在整点。\(on+具体日子\),表示具体某日)
4. 一般过去将来时
定义:从过去说将来,主要用于间接引语[4]中。
动词形式:普通动词:\(would/shoud\) do。\(be\)动词:\(would/should\) be.
- 同样\(would\)的主语任意,而\(should\)主语是第一人称
时间状语:合成时态:
She said she would go abroad soon.她说她很快就要出国了。
(句子中后面soon表示将来,前面的said过去式。所以整句为过去将来)
一般过去将来时其他用法
be going to.计划、打算要做某事、be about to.安排好的事、be to do.将来可能成为现实的事
同样可以用于一般过去将来时。要注意\(be\)动词:
- 当\(be\)为am/is/are时表示的是一般将来
- 当\(be\)为was/were时表示的是过去将来
如:
He couldn' t believe it. He lost the package that he was going to send to his friend.他简直不敢相信,他把要寄给朋友的包裹弄丢了。(lost是lose的过去式,并且整句语义是站在过去(could),说将来(将要送给朋友),所以为一般过去将来时)
四. 进行态
通式:\(be\) \(doing\),只需要变第一个\(be\)就可以
1. 现在进行时
定义:现在,此刻发生的动作
动词形式:\(am/is/are+\) doing
时间状语:\(now,at\) \(the\) \(moment(此刻),at+时间,look,listen\)
如:Listen, someone is singing.听,有人正在唱歌
现在进行时其他用法
表示频度的词+现在进行时,表示说话人的某种感情色彩。
频度词如:\(always,constantly(经常地,不断地),continually(频繁地,不断地)+\)现在进行时。
如:She is constantly making mistakes.她总是犯错误。(这里有责备的意思)
2. 过去进行时
定义:过去某个具体时刻(时间点)发生的动作
动词形式:\(was/were+\)doing
时间状语:多为具体时刻\(+\)过去时间
如:\(I\) was watching the movie "hickki" at this time yesterday. 昨天这个时候我正在看电影《隔隔老师》
3. 将来进行时
定义:将来某个具体时刻发生的动作
动词形式:\(will/shall+be\) doing。第一人称时用\(shall\)
时间状语:\(具体时刻+将来时间\)
如:\(I\) will be doing yoga.我要做瑜伽
4. 总结
-
\(at+具体时刻\):用进行态
\(at\)后面式指示代词时可以省略(this、that...)
-
如果句子只有:\(at+具体时刻\):用现在进行态
-
\(at+具体时刻+过去\):过去进行
-
\(at+具体时刻+将来\):将来进行
-
\(was/were\) doing...when.....(正在做某事,突然....)
\(I\) was washing dates when someone knocked at the door.我正在洗枣子,这时有人敲门。
Jack was working in the lab when the power cut occurred.停电时,杰克正在实验室工作。
五. 完成态
定义:截止到某一时刻之前动作已经完成,并以动作结束的时间命名(如:现在做完的事,叫现在完成时)。
通式:have done
1. 现在完成时
定义:动作发生在过去,影响持续到现在。即动作在过去开始,现在完成,中间一直持续。
动词形式:\(have/has\) done。第三人称单数要用\(has\)
1.1 时间状语
-
截止时间
by now(到目前为止)、till now(迄今)、up to now(到目前为止)、so far(迄今为止)、recently(最近,不久前)、already(已经)、yet(迄今为止)
-
\(already\)用在肯定句中,在\(have\)和\(done\)中间
-
\(yet\)在否定句和疑问句中,放在句末,否定句中翻译为"还",疑问句中翻译为"已经"。
如:\(I\) have not got it yet.我还没有得到它
Have you got it yet?你已经得到它了吗
-
-
起始时间
\(since(自……以后)\)since后面可以跟时间、段时间+ago、句子(句子用过去,主句用完成)。
He has worked since 2012.他从2012年开始工作
He has worked since 7 years ago.他已经工作7年了。
He has worked since he graduated from university.他大学毕业后就一直在工作。
She really has blossomed out since she fell in love with him.自从她爱上他以后,她真的成熟了。
(since引导的从句,since后面用过去式(fell),前面用现在完成时(has blossomed)。fall的过去分词为:fallen,过去式:fell)
-
持续时间
\(for+时间、in、over、during\) \(the\) \(past/last+段时间.\)表示在过去的一段时间里
\(I\)n the past few years,\(great(极大的)\) changes have taken place in my hometown.
过去几年里,我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。
(谓语动词前面的为主语,当地点作主语时,变为介词短语放句末,宾语提前。所以这句话翻译变为:巨大的变化发生在我的家乡)\(for+段时间\)句子的动词要用延续性动词:
如:He has done died for 3 years.他已经死了三年了
(die变为延续性动词为:\(be\) \(dead\),has后be变为done)
部分短暂性动词变为延续性动词:我们可以先变为形容词,然后\(be+adj\)变为动词
短暂性动词 延续性动词 die be dead come be here leave be away from join in be a member of buy have marry be married
1.2 现在完成时短语
两个重要短语:
- have been to.去过
- have gone to.去了
e.g:Have you been to IKEA? 你去过宜家吗?
1.3 其他用法
-
\(I\)t is / has been\(+\)一段时间\(+\)since\(+\)主语\(+\)did
翻译为:自从....以来已经多久了如:It is/(has been) ten years since he left me.他离开我已经十年了
-
This is the\(+\)最高级\(+\)n\(+\)that\(+\)现完
翻译为:这是我...最....
This is the most beautiful girl that \(I\) have ever seen.这是我见过最美丽的姑娘
(This is the(这是我)\(+I\) have ever seen(见过)\(+\)most beautiful girl(最漂亮的姑娘))
如果碰见最高级形容词(beautiful)为多音节,则用\(most\)
2. 过去完成时
定义:动作发生在过去的过去。即动作在过去昨晚,在过去的过去开始,中间一直持续。
动词形式:had done
2.1 时间状语
-
截至时间:\(by+过去时间\)
-
起始时间:\(before、after\)
- \(before\)+主语\(+did\),第二句是主语\(+had\) done
- \(after+\)主语\(+\)had done,主语\(+did\)
如:Before she got married,She had bought an apartment.结婚之前,她已经买好房了。
After she had bought an apartment,she got married.买房以后,她结婚
-
持续时间:for\(+\)段时间\(+\)过去时间
By 2013 the New Oriental had been founded for 20 years.到2013年,新东方已经成立20年了。
(for 20 years表示持续20年是一段时间,前面的By 2013是过去时间。所以为过去完成时候)
2.2 过去完成时其他用法
-
表示愿望、打算等一类词,通常用过去完成时,表示过去未曾实现的愿望
这类词有:\(hope、expect、mean(打算)、intend(打算)、want、suppose(假设)\)
They \(fulfilled(感到满足的,实现)\) the \(task(任务)\) \(earlier(早的)\) than they had expected.
他们完成任务的时间比预期的要早。
3. 将来完成时
定义:(过去、现在、将来)发生的事对将来产生的影响。即动作在将来完成,在之前持续过一段时间。
动词形式:will/shall have done
时间状语
-
by\(+\)将来时间
如:By this time of next year,all of you will have become college students.
到明年的这个时候,你们所有人都将成为大学生。
(By this time of next year用将来完成时,后面become的过去分词是become)
-
for\(+\)段时间\(+\)将来时间
4. 现在完成进行时
定义:过去的动过持续到现在还在进行。翻译为:一直在做。
动词形式:have/has been doing
时间状语:同现在完成时
如:
- He has been waiting for his girlfriend for 3 hours and he still stands there.
他已经等了他女朋友3个小时了,而他仍然站在那里。
(for 3 hours为for\(+\)段时间,且后面语义是还在等,所以用现在完成进行时)- Even though they have been living side by side for twenty years,the two neighbors are still not on good terms.
虽然他们做邻居生活了二十年,这两个邻居的关系仍然不好。
5. 总结句型
-
for\(+\)段时间,用完成态,短暂性动词变为延续性动词。
现在完成时:for+段时间
过去完成时:for +段时间+过去时间
将来完成时:for+ 段时间+将来时间如:By next month,Jessica will have been away from home for one year.到下个月,杰西卡就离家一年了。
(这里by\(+\)将来时间用将来完成时,leave是短暂性动作,for后要变为延续性动作:be away from) -
by放哪哪完
现在完成时:by+现在时间
过去完成时:by+过去时间
将来完成时:by+将来时间如:By next week,the winner
______
their awards.A. will have receive B. will be received C. will have received D. will have been received
选\(C\),\(D\)选项\(by\)后面跟的不是\(doing\),则为被动句,此句翻译我:在下周,赢家被收到奖金。不通顺,所以为\(C\). -
by the time.直到...时
by the time 为连词,连词后面的句子为从句和主句。
-
by the time\(+\)从\(+do/does\),主\(+\)will/shall have done
-
by the time\(+\)从\(+\)did,主\(+\)have done
如:By the time the course came to an end,we had loved here.当课程结束的时候,我们已经爱上了这里。
(came是过去式did,所以主句用have done)
-
-
\(It\) is/was the 序数词 time that 主\(+\)have/has done(如果为was:had done)
翻译为:这是某人第几次做某事儿
如:It was the first time that \(I\) had understood English.这是第一次听懂英语。
-
\(It\) is (high/about) time that 主+did.是时候该做某事了
-
\(It\) is high time that we took effective measures to decrease its disadvantages to minimum.
是时候我们应当采取有效措施来将它的劣势减少到最小。 -
\(I\) think it was high time they
______
to take you more seriously.
A began B should begin C begin D begun(begin的过去分词)
选\(A\),did过去式。
-
-
Since\(+\)从句\(+\)did,主语\(+\)have/has done(现在完成时)
Since为连词,紧跟since为从句,再后面为主句。
The old man
______
since he came into the hospital.
A. has taken good care of B. has been taken good care of C. has taken good care D. has been taken good care
选\(B\),care后面紧跟of,\(B\)为被动,be后面跟的只要不是doing,则翻译为被动。 -
Before\(+\)从句\(+\)did,主语\(+\)had done(过去完成时)
如:Before \(I\) saw the film,\(I\) had bought the ticket.在我看电影之前,我已经买了票。
六. 主谓一致
主谓一致就是讨论动词用单数还是复数。
单数:动词\(+s\),be动词单数:\(is\),如果发生在过去be动词用:was
复数:动词原型,be动词单数:\(are\),如果发生在过去be动词用:were
1. 含义
1.1 语法一致
主语是单数,动词要用单数
如:He goes to Shanghai today.他今天要去上海。(主语\(he\)为第三人称单数,动词go变为goes)
1.2 意义一致
主语单复数同形时,要看句子意义
All means have been used so far.到目前为止,所有的手段都用上了。
(所有的方法是复数,后面so far表示这题用现在完成时候,前面be动词不变,所以为:have been)
1.3 就近原则
动词离谁近单复数就由谁决定。
There is(be) a book and two pens.有一本书和两支钢笔。
(there be句型指的是某地有某物)
2. 谓语动词只用复数
-
三群作主语,谓语动词用复数
三群指的是:\(people,police,cattle(牛)\)
如:The police in Hong Kong are \(fighting(打斗)\) riots.香港警方正在打击暴乱。
-
The\(+adj\)表示"一类人"
如:The rich(富人) are not happy.
3. 谓语动词用单数情况
主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时用
-
时间、金钱、重量、距离、等名词作主语用单数
如:Ten thousand years is(be) too long.一万年太长了
-
\(n_1+\)介词(with/together with/along with/as well as(和)/but(除了)/except/like)\(+n_2+v\)
此时动词\(v\)是复数还是单数由\(n_1\)决定。因为介词后面名词不参与句子成分。
如:Tom with his mother is(be) going to shanghai.
like:动词:喜欢,dislike(不喜欢)。介词:象,unlike(不像)。
Tom and his mother are(be) going to shanghai.
-
由each of、every of、either of、neither of\(+\)名词\(+v\)
这里的\(v\)用单数
如:Neither of you is(be) right.
-
由some、any、no、every\(+\)thing\body\one构成的复合不定代词做主语
动词同样用单数
如:Everything is(be)ready.
-
主语从句作主语时候,谓语动词用单数
如:Whom you marry decides your destiny.你和谁结婚决定你的命运。
Whom the god loves dies young.上帝所爱的人死得早
4. 主语从句或非谓语动词作主语
-
主语从句用单数
动词\(v\)前面有一个句子,这个句子就叫主语从句。此时用单数。
如:What you said is(be) right.你说的对。
-
非谓语动词作主语用单数
Smoking is(be) bad for your health.
(smoking是由smoke变过来的,像这样在\(v+ing\),这种词就叫非谓语)
5. 谓语动词即可用单数也可用复数
5.1 就近原则
either...or...要么是A,要么是B
neither...nor...既不是A,也不是B
not only...but also...不但.....而且....
not...but....不是A而是B
There be \(n_1+n_2\),此时be由\(n_1\)决定
这些短句看动词离谁近单复数就用什么。
如:Neither he nor you are(be) right.
Not only she but also I am(be) enjoying TV.
5.2 集体名词
集体名词作主语:表整体概念用单数,表个体概念用复数。
集体名词:family,team,class, public,committee(委员会),population(人口),group(群,组)
如:Class three is(be) a very good class.三班是一个好班
Our class are(be) good students.我们班都是好学生。
5.3 由于\(and\)连接的并列名词
-
由\(and\)连接的两个并列名词作主语,谓语用复数
如:My husband and his mistress cheat me.
-
如果\(and\)连接的两个名词构成一个整体事物,谓语动词用单数
如:
A singer and dancer\(+\)动词用单数.一个会唱歌跳舞的人
A singer and a dancer\(+\)动词用复数.一个歌手和一个舞者(此时两个人,用复数)
Bread and butter\(+\)动词用单数.涂黄油的面包
A horse and a cart\(+\)动词用单数.马车
Fish and chips is very delicious.炸鱼薯条很好吃。(这里的Fish and chips是一道菜)
5.4 定语从句谓语动词
在定于从句中,谓语动词取决于前面的先行词。
one of\(+n_{复数}+that引导的定从+v_{复}(谓语动词复数)=v_{原}\)
如果在one的前面加the:the one of\(+n_{复数}+that引导的定从+v_{单}(谓语动词单数)=谓语动词+s\)
即前有\(the\)动词用单数,无the动词用复数。
如:He is one of the best students that do well in study. He is the only one of the best students (that do (do) well in study).
(that介词修饰前面的students,所以为动词原型)He is the only one of the best students that does (do) well in study.(定语从句修饰名词往往是特指,所有修饰前面的the one,单数为does)
5.5 表示"大量"的词
-
只接可数名词的大量
(a good)many,a few,dozens of(几十个),a number of,the number of.
-
其中a number of.翻译为大量,名词\(+\)复数,谓语动词要\(+\)复数。
A number of women are(be)waiting for double eleven online shopping event.许多女性正在等待双十一网购活动。
-
the number of.翻译为...数量,名词\(+\)复数,谓语动词要\(+\)单数。
The number of women is(be)huge.女性的数量是巨大的。
-
-
只接不可数名词
much,a little(少量),a bit of(一点,少量),a great deal of(大量),an amount of(总量).
He used a great deal of milk and water.他使用了大量的牛奶和水。
-
可数不可数都可以
即后面名词既可以是可数,也可以是不可数,属于万能词。
some,any,all,a lot of=lots of,plenty of(大量的),masses of(大量的),a quantity of=quantities of(一些)
真题演练
The number of people invited______
fifty, but a number of them______
absent for different reasons.
A were, was B was, was C was, were D were, were
选\(B\),有the谓语动词用单数。这个博物馆邀请了50个人,但其中的许多人因为不同的原因缺席。
以\(ab\)开头单词大致有三种意思:
- 表否定:abnormal.不正常的
- 表离开:abroad.在国外的(road.道路)
- 加强语气:absorb.吸收(sorb.吸收)
5.6 其他补充
-
单复数同形的词
Chinese,Japanese,fish,sheep(绵羊),means(方法)等词要根据具体含义确定单复数。
There is(be) a sheep in the yard.
There are(be) some sheep in the yard. -
由\(of\)后名词决定单复数
half of...
all(of) the...
分数\(+\)of
分数的构成:\(\frac{分子}{分母}=基数词-(分子)序数词(分母)\)。如:one-third(\(\frac{1}{3}\)),two-thirds(\(\frac{2}{3}\))
谓语的单复数由\(of\)后的名词决定。
如:one-third of students are(be) over there.
Three quarters of the information(消息) is(be) useless.四分之三的信息是无用的。
(Three quarters \(\frac{3}{4}\),information是不可数名词)
真题演练
A survey of the opinions of students_______
that they also admit several hours of sitting in front of the computer______
harmful for one's health.
A show;are B shows;is C show;is D shows;are
选\(B\),A of B of C翻译为C的B的A。
此题翻译为:一项关于学生意见的调查显示,他们也承认几个小时坐在电脑前对一个人的健康有害。
由此可见第一个选项为动词单数,第二个时间、金钱、重量、距离、等名词作主语用单数,several hours(几个小时)
-
More than one(多余,不止一个)、many a(不止一个)\(+n\)要用单数,\(+v\)也要用单数。
如:
-
Many a member of the armed forces has given his life for our country.许多军人为我们的国家献出了生命。
-
\(It\) has been reported that more than one kid has been infected[5] with the “Bird Flu”.
据报道,不止一个孩子感染了“禽流感”。(have/has done.现在完成时,have/has been done.现在完成时的被动,have/has been doing.现在完成进行时)
-
七. 被动语态
含义:主语和宾语颠倒,动词变为be done
通式:be done
判断被动:判断被动主要还是通过句意,判断某一事物是否是自然的,还是被动的。填空题主要是看空前名词和空的关系。
如:He steals my heart.他偷了我的心。\(\xRightarrow{变为被动}\)My heart is stolen by him\(/\)My heart is stolen.我的心被他偷走了。
1. 各个时态的被动语态
技巧:只要见到\(do\)就变为be done
时态通式变为被动通式:
一般态(通式) | 进行态(通式) | 完成态(通式) | |
---|---|---|---|
主动 | do | be doing | have done |
被动 | be done | be being done | have been done |
2. 一般态变被动
通式:be done
技巧:时态由两个be动词组成的通式时,通常变第一个。
-
一般现在时
通式:am/is/are \(+done\)
如:Chinese is widely spoken in the world.全世界都在将中国话。(地点作主语,要加介词放在句尾,谓语提前变为被动)
-
一般过去时
通式:was/were \(+done\)
如:\(I\) was scared last week.我上周被吓到了。
-
一般将来时
通式:will/shall \(+be\) \(done\)
3. 进行态变被动
通式:be being done
-
现在进行时
am/is/are \(+being\) \(done\)
The building is being built now.这座大楼正在被建造。
-
过去进行时
was/were \(+being\) \(done\)
He was being abused at 12:00 last night.
-
将来进行时
will/shall be \(+being\) \(done\)
4. 完成态变被动
通式:have been done
-
现在完成时
have/has \(+been\) \(done\)
-
过去完成时
had \(+been\) \(done\)
-
将来完成时
will/shall have \(+been\) \(done\)
The big bridge will have been completed by the end of next year.到明年年底,这座大桥将完工。
5. 被动使用
使用情况:
-
没有动作的执行者(无主语)
如:The disabled should be care for.残疾人应该被关爱。
Women workers are wanted.女工被雇佣。
-
动词短语的被动
被动结构中,不能丢掉后面的介词和副词。
A yes-man is often laughed at. 唯唯诺诺(老好人)的人常被嘲笑。
The old man
has been taken good care of
since he came into the hospital.
这位老人自从进医院以来一直受到很好的照顾。(要注意care后面的介词of一定不能省略) -
情态动词被动语态
常见的情态动词:\(can,may,need,must,will,shall\)
通式:情态动词\(+be+过去分词\)
如:The plan should be carried out as soon as possible.应当尽快执行这项计划。
(没有主语,宾语提前变为被动,carry要变为过去分词。) -
\(get+过去分词\):表被动
我们一般看到"受",也可以代表被动
She once got hurt in love.她曾经在爱情中受伤。
\(injure\):身体受伤
\(hurt\):情感上收到伤害
do harm to sb:对...有害。
damage:指机器损害
destroy:指的是地震,海啸等毁灭。
-
介词短语表达被动
under repair.在维修中
under one's control.在掌控中
beyond one's reach.鞭长莫及
for sale出售on sale.在销售中
out of fashion.不流行
in the charge of.由... 负责,管理
in charge of.负责,管理
如:This project is in the charge of Mr.Wang from Shanghai.\(/\)Mr.Wang from Shanghai is in charge of this project.
这个项目由上海的王先生负责。
(介词做谓语,介词的前面一定要加be动词。如:\(I\) am at home.我在家。)
6. 不能用被动的情况
-
不及物动词(\(vi\))不能用被动语态。有些及物动词(\(vt\))或动词短语也不能用被动。
不及物动词(\(vi\)):后面不能有宾语。
及物动词(\(vt\))不能用被动的词有:
have,wish(希望),cost(花费),last(持续),arise(出现),
date back to(追溯到),run out(用完),break out(爆发),happen(发生),take place(发生),occur(发生),
agree with (同意), arrive at(用于小地方)/arrive in(用于大地方)(到达),
shake hands with(握手),succeed in(成功),suffer from(遭受,遭遇)
take part in(参加),walk into(进入),enter(进入),belong to(属于)\(In\) the past few years, great changes have taken place in my hometown.在过去的几年里,我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。
(在过去几年,用现在完成时,地点作主语要写在句后。此时要用被动,但take part in不能用被动)The love affair cost me a large sum of money.恋爱花了我一大笔钱。
-
感官动词不能用动态
感官动词常见的有:look,sound,smell,taste,feel
Paintings look beautiful.画很漂亮
The dish tastes terrible!\(I\) don't like it at all.这道菜尝起来难吃极了!我一点也不喜欢。
(因为taste不能用被动,且这句话是描述事实,所以用一般现在时) -
有些动词与副词的搭配山不用被动语态
动词有:sell(买),wash,write,clean
副词有:well,easily,quickly,smoothly(平滑的,顺手的)
如:Paintings sell well.画卖得好。
练习:
-
All the students laughed at him.\(\xRightarrow{变为被动}\)He was laughed at by all the students.
-
We can repair this radio in two days\(\xRightarrow{变为被动}\)This radio can be repaired by us in two days.(by后面要用宾格形式)
-
He made the employee work for two hours yesterday.\(\xRightarrow{变为被动}\)The employee was made to work by him for two hours yesterday.
(made sb do sth\(\xRightarrow{变为被动}\)sb be made to do) -
Mother never lets us watch TV.\(\xRightarrow{变为被动}\)We are never let to watch TV by mother.
(let sb do sth.让某人做某事\(\xRightarrow{变为被动}\)sb be let to do。否定词never放在be动词之后或者助动词之后) -
\(I\) gave John a Christmas present just now.\(\xRightarrow{变为被动}\)John was given a Christmas present by me just now.
(这里是双宾(John和a Christmas present),所以碰到双宾(如:动词\(+sb+sth\))要将挨着动词的宾语往前提。)
八. 虚拟语气
含义:用动词不同的形式表达一种不能实现的假设。如:\(If\) \(I\) were a star.如果我是明星。
考点:考察动词变化形式。
1. 虚拟语气的关键词\(if\)
1.1 \(if\)连词[6]
\(if\)在两个句子中间为介词,所引导的句子为从句,有从句必定有主句。
\(if\)从句为虚拟语气,其动词变化形式为:退格。
-
\(if\)动词现在时态变化
if从句 主句 现在(动词退格变为过去) \(if+主语+did/were\) 主语\(+would/could/should/might+v_原\) 注意:现在时态中的主句的主语后的情态动词,分别是\(will/can/shall/may\)的过去式,且顺序优先级不能变,\(would\)为万能词,选择时有限考虑。
\(If\) \(I\) were(be) a boss now,\(I\) would not go(go) to work.如果我现在是老板,我就不上班了。
(谓语动词由两个或者三个动词构成,否定的时否定词放在第一个动词后面) -
\(if\)动词过去时态变化
if从句 主句 过去(动词退格变为过去完成) \(if+主语+had\) done 主语\(+would/could/should/might+have\) done 注意:主句have done既能体现过去,又能体现现在,所以用它。
\(If\) \(I\) had been(be) born 30 years earlier,\(I\) would have married him.如果我早出生30年,我就能嫁给他。
(marry sb.嫁给某人) -
\(if\)动词将来时态变化
if从句 主句 将来(动词退格变为现在/过去) \(if+主语+did/were\)
\(if+主语+should\) do
\(if+主语+were\) to do主语\(+would/could/should/might+v_原\) 注意:选择题中选项选择用would还是should时,主句用would,从句用should。
\(If\) the earth exploded/should explode/were to explode (explode[7]) tomorrow,We would take (take) a holiday.
如果明天地球爆照,我们就放假。(explore.探索,explode.爆炸,exploit.开采)
1.2 \(if\)主将从现和虚拟语气
如果句子表达的假的信息,则用虚拟语气。如果题中动词是过去式,一定用虚拟。
如果句子表达的是一个真的信息,则用主将从现。如果题中动词没有用过去,则用主将从现。
1.3 \(if\)的三种变形
-
三词提前
\(if\)从句中出现had、should、were此时要:
- 去掉\(if\)
- 三词提前到句首
- 其他不变
\(If\) \(I\) had been born 30 years earlier.\(\xRightarrow{变形为:}\)Had \(I\) been born 30 years earlier.如果我早出生30年。
当had/should/were放于句首时,用虚拟。
Had you asked me yesterday,could have lent you the money.如果你昨天问我,我就会借钱给你了。
-
介词短语代替\(if\)从句
介词短语代替\(if\)从句,主句不变。
介词短语就是:介词\(+名词\)。如:on the desk、in the rive
常见的介词短语:But for(要不是)/without(如果没有) \(+n\)。主句用:w/c/s/m + do(现在/将来)。w/c/s/m + have done(过去)。
句子出现But for往往考过去。
\(If\) there were no mobile phone, we would live better.\(\xRightarrow{介词替换}\)Without mobile phone,we would live(live) better .
如果没有手机,我们会生活得更好。(用Without\(+n(mobile\) \(phone)\)的形式替换从句)\(If\) it hadn't been for your help, I would not have finished my paper yesterday.\(\xRightarrow{介词替换}\)But for your help, I would not have finished my paper yesterday.如果没有你的帮助,我昨天就写不完论文了。
总结:but for\(=if\) it had not been for\(=\)had it not been for
But for the favorable weather, we could't have got in such a good harvest.要不是天气好,我们不可能有这么好的收成。
-
错综条件虚拟语气(主从句时间不一致)
此时动词的形式:各就各位(看从句的时间,选从句的动词。看主句的时间,选主句的动词。)
\(If\) \(I\) hadn't finished(finish) my paper yesterday,\(I\) would be(be) punished now.如果我昨天不完成论文,现在就会被惩罚。
(从句虽然是过去式,但主句now表示的是现在,所以主句用现在时。)短语:\(long\) \(before\).很久以前。\(before\) \(long\).不久之后。
2. 虚拟语气关键词\(wish和hope\)
wish表达的是不可能实现的事情
hope表达的是可能实现的事情
2.1 wish用法
通用形式:主语\(+wish+that(可省)\)+从句(过去/现在/将来)
that(可省)\(+\)从句(过去/现在/将来)统称为宾语从句
与wish相同用法的关键词还有:as if(好像)、as though(好像)、if only(要是...就好了)
从句结构:
-
现在:主语\(+did/were\)
-
过去:主语\(+had\) done
-
将来:主语\(+would/could\) do
\(I\) wish that life would be(be) a box of chocolate in the future.我希望生活是一盒巧克力。
(助动词(would)后面加动词原型)
2.2 与wish相同用法的关键词
-
if only\(+主语+v\)
这里的动词(v)变形和wish变形一样。
如:\(If\) only \(I\) were(be) your father.
\(If\) only you had not told him what \(I\) said!Everything would have been all right.
你要是没把我说的话告诉他就好了!一切都会好起来的。 -
主语\(+v_1+\)as if/as though\(+主+v_2\)
这里的动词(\(v_2\))变形和wish变形一样。即\(v_2\)要用虚拟。 但\(v_2\)的时态一般通过观察\(v_1\)的时态决定。
as if/as though是介词,介词前后连接的是两个句子。
如:she looks as if she were(be) angry.她看起来好像生气了。
she looked as if she had been(be) angry.她看起来好像生气了。
(这两个句子虽然没有时间状语,但我们可以通过看介词前面句子的动词来判断后面句子动词虚拟形式)
3. should(可省)的相关的虚拟
动词全部以should do引导。
3.1 动词之后使用情况
结构:主语\(+\)特殊\(v+that+\)主语\(+(should)+do/be\) done(被动使用)\(/not\) do
当题中出现特殊动词时,后面从句就可以用\((should)+do\),其中should可以省略。
特殊动词为:
一个坚持和宁愿:insist,prefer
两个命令:order(命令,菜单),command
四个建议:advise,suggest,propose[8],recommend
四个要求:require,request,desire(愿望,欲望),demand
The doctor suggests that he take(take)medicine every hour each day.医生建议每天每小时吃药。
-
动词转换为其他词性(同源词),用法仍然相同,因为其本质还是动词。如:suggestion[9],suggested[10]
The doctor suggestion that he take(take)medicine every hour each day.医生建议每天每小时吃药。
-
被动要用be done的形式
Li Guoqing required that Yu Yu give(give ) him more shares(股份).
Li Guoqing required that he (should) be given(give) more shares.李国庆要求给他更多的股份。
Zhou Hongyi proposed that the couple not do(not do)that.
3.2 形容词之后使用情况
句式:\(It\) is\(+\)adj(特殊形容词)\(+\)that\(+\)主语\(+(should)\) do\(/\)be done(被动使用)\(/\)not do
特殊形容词有:
奇怪:strange
自然:natural
六大要:important(重要),vital(重要),necessary(必要),essential(必要),urgent(紧急),imperative(紧急)
\(It\) is important that we (should) have(have) our own point of view.我们应该有自己的观点,这很重要。
4. should(不可省)的相关的虚拟
形式:\(It\) is(high/about) time that\(+\)主语\(+\)should do/did
should do和should同时出现的情况下先选\(did\)
\(It\) is (high/ about ) time that we worked/should work(work)hard.是时候我们该努力学习了。
5. 其他类型
5.1 would rather
形式:would rather(宁愿)\(+\)动词\(/\)句子
-
后面\(+动词\)一定要用原型
短语:would rather do...than do..... 宁愿做...也不愿做...
\(I\) would rather be(be) single than have a crush on someone.我宁愿单身,也不愿暗恋一个人。
(形容词(single)如果想和动词搭配,就要在形容词前面\(+\)be动词) -
后面\(+句子\)要用虚拟:句子是现在\(/\)将来用:\(did/were\)。句子是过去用:\(had\) \(done\)
\(I\) would rather \(I\) had looked(look) after my girlfriend yesterday.我宁愿昨天照顾我的女朋友。
(would rather后面跟一个句子还是过去时态,所以用 had done)\(I\) would rather play(play) the game.我宁愿玩这个游戏。(这里would rather后面直接跟一个动词play,所以用原型)
做题方法:
- 找关键词would rather(可缩写为\(I'd\) tather)
- 观察是否有主语
- 无主语用原型
- 有主语考虚拟,看时间
5.2 or/otherwise否则
or/otherwise词性:连词
句型:\(主语+v_1+or/otherwise+主语+v_2\)
其中\(v_2\)用虚拟,\(v_2\)虚拟由\(v_1\)决定。动词变形为:现在\(/\)将来:would\(/\)could\(+\)do。过去:would\(/\)could\(+\)have done。
\(I\) am not young now,or \(I\) would pursue(pursue) the handsome boy.我现在不年轻了,否则我就会去追帅小伙。
(前面的am是现在时态,所以后面也要用现在时态的虚拟)
5.3 but引导的虚拟语气
句型:主语\(+v_1+but+主+v_2\)
往往前面的句子是假的,后面的是真的。所以but引导的虚拟,虚拟在前。即\(v_2\)用虚拟,\(v_2\)虚拟由\(v_1\)决定。
动词变形为:现在\(/\)将来:would\(/\)could\(+\)do。过去:would\(/\)could\(+\)have done。
\(I\) would pursue(purse) the handsome boy,but \(I\) am not young now.我本要去追小哥哥,但是我现在不年轻了。
Paul could be a very attractive boy but he
______
to his behavior.
A. paid no attention B. were paying no attention C. pays no attention D. had paid no attention选\(C\),前面的could be代表了现在或者将来时态,所以后面也应该为现在或者将来时态,四个选项都没有will。固为现在时态,且主语为第三人称单数,所以动词为复数。
6. 虚拟总结
首先找到虚拟的标志词,标志词后会分为两种题:
-
时间题
关键词:if、without、but for=had it not been for、had、should、were、
Wish( as if/as though、if only).变形与if从句一样
Would rather.变形与if从句一样
or/otherwise.变形与if主句一样
but.变形与if主句一样 -
should题
一组动词(四个要求、四个建议、两个命令、一个坚持和宁愿)
一组形容词(六大要、奇怪、自然)
一个句型(\(It\) is(high/about) time that\(+\)主语\(+\)should do/did)做法:判断关键词,如果主动用\(do\)。如果是被动用\(be\) \(done\)
九. 情态动词
考试重点考察特殊用法
用法:所有情态动词后面\(+\)动词原型。变否定直接在情态动词后面\(+not\)
1. can
can\(\xrightarrow{过去式}\)could.能够
-
表示个人能力
\(I\) can make you lose two pounds quickly.我可以让你很快减掉两磅。
-
表示惊讶、怀疑、不相信的态度(不可能),用于否定句或疑问句
Can you make(成功) it?你能成功吗?
-
can\(/\)could还可以表示请求
多用于疑问句
Can \(you\) help me?你能帮助我吗?
How ______
help him if he won't tell me his problems?
A. must B. can C. might D. need
选\(B\),如果他不告诉我他的问题,我怎么能帮助他?
2. may
may\(\xrightarrow{过去式}\)might.可能
may not.可能不
He may not say some magic words,but he loves you very much.他可能不会说什么甜言蜜语的话,但他非常爱你。
can not.不可能
\(It\) can' t be true.不可能是真的。
3. must和have to
must\(\xrightarrow{+not}\)must't.禁止:必须(主观[11]上的)
have to\(\xrightarrow{过去式}\)had to:客观[12]上的不得不
\(I\) must pass the exam,or \(I\) will have to apply for a job.我必须考.上,否则我不得不找工作。
(前一句话是主观,后一句话是客观,or后面是假的情况才用虚拟)
-
以must开头的疑问句,回答
Must \(I\) go home?我必须回家吗?
---Yes,you must.
---No,you don't have to.\(/\)No,you need't
4. ought to
ought to\(=\)should(原型为shall).应该
补充:
-
用于第一人称(\(I/we\)),表示将要做某事
-
二三人称,表示应该或法律上命令宣告
According to local laws, you shall leave in 3 days.根据当地法律,你应在3天内离开。
-
疑问句表示征询对方意见
Shall we talk?我们谈谈好吗
5. will
will.将来\(\xrightarrow{过去式}\)would.过去将来
用法:
-
表将来
\(I\) will be(be) a father soon.我不久之后就当爸爸了。
\(I\) didn' t know \(I\) would be(be) a father soon.我不知道我很快就要当爸爸了。(did过去,soon将来,所以时态为过去将来)
-
疑问句请求、建议
Would you marry me?
---\(I\) do.我愿意
6. need
need.需要,词性:
-
可做名词,be in need of.需要...
\(I\) am in need of money.我需要钱。
-
可做情态动词,后加动词原形
\(I\) need make money.我需要赚钱。
-
实义动词
-
如果need前面为人,则:人\(+\)need to do sth.
\(I\) need to make money.我需要赚钱。
decide to do sth.决定做某事(decide为实义动词)
-
如果前面是物,则:物\(+\)need doing sth.
My hair needs cutting.我的头发需要剪了。
-
实义动词有三单形式变化(单数第三人称用复数)
实义动词变否定:需要在实义动词前\(+\)do not
He needs to go.\(\xrightarrow{变为否定}\)He doesn' t need to go.
(第三人称单数用does,do各种形式只要后面跟实义动词,则do根据后面的实义动词时态也变为该时态,而后面的实义动词变为原型。如:He knew\(\xrightarrow{否定}\)He didn't know.因为后面knew是know的过去式,所以do变为did后面的knew变为原型know) -
7. 情态动词特殊用法
7.1 对事实的推测
只能用三个:must(一定)、may\(/\)might、can\(/\)could
其中can\(/\)could用的时候后面必须\(+\)not。即只能用于否定。其他两个不能用于否定。翻译为:不可能。
用法:
-
表示现在或将来事实推测:情态动词后\(+v_原\)
Though Mayan Prophecy is mysterious , the earth can't explode(explode) in the following few years.
虽然玛雅预言很神秘,但地球不会在接下来的几年内爆炸。 -
表示过去事实推测:情态动词后\(have\) done
The man who is a gay might have been(be) hurt before.那个同性恋的男人以前可能被伤害过。
(before表示过去,且句意表达的是可能所以用might have been,been是be过去分词)
The alarm o'clock didn't ring this morning ,you ______
it last night.
A. need to have forgotten to wind
B. can' t have forgotten winding
C. ought to have forgotten to wind
D. must have forgotten to wind
选\(D\),今天早上闹钟没响,你一定是昨晚忘了上发条了。表示的是确定的事情,所以用must,且为过去。
7.2 表示批评责备
几个短语,意思多为批评责备
-
本应该做某事,但实际没做。
should have done\(=\)ought to have done.
变为否定:should not have done\(=\)ought not to have done.本不应该做某事,但实际做了。(to do否定是not加在最前面)
You should have spoken out love early.你应该早点说出你的爱。
-
本没有必要做,但实际做了
needn't have done
You needn' t have taken these fruits.你本不必拿这些水果的。
-
不需要做,实际也没做
don't\(/\)didn't need to do
You didn' t need to clean the classroom.你不需要打扫教室。
十. 从句
从句含义:连词引导一个句子,在句中充当什么成分就是什么从句。把充当成分的词变成句子,就变成该成分对应的从句。
从句分类:名词性从句、形容词性词性从句、副词性从句
- 名词性从句:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
- 副词性从句:状语从句
- 形容词性从句:定语从句
从句考点:定语从句
1. 名词性从句
分别有:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
1.1 分类及位置(从句位置决定从句类型)
- 主从:动词之前
- 宾从:动词之后、介词之后
- 表从:系动词\(/be\)之后
- 同位语:\(n\)之后
1.2 that连词
从两个角度:连词在句中是否做成分,连词在句中是否有含义
做题方法:
- 画:画从句,从空开始画到空后的第二个谓语动词之前,如果没有第二个谓语,画到最后。
- 类:根据从句的位置确定类型
- 成:看从句是否缺成分。缺成分就是缺少主语\(/\)宾语\(/\)表语。而符合五大基本句型其中一个或者从句用的是被动,则不缺成分
- 义:翻译句子看从句是否缺含义
-
that连词用法:
- 不做成分,不做含义,可用that。
- 宾语当中的that可以省略。
- 同位语从句连词直接用that,
- 介词之后无that,但除了in that.因为,和except that.除了 。
- 以it is开头,选连词that
Square dancing is that elderly women participate in a common open-air fitness practice.
广场舞是老年妇女参加的一种常见的露天健身活动。(句子中连词没有成分,也没有含义用that)The well-known thing is thatrace isn' t important.众所周知,种族并不重要。
- 画:The well-known thing is \((\)that race isn' t important.\()\)表语从句
- 成:从句不缺成分,且翻译通顺
We all know that age isn' t important.我们都知道年龄并不重要。
- 画:We all know \((\)that age isn' t important.\()\)宾语从句
- 成:从句不缺成分,且翻译通顺
Thing that to be or not to be isn' t important is known to all.生存或毁灭并不重要,这一点是众所周知的。
- 画:Thing \((\)that to be or not to be isn' t important\()\) is known to all.(空后有两个动词,画到空后第二个谓语动词之前)同位语从
- 成:从句不缺成分,且翻译通顺
That gender isn' t important is well- known to all.性别不重要是众所周知的。
- 画:\((\)That gender isn' t important\()\) is well- known to all.主从
- 成:从句不缺成分,且翻译通顺
1.3 whether连词
不做成分,有含义:"是否",表示猜测、怀疑、不确定的情况用"是否"。
关键词:don't、know、unknown(未知)、not sure、doubt、wonder、depend on、question。
注意:\(if\)在句中无成分,有含义,翻译为:"是否",且只能引导动词之后宾语从句。如:She doesn't know if she can control him.
如果从句有\(or(not)\),只能用whether。
即在动词后面见到\(if\),要翻译为"是否"。
Whether she can control him leads to different endings.
- 画:(Whether she can control him) leads to different endings. 主语从句,动词leads前面为句子,所以谓语动词为单数。
- 不缺句子成分,整句话意思为:她是否能控制他会导致不同的结局。由句意可知这里两种结局,所以应为whether。
She doesn't know whether she can control him.
- 画:She doesn't know (whether she can control him).宾语从句
- 不缺句子成分。整句话翻译为:她不知道她是否能控制住他。
Whether we are allowed to go abroad or not is still a question.是否允许我们出国还是个问题。
(因为第一个从句用的是be done,所以为被动,被动句子成分完善,有关键词question,所以用wether。)
1.4 四条大何
连词 | when | where | why | how |
---|---|---|---|---|
含义 | 何时 | 何地 | 为何 | 如何 |
成分 | 不做成分 | 不做成分 | 不做成分 | 不做成分 |
He doesn't know when/where/why/how/wheather/if he can find a girlfriend.
Obviously they didn't see the significance of the plan. That's the problem occurs.
A. whether B. why C. / D. when(选\(B\),句子不缺成分,且结合句意可得:显然他们没有看到这个计划的重要性。这就是问题所在。所以选why)
1.5 做成分的连词
连词 | who | whom | what=all that | which | whose |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
成分 | 主语 | 宾语 | 主、宾 | 定语 | 定语 |
含义 | 谁(指人) | 谁(指人) | 什么(指物) | 哪一个 | 谁的 |
空后直接给动词,一定缺主语
Do you know who sends you flowers?你知道谁给你送花吗?(连词做主语,动词用单数)
\(I\) don't know whose bag it is.我不知道它是谁的包。
(whose bag it is是从句,句中it主语,is是系动词,bag表语,根据句意可以判断用定语whose,定语修饰名词bag,所以bag提前)
注:从句是"_____
\(+\)名词\(+\)主语\(+\)谓语"的形式,选\(which/whose\).
如:\(I\) don't know which bag \(I\) should buy.我不知道该买哪一个包。
______
\(I\) was trying to do is to persuade my brother to give up smoking.A. That B. Now C. What D. Which
选\(B\),情态动词\(+do\)或者\(to+do\)后面一定要加名词做宾语,所以用what。所选项词后有ever选ever,如:whatever
1.6 补充
-
所有的从句都是陈述语序
语序形式形式:连词\(+\)主语\(+\)谓语
如:\(I\) don't know when shall we meet.\(\xrightarrow{修改为:}\)\(I\) don't know when we shall meet.我不知道我们什么时候见面。
选项都是从句(连词\(+\)句子),考点为语序
-
搭配:A is to B what C is to D.A对B来说就像C对D来说一样
Air is to human what water is to fish.空气之于人犹如水之于鱼。
1.7 主语从句与强调句的区别
-
主语从句
主语从句要避免头重脚轻,所以要用形式主语替代,主语从句放在句后
That gender isn' t important is well-known to all.\(\xrightarrow{修改后:}\)\(It\) is well-known to all that gender isn' t important.
-
强调句
句型结构:\(It\) is\(/\)was...that\(/\)who...是,正是,正因为。强调谁把谁放在was后,剩下的放在最后。不能强调谓语。
Women love beauty.\(\xrightarrow{变为主语强调句:}\)\(It\) is women that/who love beauty.\(\xrightarrow{变为宾语强调句:}\)\(It\) is beauty that women love.
-
区别:去掉强调句句型结构: \(It\) is /was....that...语法结构依然完整就是强调句,否则不然。
-
谓语动词强调
只需要在谓语动词前面\(+do\),翻译为就是...。do根据后面动词形式变为不同的形式,之后的动词变为原型。
Women do love beauty.
Women loved beauty.\(\xrightarrow{变为谓语动词强调}\)Women did love beauty.
-
强调原因
只能将because\(/\)because of代入结构
Because of insurance ,\(I\) am single.\(\xrightarrow{变为原因强调}\)\(It\) is because of insurance that \(I\) am single.
-
强调句与not until的连用
not until放在句首,that从句后的do要提前。放在句子中间,that后面语序正常。
\(It\) was not until the accident happened that \(I\) became aware of my foolishness.直到事故发生,我才意识到自己的愚蠢。
1.8 名词性从句总结
2. 定语从句
考点:多考单选题,考连词。
定语含义:带"的"字的形容词用来修饰名词。
定语从句含义:带"的"句子用来修饰名词。
位置:
-
形容词的名词,形容词是定语,放在名词前面
A beautiful girl.
-
词组的名词(如:in the room),词组是定语,放在名词之后
Sunshine in the room.房间里的阳光。
-
句子的名词(如:back from China.从中国回来的),该句子是定语,放于名词之后
The boy back from China.从中国回来的男孩。
句型:the\(+n+\)连词\(+\)定语从句。这里的\(n\)叫前名词或者叫先行词。指的是定语从句修饰的名。其中连词\(=\)前名词。
我愿变成你爱的天使
主句:\(I\) wish to be the angel.
从句:you love
变为定语从句:\(I\) wish to be the angel you love.
2.1 定语从句和同位语从句区别
定语从句:从句缺成分必定没定从。
同位语从句:从句不缺成分,且前名词为抽象名词[13]。
常见的抽象名词有:idea,fact,theory,news,promise(承诺),proof(证据),evidence(证据),words (话)
The news fpx won the championship made me confused.同位语从句
The news moments focused on made me confused.定语从句
2.2 连词that
定语从句中最重要部分是连词判断。
做题方法:
画:画从句——从空开始画到第二个谓语动词之前,如果没有画到最后。
类:根据从句的位置将其分类,名词之后为定语从句。
成:从句是否缺成分(是否缺少主语或者宾语)——空后直接给动词,则缺少主语。而符合五大基本句型其中一个或者从句用的是被动,则不缺成分
名:看前名词是人还是物选连词。
-
that
有成分(当主语\(/\)宾语),有含义,前名词为:人\(/\)物,其翻译结果就是前名词。
定语缺成分就用that
The lady (that you met just now) may be your grandmother.
The word (that the student said) is popular.那个学生说的那个词很流行。
2.3 4个重要连词
连词 | which | who | where | whose |
---|---|---|---|---|
含义 | 前名词 | 前名词 | 前名词 | 前名词's (前名词的) |
成分 | 主语\(/\)宾语 | 主语 | 宾语 | 定语 |
前名词 | 物 | 人 | 人 | 人\(/\)物 |
The girl that/who likes wuxia is my roommate.
(like做名词翻译为:像,常是is like形式。做动词为:喜欢。连词\(=\)前名词,所以为谓语动词要用单数。)The student that/whom the law punished is scoundrel.被法律处罚的那个学生是个无赖。
The story of Yanxi Palace (that/which is a historical romantic drama television series) attracts women audience.
延禧宫的故事是一部历史爱情剧,吸引了很多女性观众。
-
从句缺成分就用that。如果前名词是人:主语用who,宾语用whom。前名词是物:用which。
-
whose\(=\)先行词's,从句不缺成分,且名词与从句的主语有所属的关系,考虑用whose。
The boy (whose parents are poor) told his stories tearfully.那个父母很穷的男孩含泪讲述了他的故事。
The subway (whose air is smelly) makes me nausea.地铁里的空气很臭,让我恶心。
2.4 when、where、why
连词 | when | where(常用) | why |
---|---|---|---|
成分 | 无 | 无 | 无 |
前名词 | 时间 | 地点 | 原因(reason) |
定从不缺成分,看先行词分别为时间,地点,原因,考虑用when、where、why
\(It\) was 1904 (when The Russo-Japanese War happened).
The Northeast China (where QiaoXue was born) is the main battle field.
This is the reason (why Japan attacked Russia).
The film brought back the hours (
______
\(I\) was happy in the far- away village).
A. until B. that C. when D. where选\(C\),句子不缺成分,这部电影使我回想起在那个遥远的村子里快乐的时光。
The film brought back the hours (
______
\(I\) spent in the far-away village).
A. until B. that C. when D. where选\(B\),从句缺少宾语,用that。这部电影使我回想起在那个遥远的村子里度过的时光。
除了表示地点的先行词用where,还有:business商业、situation处境、case情况、point点、stage阶段、race赛跑、occasion场合
You have reached the point (where \(I\) can' t stand you).你已经到了我无法忍受你的地步了。(不缺成分,前面有point,用where)
2.5 in、on、at、for介词
\(in+\)年、月、季节
\(on+\)具体日子
\(at+\)具体时刻点
\(for\)可以表示原因
注意:定语从句缺成分有介词,后面就不能跟\(that\)
总结:\(when/where/why=\)介词\(+\)which。其中介词由前名词搭配得来。
2.6 只用that不用which情况
-
前名词由最高级或序数词修饰时只用that
This is the \(most/first\) terrible film (that \(I\) have ever seen).这是我看过的最糟糕的电影。
(从句部分缺少成分,且前名词是film,所以可以用\(that/which\),而前面有序数词first和比较级most,所以用that) -
前名词由the only(唯一的)、the very(恰好的)、the last(最后的,最新的)修饰时只用that
This is the very book (that \(I\) am looking for).这就是我正在找的那本书。
(从句缺少成分,且前名词为the very+book,所以只能用that) -
前名词为不定代词,或由不定代词修饰时只用that
不定代词:all、some、little、much、anything、something
All that glitters(闪光) is not gold.闪光的东西不一定都是金子。
(All that\(=\)what) -
前名词既有人又有物时只用that
\(I\) still can't forget the places and the people (that \(I\) saw).
总结:定语从句缺成分,就用that,除了有介词,有逗号。
2.7 只用which不用that情况
-
介词之后只用which
Luckily, we' d brought a road map without
______
we would have lost our way.
A. it B. that C. this D. which选\(D\),题中有两个动词brought和would have,两句话。所以中间定有连词,而without为介词,B项排除,所以选which。
-
非限定性定从句[14]中用which,句子中有逗号,不能用that
2.8 介词之后可以+which/whom
由前面可知定语从句缺成分用that.
如果不缺成分:①考虑whose,②when/where/why,如果都不行就:③介词\(+which(前名词为物)/\)介词\(+whome(前名词为人)\)
其中介词由与前名词固定搭配得来。
The teacher (
from whome
\(I\) learn) is popular.
(从句为括号内容,提前:\(I\) learn_____
the teacher.我们像老师学习,所以介词应该用from,from一般情况下表示的是一种为了,目的
。)The two things (
of which
they are proud) impressed me.
(They are proudof which
the two things.他们为这两件事感到骄傲。介词of表达的是所属关系)
2.9 定语从句缺成分总结
- 先考虑用whose,但要满足"的"成分
- 再考虑when、where、why
- 最后:介词\(+\)which\(/\)whom
2.10 连词as
含义:正如
成分:主语、宾语、表语
前名词:人\(/\)物
使用条件:
-
固定搭配:(such \(+n)/(\)the same) \(+n+as\) 后跟定语从句
Such food (
as
they produced) is scarcely fit to eat.他们生产的那种食物几乎不适合吃。 -
用于非限定性从句:特点:①有逗号,缺成分。②无that。③修饰前名词可以是一整句话,也可以是一个词。
如果从句有逗号,空在哪句,哪句用定从。且句中用优先用which(没有就用as),句首用as
Jay Chou is a famous singer,
which
is know to all.(句子缺少主语,且修饰前面整个句子,所以修饰"物",可能用that、which、as,有逗号排除that。)As
is known to all,Jay Chou is a famous singer.(句子缺少主语,且修饰后面整个句子,有逗号且在句首,用as)The symptoms persist for more than a few days,which makes parents worried.这些症状会持续几天以上,这让家长们很担心.(逗号后出现"这",我们一般用which,且make修饰前面一段话,指it,所以用单数。)
2.11 补充
-
在汉译英中,逗号后面的"这",用which翻译。and it...可以换位which....
-
在定语从句中作宾语的连词可以省略
\(I\) wish to be the angel (
_____
you love).(句子中,缺少宾语,且angel是想象的代表物,所以可以用\(that/which/不填\)) -
定语从句无what
-
非限定性定语(有逗号的定语从句)从句中不用that
前名词\(+....+of\) 后面可以跟:①前名词人:用which。②前名词物:用whom
whose \(+n=\)the\(+n+of\) which\(=of\) which the\(+n\)
\(I\) got a ticket, the price of which was so cheap.
There are 22 students, two of whom are boys.
\(I\) love The Dreams of Red Mansion,the poems of which reveal profound meaning.
\(I\) love The Dreams of Red Mansion,whose poems(诗歌) reveal profound meaning.
我喜欢《红楼梦》,它的诗歌蕴含着深刻的意义。The new buyer identified a dozen new sources for the material,
_____
proved to be reliable.
A. most of them B. most of which C. most of whom D. most of what(选\(B\),有逗号有两个动词(identified,proved),所以要用连词,\(A\)排除,what只能引导名从,且前名词指的是物体,所以\(B\)。
翻译:新买家为这种材料找到了十几个新的来源,其中大多数被证明是可靠的。)
-
特殊先行词(前名词)
-
先行词是the way,后连词为:\(that/(in\) \(which)/不填\)
-
先行词是time,当为"时间",连词用:①缺成分:that\(/\)which。②不缺成分:\(when=\)介词\(+\)which。
当为"次数",连词用:\(that/不填\)。I don't like
_____
you speak to her.A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which
(选\(A\),前名词为the way,连词用\(that/(in\) \(which)/不填\),所以选\(A\))
Do you know the right time
______
the meeting begins?
A. which B. why C. as D. when(time为时间意思,且不缺成分,所以用when)
-
3. 状语从句
含义:从句不缺成分,只看含义
分类:时间、条件、原因、让步、地点、结果、目的、方式、比较
3.1 时间状语从句
主将从现[15]只能用在时间状从和条件状从
引导词:
-
当...时候:when、while、as(随着,多指时间流逝)
其中while后面连接的句子必须是be doing
When/while Tom was watching TV, his wife was cooking.
When the river doesn't flow,\(I\) will break up with you.
As he gets older, he gets more optimistic.随着年龄的增长,他变得越来越乐观。
-
在...之前(还没来得及):before,在....之后:after
before句型:Before\(+\)主\(+\)did,主语\(+\)had done
\(I\) had lost the coupon,before \(I\) grabbed(抢) it.还没来得及抢优惠券,它就没了。
-
直到:till、until;
-
一...就...:as soon as
As soon as she smiles,the flowers will bloom.她一笑,世界上的花儿就开了
("一"所在的句子就是从句,用一般现在时,另一句话用一般将来)
-
一...就...:the moment、the minute、the second
The moment he speaks,it will hard for him to stop.他一说话,就停不下来。
-
一...就
- hardly\(+had+主+done\) when\(+主语+did\)
- scarcely\(+had+主+done\) when\(+主语+did\)
- no sooner\(+had+主语+done\) than\(+主语+did\)
No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left.我们一到车站,火车就离站了。
补充:arri ve at后面接小地方,arrive in后面接大地方:arrive in Beijing、arrive at school
在时间上:in\(+\)年、月、季节、上下午。on\(+\)日子、日子的上下午。
-
自从:since。每次:every time,each time。一旦:once。
Since Qinghua University
was founded
(found),ithas bean
(be) more than 100 years.
(since\(+主+did,主语\) have\(/\)has done,被建立用过去被动:be done)
3.2 条件状语从句
语法现象为:主将从现
引导词(连词):
- 如果:on condition that\(/\)provided\(/\)if
- 如果不:unless\(=\)if not
- 只要:as long as
Unless you are beautiful,you will work harder.如果你不漂亮,你就要努力工作。
3.3 原因状语从句
引导词:
因为:because、as\(=\)in that、for
既然:since\(=\)now that
由于,鉴于:seeing that、considering that
因为(介词):due to、owing to、because of、on account of
Because \(I\) am excellent,\(I\) am a leftover lady.因为我优秀,所以被剩下。
如果是介词:Because of excellent,\(I\) am a leftover lady.(Because of\(+\)名词)
The reason Beethoven went away to the country is (
______
he was gradually going deaf).
A. since B. that C. because D. as
(选\(B\),be动词之后为表语从句(名词性从句),且不缺成分,用that)Due to my poverty,\(I\) am self-contemptuous.因为我穷,所以我很自卑。
3.4 让步状语从句
引导词:
-
尽管:though、although、while(句首:尽管。句中:然而。在...时:be doing。)
-
即使:even if\(=\)even though
Though he is a millionaire,he is not happy.虽然他是百万富翁,但他并不快乐。
-
无论什么....:whatever
whatever\(+n+主+do/does\),主语\(+will\) do
Whatever difficulties we meet,we will try our best to finish it on time.无论遇到什么困难,我们都要尽力按时完成。
(其中的\(n\)是无论什么后面的名词,这里是"困难".)
-
无论多么....:however
however\(+adj/adv+主语+do/does\),主语\(+will\) do
However tough you are,you will learn to be weak.无论你多么坚强,都要学会示弱。(show weakness.示弱)
however=no matter how
whatever=no matter what
但whatever,however即可以引导名从,也可以引导状从。而no matter how和no matter what只能引导状从。
-
无论谁:whoever。无论是否:whether..or not
Whether you believe it or not, the Goddess of Mercy should have been a boy.无论你是否相信,观音菩萨本应该是个男孩子。
-
尽管:As
结构:一个词(一般为修饰名词)\(+as+主语+谓语\)
Expensive as SKII is ,it's really effective.尽管
SKII
贵,但是真的有效。Luxury as LV is,\(I\) will buy one.尽管LV是奢侈品,但是我要买。
-
尽管(介词):in spite of\(=\)despite
介词后面不能加句子
Though he is poor,he is handsome.尽管他穷,但是他帅。
Poor as he is,he is handsome.
Despite his poverty,he is handsome.
-
He gets along very well with his American friends,
_____
A. despite he does not speak English
B. in spite of he does not speak English
C. although he does not speak English
D. for he does not speak English选
C
,只要有动词就是句子。for是连词,所以翻译为"因为",逻辑错误。 -
______
the English examination, I would have gone to the concert last night.
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for选\(B\),空后给名词,所以前面要为介词,
would have done
为虚拟,所以选标志词but for。翻译为:要不是英语考试,我昨晚就去听音乐会了。
-
3.5 地点状语从句
引导词:where\(/\)wherever\(/\)anywhere\(/\)everywhere
常见句型:where there is...,there is....哪里有...,哪里就有...
\(I\) will go wherever the head needs me most.哪里需要我,我就去哪里。
where there is an effect, there is a cause.事出有因.
3.6 结果状语从句
引导词:
-
so\(+adj/adv+that\).如此以至于
She is so beautiful that \(I\) envy her.她是如此美丽,以至于我嫉妒她。
so\(+adj+a/an+可数名词单数+that\)
She is so beautiful a girl that I envy her. 她是一个如此美丽的女孩,我羡慕她。
so\(+many/much/little(少)/few+名词+that\)
There are so many beautiful girls that I envy them.有那么多漂亮的女孩,我羡慕她们。
-
such\(+n+that\).如此以至于
such\(+a/an+可数名词+that\)
She is such a beautiful girl that \(I\) envy her.她是一个如此美丽的女孩,我羡慕她。
such\(+adj+可数名词负数/不可数名词+that\)
They are such beautiful girls that I envy them.
such\(+(a\) lot of)\(/\)lots of\(+名词+that\)
There are such a lot of beautiful girls that \(I\) envy them.
3.7 目的状语从句
引导词:
-
为了:so that(只能用在句中)、in order that(可用在句子或句首)
-
以防:lest\(/\)in case\(/\)for fear that
\(I\) always take something to read whenI go to the doctor's,
lest/in case/for fear that
\(I\) have to wait.so that/in order that
\(I\) can make use of time.
We must improve the farming method _____
we may get high yields.
A. in order to B. in order that C. since D. as
选\(B\),后面是句子
4.8 方式状语从句
引导词:as just as(按照)、as if\(/\)though(好像)
\(I\) treat my students well,as if they
were
( be ) my sons.as if 为虚拟,前面动词treat为原型,所以发生在现在,用did\(/\)were。
4.9 比较状从
-
同级比较:和...一样:as\(+adj_{原型}+\)as。和...不一样:not so\(+adj_{原型}+\)as。越来越:\(adj+more+adj\)
He is as ugly as a pig.他长得像猪一样丑。\(\xrightarrow{变为否定}\)He isn't so ugly as a pig.他没有猪那么丑。
richer and richer.越来越富有。
-
比较级比较:两者之间进行比较,分出高低
\(adj+er/\)more\(+adj\),有三个元音出现用more:more beautiful
-
比较级\(+\)than
\(I\) am more beautiful than wise women.我比聪明的女人更漂亮。
-
比较级and:more and more.越来越
more and more beautiful.越来越漂亮
-
the\(+比较级+主语+do/does,the+比较级+主语+will\) do
越...越....
The higher you stand, the farther you will see.你站的越高,就看的越远。
(far比较级:farther:指的是距离上的远。further:指的是程度上的距离。)The more difficult the questions are,the less likely \(I\) will be able to answer them.问题越难,我能回答的可能性越小。
(这里be动词看前面名词是复数还是但是,最后的answer是及物动词后面要加宾语,指代那些问题,如果是但是,这里要用it)
-
-
最高级比较
-
the\(+最高级+in/of\) (比较范围)
Trump is the worst president in America.XXX是美国最糟糕的总统。
-
the\(+序数词+最高级\).
第几...
You are the second handsomest person in my mind.你是我心目中第二帅的人。
-
one of\(+the\)最高级\(+n_{复数}\)
最...之一
This is one of the best films that are produced in China.这是中国制作的最好的电影之一。
-
-
补充:倍数表达法
\(n_1+v+倍数+:\)
- as \(adj\) as
- 比\(+than+n_2\)
- the\(+n+of\)
His face is twice as long as my face.他的脸是我脸的两倍长。(形容词性物主代词后\(+n\)=名词性物主代词,所以这里用mine也可以)
His face is twice longer than mine.
His face is twice the length of mine.
It is said that the power plant is now
______
large as what it was.
A. twice as B as twice C. twice much D. much twice选\(A\),动词后\(+\)倍数,且as...as
-
不能修饰比较级的词:very、quite、fairly。这些选项不能选
-
用比较级表达最高级:
A is 比较级\(+than+any\) other(任何一个)\(+n\) 单数
all the other(所有其他) \(+n\) 复数
all the others
anyone else
John is better than any other student in his class
all the other students
all the others
anyone else
4.10 常用连词总结
-
when 当...时
be about to do...when...正要做某事,突然...样
was\(/\)were doing....when...正在做某事的同时,某件事发生了
-
while
当...时,后\(+be\) doing
尽管,放在句首
然而,放在句中
-
since
自从,since\(+主语+did\),主语\(+have/has\) done
既然,等于Now that。不能和that放在一起用
-
as
随着(时间状从)
因为
尽管,一个词\(+as+主语+谓语\)。千万不能放句首。
按照,do in Rome,as Romans do.入乡随俗。
和..一样
正如
十一. 倒装
含义:将动词放在主语之前(\(v+n\))
分类:倒装分类就是动词的分类:
-
实义动词(完全倒装):有含义动词
结构:主语\(+\)实义动词
倒装结构:标志词\(+\)实义动词\(+\)主语
- 及物动词(\(v_t\)):后面能接宾语
- 不及物动词(\(v_i\)):后面不能接宾语
-
助动词(部分倒装):动词无含义,且助动词后要\(+\)实义动词
结构:主语\(+\)助动词\(+\)实义动词。这里的\(助动词+实义动词\),构成了一个谓语。
倒装结构:标志词\(+\)助动词\(+\)主语\(+\)实义动词
助动词:
- do\(/\)does\(/\)did
- have\(/\)has\(/\)had
- be动词
- 情态动词(如:can)
1. 完全倒装标志词
1.1 地点、时间、方位副词
表示时间、地点、方位的副词放于句首,要用完全倒装。
注意:人称代词做主语时,不用完全倒装。第一人称:\(I/we\),第二人称:\(you\),第三人称:\(he\) she it\(/they\)
时间副词:now\(——\)then
地点副词:here\(——\)there
方位副词:up\(——\)down、in\(——\)out、away
His luck comes now,他的好运来了。\(\xrightarrow{变为倒装}\)Now comes his luck.他的好运来了
He comes now.\(\xrightarrow{变为倒装}\)Now he comes.
1.2 地点的介词短语
表示地点的介词短语放于句首,要用完全倒装。介词短语:\(介词+名词\)
注意:人称代词做主语时,不用完全倒装。
Fragrance disappears in the pulse points.香味在脉搏点消失。\(\xrightarrow{变为倒装}\)\(In\) the pulse points disappears fragrance.
(in the pulse points为介词短语)You exist in my mind.\(\xrightarrow{变为倒装}\)\(In\) my mind you exist.
2. 部分倒装
结构:标志词\(+\)助动词\(+\)主语\(+\)实义动词
主要标志词如下:
2.1 否定意义词位于句首
-
否定副词:no,not never,nowhere,little,few,rarely,seldom
Never have \(I\) worn sunscreen.我从未涂过防晒霜。
-
Hardly\(/\)scarcely......when......和no sooner....than....
含义:一.....就......
搭配:Hardly\(/\)scarcely与when搭配。no sooner和than搭配。
时态:"一"后用\(had\) done,"就"后用\(did\)
倒装:"一"后倒装,"就"后不倒装
结构:后面\(+\)\(had(助动词)\)\(+\)主语\(+done\)。如:Hardly had \(+\)主语\(+\) done,when\(+\)主语\(+\)did
Hardly had he spoken English,when he became Adonis.他一说英语,他就变成了男神。
Hardly had \(I\) spoken English,when \(I\) felt sick.我一说英语,就觉得自己很恶心。
结论一:见到hardly、scarcely、no sooner、就选had
结论二:注意连词得搭配
-
七个绝不:
In no case、In no way、On no condition、On no account、At no time、By no means、Under no circumstances
特点:句首为介词\(+no+n\)
\(I\) will in no case eat anything of you.我绝不吃你们一点东西。\(\xrightarrow{变为倒装}\)\(In\) no case will I eat anything of you.
-
not only\(+助动词+主语+实义动词+but\) also\(+\)句2
意义:不仅而且
结构:not only后面用倒装。而but also后面不用倒装
She can not only sing,but also she can dance.她不仅会唱歌,还会跳舞她不但会唱歌,而且会跳舞。
\(\xrightarrow{变为倒装}\)Not only can she sing,but also she can dance.
\(I\) am not only good at English,but also good in temperament.我不但英语好,而且气质佳。
\(\xrightarrow{变为倒装}\)Not only am I good at English,but also good in temperament.(没有实义动词,可以不写)
-
not until\(+\)时间词\(/\)句子
意义:直到...
结构:not until\(+\)时间词\(/\)句子\(+\)部分倒装
Not until 1855 did he,a French scientist, identify the source of the plague. 直到1855年,法国科学家耶尔森找到了鼠疫的来源。(人的前面有身份,类似于这种的同位语,我们可以先写人,用两个逗号再中间写身份)
Not until the three things were completed did \(I\) find my true love.直到这三件事都完成了,我才找到了我的真爱。
(这里标志词为Not until the three things were completed,是一个句子,did\(+主语+v_{原型}\))总结:not until\(+\)时间词\(/\)句子\(+did+主语+动词\)。not until开头助动词为did
2.2 "也"的倒装
-
否定"也"的倒装,前面句子是否定句
引导词:neither\(/\)nor
意义:也不
-
\(I\) don't like the world,neither\(/\)nor does he (like the world). 我不喜欢这个世界,他也不喜欢这个世界。
(这里的否定意义词放在句首,且前后都描述的是同一件事情用"也不",去掉重复部分(like the world)即为倒装。补充:either表示正常否定句,且放在句尾) -
\(I\) don't like beer,neither\(/\)nor does he.我不喜欢啤酒,他也不喜欢。
(前面用的do,所以后面的助动词也为do,且主语为第三人称单数,所以用does,后面的倒装助动词必须是肯定的形式) -
He doesn't like hot pot,neither\(/\)nor do \(I\).他不喜欢吃火锅,我也不喜欢。
-
-
肯定"也"的倒装:\(so+助动词+主语\)
前面的句子是肯定句
A is handsome,so is B. A很帅,B也很帅。(后面倒装句的助动词是前面句子的动词)
\(I\) can speak French,so can she.我会说法语,她也是。(后面倒装句的助动词是前面句子的动词)
\(I\) am straightforward,so is she.我很直率,她也是。
前后主语是一个人,不用倒装(\(so+主语+助动词\))。不是同一个人,用倒装
\(I\) am straightforward,so \(I\) am.(前后主语是同一个人,这里的so翻译为"的确",不用倒装)
如果前面句子没有助动词的情况下,用\(do\)
\(I\) like he,so does she.我喜欢他,她也喜欢。
-
补充:it is\(/\)was the same with sb或so it is\(/\)was with sb的用法
意义:跟...一样
用法有以下两种:
-
当前面有两个谓语动词
He is poor,but often helps others,so it is with her.\(/\)It is the same with her.他很穷,但经常帮助别人,她也是。
(句子前面有两个谓语动词is和helps,所以后面用补充句型,且with是介词后面要用宾格。) -
前面既有肯定又有否定
He loves the sea,but doesn't eat seafood,so it is with her.\(/\)It is the same with her.
-
-
"也"的总结:
- 看肯定句\(/\)否定句
- 肯定句用so前后是不同的人:\(so+助动词+主语\)
- 否定句用\(neither/nor+助动词+主语\)
2.3 only的倒装
意义:只有
结构:only\(+\)状语[16]\(+\)部分倒装
Only then did he realize he was wrong.只有那时,他才意识到自己错了。(\(do/does/did\)放在前面,后面动词要用原型)
Only后面\(+\)状语从句(是一般现在时do/does)\(+(will+主语+do)/(can+主语+do)\)
Only when you work hard,will can you enter a good university.只有当你努力学习,你才能进入一所好大学。
Only when she approached death,did she understand the meaning of life.只有当她接近死亡时,他才懂得了生命的意义。
总结:Only\(+\)状从(动词是:主语\(+\)did),后面为:did\(+\)主语\(+do\)
Only\(+\)状从(动词是:主语\(+do/does\)),后面为:will\(/can+\)主语\(+do\)
2.4 as的倒装
结构:\(n/v/adj/adv(一个词)+as+主语+谓语\)
意义:尽管
Ugly as he is,he is rich.尽管他丑,但很他有钱。
注意:\(n\)提前时,前无冠词(a、an、the)。
Though you are a fool,father loves you.\(\xrightarrow{倒装}\)Fool as you are,father loves you.虽然你是个傻瓜,但父亲爱你。
注意:\(v\)提前时只能提前实意动词.
Though he has died,he still lives in our mind.\(\xrightarrow{倒装}\)Died as he has, he still lives in our mind.尽管他已经死了,但是他仍然活在我们心中.(这里的died是实意动词)
\(as\)译为尽管必须倒装,\(though\)可倒可不倒,即as可以用though替换,此时though可用倒装也可不用。
2.5 虚拟语气中的倒装(三词提前)
在\(if\)从句中出现:had、were、should时:
- 先去掉if
- 三个词提前放到句首
- 其他不变
\(If\) you had eaten my mom's meal,you would have known it.\(\xrightarrow{倒装}\)Had you eaten my mom's meal,you would have known it.如果你吃了我妈妈做的饭,你就会知道了。(\(if\)对于过去虚拟是\(if+主语+had+done\))
2.6 连词倒装
-
so\(+adj+倒装...that...如此...以至于\)
-
such\(+n+倒装...that...\)
that前用到装,that后不用倒装
The house price is so unreasonable that \(I\) can' t afford it.\(\xrightarrow{倒装}\)So unreasonable is the house price that \(I\) can' t afford it.房价如此贵,以至于我都买不起房子了。
\(It\) is such an interesting book that we all want to read it.\(\xrightarrow{倒装}\)Such an interesting book is it that we all want to read it.这本书如此有趣,以至于我们都想读。
十二. 反义疑问句
构成:陈述句,助动词(可有not)\(+\)主语(必须为代词)\(+?\)
构成原则:前面陈述句部分是肯定,反义疑问句就是否定。前面陈述句是否定,反义疑问句就是肯定。
做题方法:找助动词,找不到助动词就用\(do/does/did\),注意分析时态和单复数。
\(I\) can't speak English,Can \(I\) ?
\(I\) spoke English well,Didn't \(I\) spoke English well?
1. have类型
- 表示"有"助动词用\(do/does/did\)
- 表示"完成"助动词用\(have/has/had\)
- 表示have to,助动词用\(do/does/did\)
- 表示had better,助动词用hadn't
You have to hand in it,don't you?你必须把它交上来,不是吗?
You all had a good time,didn't you?
They have finished the work,haven't they?
2. 祈使句
以动词开头,无主语。
2.1 肯定祈使句
句意为肯定句。
构成:可以用:will you、would you、can you、can't you、could you
Leave me alone,will you?别烦我,好吗?(这里用哪个都可以)
2.2 否定祈使句
前面加\(don't\)
构成:否定祈使句,反义疑问句用:will you
Don't cry,will you?不要哭,好吗?
2.3 Let祈使句
-
Let's,缩写常出现在不正式文体中,表示亲密,此时反义疑问句用:shall we
Let's
-
Let us,与Let's相反,反义疑问句用:will you
Let us swing together,will you?让我们一起荡秋千,好吗?
3. must类型
-
表"必须",此时反义疑问句用:needn't或mustn't
You must overcome yourself,needn't you?
-
陈述部分如果有mustn't,表示"不允许,禁止",反义疑问句用:must或may
You mustn't smoke here,must\(/\)may you?
-
表推测:表示"一定,肯定"
一般句子中出现must have done,则表示推测
反义疑问句构成:
-
若句中无时间状语,反义疑问句的助动词与must后面的词保持一致。
They must have cleaned the room,haven't they?他们一定打扫了房间,是吗?(助动词为must后面词,且前肯后否,主语为they)
-
若句中有时间状语,则根据时态定助动词
They must have cleaned the room last night,didn't they?他们昨晚一定打扫了房间,是吗?(last night为过去,所以用did)
-
4. 主观词反义疑问句
主语\(+think/believe/consider/suppose/imagine+\)宾语从句,反义疑问句
此时主句中有动词,从句中也有动词,此时助动词分情况:
-
若主语是第一人称\(I/we\)
反义疑问句由后面宾语从句决定。
\(I\) think you can do it,can't you?我认为你能做到,不是吗?(前肯后否,从句动词can,助动词也为can)
\(I\) don't think you can do it,can you?我认为你做不到,不是吗?(虽然这里助动词看宾语从句的can,但由于否定转移(don't think),所以后面不用加not)
-
若主语不是第一人称时
反义疑问句看主句。
He believes that you can do it,doesn't he?他相信你能做到,不是吗?
He doesn't believe that you can do it,does he?他不相信你能做到,不是吗?
5. 代表"某物"词
-
陈述句主语是:\(some/any/no/every+thing\),反义疑问句主语用it
Anything is dangerous,isn't it?任何事情都是危险的,不是吗?
-
陈述句主语是:\(some/any/no/every+one\),反义疑问句主语用he或they
Everyone can be success,can't he\(/\)they?每个人都能成功,不是吗?
6. 注意
-
若陈述部分出现了表否定意义的词:never、no、little、few、seldom\(/\)rarely、hardly\(/\)scarcely时,反义疑问句用肯定形式
He hardly believed it,did he?
-
若陈述句部分含有否定前缀
un-
,in-
,im-
,dis-
等,当作肯定处理,反义疑问句部分仍用否定。He dislikes being cheated,doesn't he?他不喜欢被欺骗,是吗?
He looks unhappy,doesn't he?他看起来不高兴,不是吗?
-
当陈述部分为从句时,若主句主语为\(I/we\)时,反义疑问句部分看从句。若不为\(I/we\),翻译部分看主句
\(I\) know your father is a worker,isn't he?我知道你父亲是个工人,是吗?
She knows your father is a worker,doesn't she?她知道你父亲是工人,是吗?
\(It\) is known to all that she is a worker,isn't it?大家都知道她是个工人,是吗?
-
反意疑问句的陈述部分为:主语\(+\)said(told,reported,asked)\(+\)that从句时,看主句
They said that you had finished your work,didn't they?他们说你已经完成了你的工作,是吗?
Kate told you that she would not go there,didn't she?凯特告诉过你她不会去那儿,是吗?(虽然从句有not,但我们看主句) -
陈述部分的谓语动词是dare\(/\)need
判断他们是否是实义动词,这两个词后面\(+\)to do,或者前面\(+\)don't,如:don't need。此时就是实义动词。
如果这两个词后面直接加动词原型就是助动词。
反义疑问句构成:
-
实义动词时:疑问句部分用do
People in Hong Kong need to be regulated,don't they?在香港的人需要被监管,不是吗?(need是实义动词)
-
助动词情况:疑问句部分用这两个词本身
People in Hong Kong need be regulated,needn't they?在香港的人需要监管,不是吗?(need是助动词)
-
-
陈述部分的谓语动词有\('d\)
即\(主语'd\),此时有两个词可以缩写为\('d\),即had和would。
- 情态动词特点是:后面\(+v_原\)。所以\('d+动词原型\) 疑问部分用would。
- had特点是:后面\(+doen(动词)\)。所以\('d+过去分词\) 疑问部分用had。
He'd marry a rich woman,wouldn't he?他会娶一个有钱的女人,不是吗?(\('d\)后面跟动词原型,应该用would,且前肯后否)
He'd gone to Thailand,hadn't he?他去泰国了,是吗?(\('d\)后面跟动词过去分词,用had)
-
陈述部分的谓语有\('s\)
即\(主语's\),此时有两个词可以缩写为\('s\),即is和has。
- 后面是\(+过去分词\),先判断是否为被动,如果是则疑问部分为is,不是则为has
- 后面不是过去分词,疑问部分用is
He's eaten breakfast,hasn't he?他已经吃过早餐了,是吗?(\('s\)后面是过去分词,句意不为被动所以用has)
He' s criticized by his teacher,isn't he?他被老师批评了,是吗?(\('s\)后面是过去分词,句意为被动所以用is)
He's the best student,isn't he?他是最好的学生,不是吗?(\('s\)后面不是过去分词,且前肯后否用isn't)
十三. 感叹句
引导感叹句只有两个词:\(what和how\)
1. 将普通句改为感叹句
步骤:
- 分,在谓语动词后分开
- 加,动词后是名词\(+what\),动词后面是adj或adv(副词)\(+how\)
- 换,what与how引导的内容前置
- 去,陈述句中含有very,too等副词去掉
\(It\) is (a brutal attack).这是一种残酷的攻击。\(\xrightarrow{变为感叹句}\)What a brutal attack it is!这是多么残酷的袭击啊。
(动词后修饰的是名词,所以修饰句前面\(+what\),最后将引导的整个句子提前变为感叹句)He works diligently.\(\xrightarrow{变为感叹句}\)How diligently he works!他工作多么勤奋啊。
Wu Peng jumps high.\(\xrightarrow{变为感叹句}\)How high Wu Peng jumps!吴鹏跳得多高啊!
It' s an interesting film.\(\xrightarrow{变为感叹句}\)What an interesting film it is!多么有趣的一部电影啊!
The sun is bright.\(\xrightarrow{变为感叹句}\)How bright the sun is!多么明亮的太阳啊!
The book is very interesting.\(\xrightarrow{变为感叹句}\)How interesting the book is!这本书多么有趣啊!
2. 给出感叹句选择引导词
步骤:
- 找谓语,没有补it is
- 找主语
- 主语前为形容词填how
- 主语前为\(n\),此时要分为有\(a\)和无\(a\)情况,无\(a\)直接填what
句子有\(a\)情况:
-
\(a\)前有形容词:How\(+adj+\)a\(/an+n(可数)+主语+谓语\)
How
good a teacher she is!她是一个多么好的老师啊!(主语前面名词teacher前有a修饰,且a前有形容词,所以用How) -
\(a\)前无形容词:What \(无adj\) a\(+n(可数)+主语+谓语\)
What
a good teacher she is!她是一个多么好的老师啊!
(主语前面为名词teacher,名词前面有a修饰,a前面没有修饰词则用what)
句子无\(a\)情况:
-
How\(+adj+主语+谓语\)
How
big the tree is!这棵树好大啊!(谓语动词is,且主语the tree前面为形容词,用how)How good the weather is!天气多好啊!(谓语动词前主语为the weather,主语前面是形容词good,所以用How)
-
What\(+n+主语+谓语\)
What
a big tree it is!多么大的一棵树啊!(主语tree前面是名词a big)What
good weather!多好的天气啊!
(句子没有谓语动词我们要在后面补it is,将句变为:___
good weather it is!主语it前面为weather,为名词用what)
十四. 非谓语动词
含义:动词在句中不做谓语
分类:
- \(I\) want eat Oreo.\(\xrightarrow{两个动词所以有一个要变非谓语}\)\(I\) want to eat Oreo.不定式:to do
- Eat Oreo is enjoyable.\(\xrightarrow{be动词定是动词}\)Eating Oreo is enjoyable.动名词:doing
- \(I\) am eat Oreo.\(\xrightarrow{正在做某事}\)\(I\) am eating Oreo.分词:doing(现在分词),这里代表动作正在进行。
- Oreo is eat by me.\(\xrightarrow{被动be\ done}\)Oreo is eaten by me.分词:过去分词:done,这里代表被动
考点:
不定式(to do)和动名词(doing),考短语(主要背固定搭配)。
分词(doing和done),要会判断主被动(难点)。
1. 不定式
作用:表示目的和将来
在句子中充当成分:主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语、状语
1.1 作主语情况
主要考句型
-
\(It\) is\(+adj+(for/of\ sb)\) to do.(对于某人来说)作某事......
其中带括号的(\(for/of\))为可有可没有。下面展示两种词使用情况:
-
用of情况:形容词修饰人用
\(It\) is foolish
of
you to waste much money on it.你在那上面浪费那么多钱是愚蠢的。(foolish修饰人用of) -
用for情况:形容词修饰to do
\(It\) is necessary
for
me to do all these exercises.做所有这些练习对我来说是必要的。
(\(exercises\)加了\(s\)表示"练习"可数名词。作不可数名词时翻译为"锻炼"。题中necessary修饰to do后面内容,用for)
-
-
\(动词+it+adj+to\ do=V+做某事...\)
即上面的句型不加括号内容翻译为"做某事..."。我们在前面加上一个动词再去掉\(is\),就翻译为"\(觉得/认为/相信..做某事...\)"
\(I\) find it easy to like lovely boy.我发现很容易喜欢可爱的男生。(动词find在"做某事..."句型前,所以句型去掉\(is\))
-
\(It+be+名词+to\ do+sth\) (了解即可,固定句型)
\(It\)'s an honor to speak mandarin.能说普通话是我的荣幸。
-
\(It+be+介词短语+to\ do+sth\) (了解即可,固定句型)
\(It\)'s beyond you to understand me.懂我已经超出了你们的理解范围了。
1.2 作表语情况
结构:be to do 表示将来或目的。
\(I\) am to go Dutch.我打算各付各的。
1.3 作宾语
一组动词可以在后面\(+to\ do\)。即:\(V+to\ do\)
下面是动词在后面要加\(to\ do\)情况:
决心学会想希望,\(decide/determine、learn、want、wish/hope/expect\)
拒绝设法愿假装。\(refuse、manage、pretend\)
主动答应选计划,\(offer、promise、choose、plan\)
同意请求帮一帮。\(agree、ask、beg、help\)
下面是例句:
\(I\) decide
to do wear
(wear) silk stockings.我决定穿丝袜。
1.4 作定语
结构:\(n+to\ do\)。要会翻译,分析句型
\(I\) want something to drink.我想要些喝的东西。(句子有两个动词:want和drink,动词作定语这里翻译为"喝的",且发生在将来作定语又修饰名词。如果定语只有一个词就放名词前,而定语大于一个词就放名词后面。所以这里的to do修饰名词要放在后面)
\(I\) want to buy a big house to live in.我想买一栋可以居住的大房子。(动词为:want to buy和live,其中"居住的"是定语,且发生在将来,所以为to live in。定语修饰前面的名词:a big house)
总结:不定式做定语与前名词构成动宾关系,不及物动词要加介词。
1.5 作宾补
短语:\(v+sb+to\ do\).某人做某事
以下是固定搭配的动词:
want(想)、get(让,后面加sb是get sb to do sth。如果后面加sth是get sth done)、teach(教)、
allow(允许,经常用被动:sb be allow to do sth)、encourage(鼓励)、advise(建议)、tell(告诉)、prefer(宁愿)、ask(要求)、
warn(警告)、force(强迫)、invite(邀请)、forbid(禁止,后面有sb,用to do。如果什么都没有用doing)
例句:
The rich prefer their wives to stay at home.有钱人宁愿妻子待在家里。(The\(+adj\)表示一类人,所以这里谓语动词用复数。)
补充prefer(宁愿、更):后面可以直接加:
-
\(n_1+to+n_2\).1和2更喜欢1
-
doing A to doing B.宁愿做A也不愿做B。
-
sb to do.宁愿某人做某事
-
to do A rather than do B.宁愿做A而不愿做B.
-
还可以加从句:that\(+主语+(should)\ do\).宁愿某人做某事
\(I\) prefer to stand rather than sit.我宁愿站着也不愿意坐着
注:有少数动词用不带to的不定式来做宾补,即\(v+sb\ do\).动词有:#
感觉 feel、
二听 listen to,hear、
三让 Make,let,have
五看 see,watch,look at,notice,observe
半帮助:help(可以是help sb to do sth,也可以是help sb do sth)
例句:
Someone sees him enter her room.有人看见他进了她的房间。\(\xrightarrow{变为被动}\)He is seen to enter her room by someone.
\(v+sb\ do\xrightarrow{变为被动}be\ done\ sb\ to\ do\).即主动无to变被动还原to
1.6 作状语
-
to do作目的状语:(to do)\(/\)(in order to do)\(/\)(so as to do)。翻译为:"为了"。
in order to do即可放在句中又可放在句首,而so as to do只能防再句中
\(I\) have changed a lot in order that \(I\) can be with you.为了跟你在一起,我改变了很多.(in order that后面跟句子)
\(\xrightarrow{变为in\ order\ to句型}\)\(I\) have changed a lot in order to be with you.
-
to do作结果状语
- so\(+adj\) as to.如此...以至于...
- such\(+n\) as to如此...以至于...
He is so stupid that he makes mistakes.他非常蠢,所以犯了错误。
\(\xrightarrow{变为不定式}\)He is so stupid as to make mistakes.
- too...to...翻译为:太....而不能....
- ...enough to....翻译为:足够...而能够
You are too young to understand.你还小不懂。
You are not old enough to understand.你还小不懂。
-
only to.表示出乎意料的结果
\(It's\) time to get married,
only to find you are not for me
.结婚的时候,却发现你并不适合我。
1.7 固定搭配
有可能作某事:(be likely to do)\(/\)(seem appear to do)
据说,被认为:be said to do、be thought\(/\)believed\(/\)considered to do
据报道:be reported to do
碰巧:happen to do
很高兴做某事:be pleased\(/\)happy to do
1.8 不定式的时态和语态
不定式时态变形:
主动 | 被动 | 用法 | |
---|---|---|---|
一般态 | to do | to be done | to do在后(注意被动) |
进行态 | to be doing | be being done(考频低) | 动作同时发生 |
完成态 | to have done | to have been done | to do在前 |
句中有\(for+时间\)、\(by+时间\)、\(in\ over/during\ the\ past\ few\ years\),时用完成时态。
不定式的时态语态做题方法:
- 确认考to do不定式:选项关于to do有两种或两种以上的形式。
- 判断主被动:主语和to do的主被动关系
- 比较谓语和to do的先后顺序
-
一般式
to do发生在谓语之后
\(I\) plan
to help
(help)him next time.我计划下次帮他。 -
进行式
to do和谓语动词同时发生
This product is said
to be being investigated
(investigate) now.这款产品据说正在被调查。 -
完成式
This novel is said
to have been tanslated
(translate) into 6 languages by 2003.这本小说据说已经翻译成了六种语言。
2. 动名词
动名词(doing)作用:相当于名词
句法功能:可作:主语、表语、宾语、定语
主动:doing。被动:being done
Respecting others means being respected.尊重他人意味着被尊重。
2.1 作主语
考点:考句型
句型一:\(It\) is (no use)\(/\)(no good)\(/\)useless doing.做...是没用的。
\(It\) is useless arguing with women.跟女人吵架是没用的。
句型二:This is no doing\(=It\) is impossible to do.做....是不可能的。
句型三:There is no point (in) doing.做某事是没有意义的.
2.2 作表语
引导词:be doing(表达的是一件事情)\(/\)be doing(表示将来)
His ambition is winning the championship.他的野心是赢得冠军。
2.3 作定语
定语作用:修饰名词
动名词结构:doing\(+\)n
a sleeping car.卧铺车厢
a swimming pool.游泳池
a dining room.餐厅
a visiting card.名片
总结:动名词作定语说明名词的作用。
2.4 作宾语
(1) 含义:动词之后可以加doing,即\(v+doing\).
以下单词后买你直接加doing
-
考虑建议盼原谅:consider,suggest,look forward to,excuse。
其中consider当翻译为"考虑"时,后面\(+doing\),为consider doing sth
当翻译为"认为"时,为be consider to do
-
承认推迟没得想:admit,delay,fancy
-
避免错过继续练:avoid,miss,keep,practise
-
否认完成就欣赏:deny,finish,enjoy\(/\)appreciate
-
禁止想象才冒险:forbid,imagine,risk
forbid后面如果有sb则加to do,即forbid sb to do sth。后面没有sb,则加doing,即forbid doing sth。
-
不禁介意准逃亡:can't help,mind,allow\(/\)permit,escape
can't help to do sth.不能帮助做某事
can't help doing.情不自禁做某事
\(I\) can't risk
missing
(miss) this opportunity.我不能冒险错过这个机会。
注意问题:need\(/\)want\(/\)require doing.主动表示被动\(=\)need\(/\)want\(/\)require to be done.
My radio isn't working.\(It\)
needs repairing/(needs to be repaired)
. 我的收音机坏了。它需要修理。(主语it且为第三人称单数所以needs)
(2) 介词\(+\)doing
由于:due to,owing to
习惯于:be used\(/\)accustomed to
坚持:stick to
期盼:look forward to
开始着手做某事:get down to
贡献:devote sth to...贡献.....东西给....\(/\)contribute to
反对:object to \(/\) be opposed to
导致:lead to
注意:pay attention to
补充:have difficulty\(/\)trouble (in) doing.做某事有困难
spend time doing\(/\)on sth.花费时间做某事
be worth doing\(=\)be worth to be done.值得的(表示被动)
be worthy to be done.值得的
be worthy of being done.值得的
This issue is worth
paying
attention to.这个问题值得注意。This issue is worthy
to be paid
\(/\)of being paid
attention to.
2.5 动词后面可加to do\(/\)doing
remember to do.记得要去做(但还没做),remember doing.记得做过
forget to do.忘记要去做(没做),forget doing.忘记做过
go in to do.继续做另一件事,go on doing,继续做手头上的事
stop to do.停下来去做某事,stop doing.停止做
can't help to do.不能帮助做某事,can't help doing.情不自禁做某事
like\(/\)hate\(/\)love to do.想要具体做某事(一般加具体时间),like\(/\)hate\(/\)love doing.习惯做某事
\(I\) remember
being taken
to London when \(I\) was a very small child.我记得在我很小的时候被带到伦敦。Although \(I\) don't go in for sports,\(I\) like
watching
football matches.虽然我不喜欢体育运动,但我喜欢看足球比赛。
2.6 动名词时态和语态
时态 | 主动 | 被动 |
---|---|---|
一般态 | doing | being done |
完成态 | having done | having been done |
-
一般态:doing发生在现在\(/\)将来
He considers
taking
(take) part in her wedding.他考虑参加她的婚礼。 -
完成态:having done 发生在过去
He was ashamed of
having failed
(fail)to have passed
(pass) the test last week. 他为上周没有通过考试而羞耻。
\(I\) appreciated _____
the opportunity to be an intern in a well known multinational company.
A. having been given B. being given C. giving D. to have given
选\(A\),句意:我非常感激被给与这次机会成为了跨国公司的实习生。 "给机会"发生在"感激"之前,用完成态,且为被动。
2.7 逻辑主语
逻辑主语为动名词补充内容。
逻辑主语:当主语和动名词的主语不是同一个人,会出现逻辑主语。
形式:\(my, our, your, his, her, their, n's\)
例1:\(I\) am opposed to _____
(buy) this furniture.
(答案:\(his\)。解析:句子中的to为介词,由之前的知识我们可以得知,介词to后面可加doing,但这里显然不能直接用buying,而是要在buying前面加给"她/他",译为"反对他/她买"。这种在动名词前\(+\)主语的方式称为逻辑主语。动名词词是名词,所以主语要用形容词。
例2:You don't object _____
you by your first name, do you?
A. to me calling B. to my calling C. to calling D. my calling
选,句意:你不反对我叫你的名字吗?句型be object to doing sth.反对做某事。所以这里calling前面要加逻辑主语,由于句意可知加\(my\)。
3. 分词
分词分类:
- 现在分词:doing。代表主动,进行。
- 过去分词:done。可代表被动,完成。
- 不定式:to do。表示目的,将来。
分词的词性:做形容词\((作定语)/\)副词\((作状语)\)
可充当成分:表语,定语,状语,补语。
3.1 作表语
放在\(be\)动词之后。分两种情况:be doing、be done.
情况(一):
-
be doing
She is dancing.她正在跳舞。(这里的dancing作现在分词)
Her hobby is dancing.她的爱好是跳舞。(这里的dancing作动名词)
总结:\(A\) \(is\) \(B=B\) \(is\) \(A\),这种情况为动名词。
-
be done
\(It's\) Saturday,so some shops are closed.今天星期六,所以一些商店是关着的。
情况(二):表示心里感受的动词
表达心里感受的词:
"暧昧":interest、excite、surprise=amaze、move、satisfy
"热恋":thrill\((兴奋,激动)\)、astonish
"平淡":puzzle= confuse、frighten
"分手":embarrass、bore=annoy\((烦躁)\)、disappoint、discourage
-
doing.某物令人感到(物体作主语时候用)
The host competition is
interesting
( interest ).主持人比赛是很有兴趣的。 -
done.人感到...(人做主语时候用)
\(I\) am
interested
(interest) in the host competition.我对主持比赛很感兴趣。
3.2 作定语
位置:名词后\(+非谓语\Longrightarrow n+v_非\)
方法:
-
找出句子中的谓语动词
-
看空前名词与非谓语的主被动关系:主动用doing、被动用done
-
看题中时态
主动 被动 现在 doing being done 过去 done 将来 to do to be done
The lingus(语言的)
speaking
(speak) Englis is Prof.Li.说英语的语言学家是李教授。(linguist是名词和speak是主动关系,用doing)What is the language
speaked
(speak) by Tom?汤姆说的是什么语言?(langue和speak是被动关系,所以用done)
3.2 作宾补
结构:动词\(+\)宾语\(+\)doing\((主动)/done(被动)\Longrightarrow v+n+doing/done\)
并不是所有动词都能用于这种结构,下面是用于宾补动词:
感觉:feel
二听:\(listen\) to、hear
三让:\(let\)、make、have
五看:look at、see、watch、 notice、 observe
其他\((除了with其他都可以翻译为\)"让"\()\):\(leave\)、keep、find、 with
注意:这里前四组和前面作宾补感官词作宾补感官词前四组一致。所以这里的前四组可以用:doing\((主动,正在做)\)、do\((主动,做完)\)、done\((被动)\)
例1:There was so much noise that the speaker couldn't make himself ______
A. hearing B. to hear C. heard D. being heard
选C,\(make+反身代词+被动\)。
例2:The manager promised to keep me ______
of how our business was going on.
A. informing B. to be informed C. informed D. being informed
选C,句意:经理答应随时通知我公司的业务进展情况。由句意可知非谓语动词被动形式。keep sb informed.随时向某人报告。
3.3 总结及补充
总结:定语考虑时态和主被动,宾补只考虑主被动。
with的用法(补充):
\(with/without:\)
-
前有
逗号
,后有名词
。结构:with\(+n+doing(主动)/done(被动)\)He went into the room,without anyone
noticing
(notice).他走进房间,没有人注意到。 -
前无
逗号
,后无名词
。结构:主语\(...+with+\)____
.此时要判断空和主语关系,主动用doing,被动用being done。He went into the room without
noticing
(notice).他没有注意到就进了房间。 -
with no one\(=\)without anyone、no\(=\)not any、without\(=\)not with
固定搭配:
- (hear\(/see\)) sb (do\(/\)doing).\((听到/看到)某人\)(做了\(/正在做\))某事
- (make\(/let/have\)) sb do (\(do/doing\)) sth.让某人(做\(/正在做\))某事
- (make\(/let/have\)) sth (\(done/doing\)).(sth\(+v_非\)此时判断主被动)
- get sb to do\(/\)get sth done
3.4 作状语
状语有:时间,条件,原因,让步
将状语从句变为非谓语步骤:
- 去掉连词
- 如果从句主语和主句的主语一样,去掉从句主语
- 将动词变为分词
3.4.1 形式一
结构:\(V_非,主语+谓语\)
方法:
-
确定谓语动词
-
看主语和非谓语的主被动关系
-
比较谓语和非谓语的先后顺序
谓语和非谓语关系
主动 被动 同时发生 doing done \(V_非\)比谓语先发生 having done having been done \(V_非\)比谓语后发生 to do to be done 上表可以看出无being done形式。
Seen
(see) from the hill, the park looks beautiful.从山上看,公园看起来很漂亮。(主语是park,谓语是look,非谓语是see。see和park是被动的关系,see和look是同时发生,所以see用done形式,即seen)
Having finished
(finish) the work,he continued to play.做完工作后,他继续玩。(主语是he,谓语是continued,非谓语是finish。he和finish是主动,且finish动作在continued之前。)
3.4.2 形式二
结构:名词\(+V_非,主语+谓语\)
方法:
- 确定谓语动词
- 看名词和非谓语的主被动关系
- 比较谓语和非谓语的先后顺序
The film
having begun
(begin),she left the seat.
谓语和非谓语关系
主动 | 被动 | |
---|---|---|
同时发生 | doing | done |
\(V_非\)比谓语先发生 | having done | having been done |
\(V_非\)比谓语后发生 | to do | to be done |
上表可以看出无being done形式。
3.5 其他补充
-
非谓语的否定:将
Not having received
a replay,he decided to write again.由于没有收到回信,他决定再写一次。 -
\(V_非,主语+谓语\xrightarrow{颠倒}\)\(主语+谓语,V_非\)
此时非谓语动词要看和主语关系。只有:doing(主动)、done(被动)。
-
常考短语
fixing\(+\)n;fixed\(+with\) (be fixed with.把...安装在哪)
facing\(+\)n;faced\(+\)with (be faced with sth.面对...)
losing\(+n\);lost\(+in/for/to\)
3.6 分词汇总
不定式作主语常表示,具体的某一次的或将来的动作。
动名词作主语常表示抽象的一般的或习惯性的动作。
非谓语动词的否定式通常是就在非谓语动词之前加not或never。
第一步:选项关于同一动词的不同的非谓语形式
第二步:看空前是否有名词,有名词看主被动,无名词看主语与非谓语的主被动关系。
第三步:有逗号就看谓语与非谓语先后,无逗号就看该句的时态
谓语和非谓语关系:
主动 | 被动 | |
---|---|---|
同时发生 | doing | done |
\(V_非\)比谓语先发生 | having done | having been done |
\(V_非\)比谓语后发生 | to do | to be done |
分词时态:
主动 | 被动 | |
---|---|---|
现在 | doing | being done |
过去 | done | |
将来 | to do | to be done |
-
______
the diamond,he had to look for a place to hide it.A. Having stolen B. Having been stolen C. Stolen D. Stealing
选A,句意:偷了钻石后,他得找个地方把它藏起来。空前无名词,且非谓语动词stolen和主语he根据句意是主动关系,有逗号非谓语动词stolen在谓语动词hide前,所以用Having done。
-
A new technique
_____
,the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.A. being worked out B. having worked out C. having been worked out D. to have been worked
选B,句意:由于采用了新技术,总的产量提高了百分之二十。空前有名词,且名词technique和非谓语动词worke是被动关系,非谓语动词technique在谓语动词increased前。
实词就是有实际意义的词,如(名词,动词,形容词...)。虚词为:冠词、介词、连词。 ↩︎
元音字母有:a、e、i、o、u ↩︎
连词连接的句子称为从句 ↩︎
转述别人的话 ↩︎
词根\(fect\)翻译为"做" ↩︎
英语的一句话有且只有一个动词,两句话必有一连词,连词引导的句子为从句,有从句必有主句 ↩︎
词根explo(用力往外) ↩︎
前缀pro:前进,往前。词根pose:往前放。 ↩︎
\(+tion\)变为名词 ↩︎
\(+ed\)变为形容词 ↩︎
有自己的意愿 ↩︎
客观情况被逼的没有办法 ↩︎
看不见摸不着的东西 ↩︎
有逗号的定语从句 ↩︎
主句用一般将来,从句用一般现在,代表这件事情是真实的。 ↩︎
状语作用:修饰谓语或整个句子。状语有:副词、介词、状语从句 ↩︎