python图书管理系统

效果展示

概述

本教程将引导你构建一个基于Python的图书管理系统，该系统使用Tkinter作为图形用户界面（GUI），并利用SQLite数据库存储和管理图书信息。通过本教程，你将学习如何实现添加、编辑、删除以及查询图书的功能。

准备工作

确保你的计算机上安装了Python 3.x版本。由于我们使用的是标准库tkinter和sqlite3，所以无需额外安装其他依赖包。如果你使用的是非Windows操作系统，可能需要单独安装tkinter。

步骤 1: 导入必要的模块

首先，我们需要导入所有必需的模块。这包括用于GUI开发的tkinter及其子模块ttk（主题工具包），以及用于消息框和对话框的messagebox和simpledialog。同时，我们还会导入sqlite3来处理数据库操作，以及pathlib来处理文件路径。

import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import ttk, messagebox, simpledialog
import sqlite3
from pathlib import Path

步骤 2: 数据库初始化与连接

接下来定义两个函数：init_db()用于初始化数据库表结构；get_db_connection()用于获取数据库连接。init_db()会在第一次运行程序时创建名为Library.db的数据库文件，并在其中创建Books表，如果它不存在的话。

def init_db():
    """初始化数据库表结构"""
    with get_db_connection() as conn:
        cursor = conn.cursor()
        cursor.execute('''
            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Books (
                id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
                title TEXT NOT NULL,
                author TEXT NOT NULL,
                publisher TEXT,
                isbn TEXT UNIQUE,
                stock INTEGER DEFAULT 0
            )
        ''')
        conn.commit()

def get_db_connection():
    """获取数据库连接"""
    conn = sqlite3.connect(Path(__file__).parent / 'Library.db')
    conn.row_factory = sqlite3.Row
    return conn

步骤 3: 创建主应用程序类 BookManagerApp

BookManagerApp是整个应用的核心类，继承自tk.Tk，负责构建界面并管理各个窗口之间的交互。

• 构造函数 (__init__) 设置了窗口标题、尺寸和背景颜色，并调用init_db()确保数据库已准备好。
• 它还设置了菜单栏、工具栏，并配置了样式以美化组件外观。
• 最后，它创建了一个Treeview小部件用来显示图书列表，并通过load_books()加载现有书籍数据。

class BookManagerApp(tk.Tk):
    """主应用程序类"""

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.title("图书管理系统")
        self.geometry("800x600")
        self.configure(bg='#EAEAEA')  # 设置背景颜色

        # 初始化数据库
        init_db()

        # 创建顶部菜单栏和工具栏...
        menubar = tk.Menu(self)
        file_menu = tk.Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
        file_menu.add_command(label="退出", command=self.quit)
        menubar.add_cascade(label="文件", menu=file_menu)

        book_menu = tk.Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
        book_menu.add_command(label="添加图书", command=self.open_add_book_window)
        book_menu.add_command(label="编辑图书", command=self.edit_selected_book)
        book_menu.add_command(label="删除图书", command=self.delete_selected_books)
        book_menu.add_command(label="查询图书", command=self.open_search_window)  # 添加查询命令
        menubar.add_cascade(label="图书", menu=book_menu)

        self.config(menu=menubar)

        # 创建工具栏
        toolbar = ttk.Frame(self, style='TFrame')
        add_button = ttk.Button(toolbar, text="添加", command=self.open_add_book_window, style='TButton')
        edit_button = ttk.Button(toolbar, text="编辑", command=self.edit_selected_book, style='TButton')
        delete_button = ttk.Button(toolbar, text="删除", command=self.delete_selected_books, style='TButton')
        search_button = ttk.Button(toolbar, text="查询", command=self.open_search_window, style='TButton')  # 添加查询按钮
        add_button.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=5, pady=5)
        edit_button.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=5, pady=5)
        delete_button.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=5, pady=5)
        search_button.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=5, pady=5)  # 查询按钮布局
        toolbar.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)

        # 样式配置
        style = ttk.Style()
        style.theme_use('clam')  # 使用预定义的主题
        style.configure('TFrame', background='#EAEAEA')
        style.configure('TButton', font=('Arial', 12), foreground='black', background='#4CAF50')
        style.map('TButton', foreground=[('active', 'white')],
                  background=[('active', '#45a049')])
        style.configure('Treeview', font=('Arial', 12), rowheight=25)
        style.configure('Treeview.Heading', font=('Arial', 12, 'bold'))

        # 创建图书列表视图
        columns = ('id', 'title', 'author', 'publisher', 'isbn', 'stock')
        self.book_tree = ttk.Treeview(self, columns=columns, show='headings', style='Treeview')
        for col in columns:
            self.book_tree.heading(col, text=col.capitalize())
            self.book_tree.column(col, width=120, anchor=tk.CENTER)
        self.book_tree.pack(expand=True, fill=tk.BOTH, padx=10, pady=10)

        self.load_books()

步骤 4: 实现增删改查功能

增加图书

为了增加新的图书记录，我们创建了一个AddBookWindow类，提供给用户输入新书信息的界面。用户填写必要字段后点击“保存”按钮，即可将新书信息保存至数据库。

class AddBookWindow(tk.Toplevel):
    """添加新书窗口类"""

    def __init__(self, parent):
        super().__init__(parent)
        self.title("添加新书")
        self.geometry("400x300")
        self.configure(bg='#EAEAEA')

        # 输入框
        self.entries = {}
        fields = ['标题', '作者', '出版社', 'ISBN', '库存']
        for i, field in enumerate(fields):
            label = ttk.Label(self, text=field, background='#EAEAEA')
            label.grid(row=i, column=0, padx=5, pady=5, sticky=tk.W)
            entry = ttk.Entry(self)
            entry.grid(row=i, column=1, padx=5, pady=5)
            self.entries[field] = entry

        save_button = ttk.Button(self, text="保存", command=self.save_book)
        save_button.grid(row=len(fields), columnspan=2, pady=10)

    def save_book(self):
        """保存新书信息至数据库"""
        data = {key: entry.get() for key, entry in self.entries.items()}
        try:
            with get_db_connection() as conn:
                cursor = conn.cursor()
                cursor.execute('''
                    INSERT INTO Books (title, author, publisher, isbn, stock)
                    VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
                ''', (data['标题'], data['作者'], data['出版社'], data['ISBN'], int(data['库存'])))
                conn.commit()
            self.destroy()
            self.master.load_books()
        except Exception as e:
            messagebox.showerror("错误", str(e))

编辑图书

EditBookWindow类允许用户修改已有图书的信息。它会根据提供的book_id从数据库中检索出对应的图书信息，并填充到表单中供用户编辑。

class EditBookWindow(tk.Toplevel):
    """编辑图书窗口类"""

    def __init__(self, parent, book_id):
        super().__init__(parent)
        self.title("编辑图书")
        self.geometry("400x300")
        self.configure(bg='#EAEAEA')

        self.book_id = book_id
        self.entries = {}
        fields_mapping = {
            '标题': 'title',
            '作者': 'author',
            '出版社': 'publisher',
            'ISBN': 'isbn',
            '库存': 'stock'
        }

        # 从数据库获取要编辑的图书信息
        with get_db_connection() as conn:
            cursor = conn.cursor()
            cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM Books WHERE id=?', (book_id,))
            book = cursor.fetchone()

        if not book:
            messagebox.showerror("错误", "找不到指定ID的图书！")
            self.destroy()
            return

        # 预填充表单字段
        for i, field in enumerate(fields_mapping.keys()):
            label = ttk.Label(self, text=field, background='#EAEAEA')
            label.grid(row=i, column=0, padx=5, pady=5, sticky=tk.W)
            entry = ttk.Entry(self)

            # 使用映射后的列名访问数据
            entry.insert(0, book[fields_mapping[field]])  # 使用映射后的列名

            entry.grid(row=i, column=1, padx=5, pady=5)
            self.entries[field] = entry

        save_button = ttk.Button(self, text="保存", command=self.update_book)
        save_button.grid(row=len(fields_mapping), columnspan=2, pady=10)

    def update_book(self):
        """更新图书信息至数据库"""
        data = {key: entry.get() for key, entry in self.entries.items()}
        try:
            with get_db_connection() as conn:
                cursor = conn.cursor()
                cursor.execute('''
                    UPDATE Books SET title=?, author=?, publisher=?, isbn=?, stock=?
                    WHERE id=?
                ''', (data['标题'], data['作者'], data['出版社'], data['ISBN'], int(data['库存']), self.book_id))
                conn.commit()
            self.destroy()
            self.master.load_books()  # 刷新主界面中的图书列表
        except Exception as e:
            messagebox.showerror("错误", str(e))

删除图书

在BookManagerApp类中定义了delete_selected_books()方法，用于删除选中的图书记录。当用户选择了要删除的图书并确认后，这些记录将被从数据库中移除，并且界面上也会同步更新。

def delete_selected_books(self):
    """删除选中的图书记录"""
    selected_items = self.book_tree.selection()
    if not selected_items:
        messagebox.showwarning("警告", "请选择要删除的图书！")
        return

    confirm = messagebox.askyesno("确认删除", "确定要删除这些图书吗？")
    if not confirm:
        return

    book_ids = [self.book_tree.item(item)['values'][0] for item in selected_items]
    with get_db_connection() as conn:
        cursor = conn.cursor()
        cursor.executemany('DELETE FROM Books WHERE id=?', [(id,) for id in book_ids])
        conn.commit()

    for item in selected_items:
        self.book_tree.delete(item)

查询图书

SearchWindow类提供了用户根据标题、作者、出版社或ISBN部分匹配来查找图书的功能。用户输入关键字后点击“查询”按钮，系统将在数据库中查找符合条件的图书并将结果展示出来。

class SearchWindow(tk.Toplevel):
    """查询窗口类"""

    def __init__(self, parent):
        super().__init__(parent)
        self.title("查询图书")
        self.geometry("400x300")
        self.configure(bg='#EAEAEA')

        # 输入框
        self.entries = {}
        fields = ['标题', '作者', '出版社', 'ISBN']
        for i, field in enumerate(fields):
            label = ttk.Label(self, text=field, background='#EAEAEA')
            label.grid(row=i, column=0, padx=5, pady=5, sticky=tk.W)
            entry = ttk.Entry(self)
            entry.grid(row=i, column=1, padx=5, pady=5)
            self.entries[field] = entry

        search_button = ttk.Button(self, text="查询", command=self.perform_search)
        search_button.grid(row=len(fields), columnspan=2, pady=10)

    def perform_search(self):
        """执行查询"""
        conditions = []
        parameters = []

        for key, entry in self.entries.items():
            value = entry.get().strip()
            if value:
                column_name = {'标题': 'title', '作者': 'author', '出版社': 'publisher', 'ISBN': 'isbn'}[key]
                conditions.append(f"{column_name} LIKE ?")
                parameters.append(f"%{value}%")

        query = "SELECT * FROM Books"
        if conditions:
            query += " WHERE " + " AND ".join(conditions)

        with get_db_connection() as conn:
            cursor = conn.cursor()
            cursor.execute(query, parameters)
            rows = cursor.fetchall()

        self.master.load_books(rows)  # 使用自定义加载方法来显示查询结果
        self.destroy()

步骤 5: 启动应用程序

最后，在脚本的底部添加如下代码以启动应用程序：

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app = BookManagerApp()
    app.mainloop()

完整代码

import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import ttk, messagebox, simpledialog
import sqlite3
from pathlib import Path

# 数据库初始化函数
def init_db():
    """初始化数据库表结构"""
    with get_db_connection() as conn:
        cursor = conn.cursor()
        cursor.execute('''
            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Books (
                id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
                title TEXT NOT NULL,
                author TEXT NOT NULL,
                publisher TEXT,
                isbn TEXT UNIQUE,
                stock INTEGER DEFAULT 0
            )
        ''')
        conn.commit()

def get_db_connection():
    """获取数据库连接"""
    conn = sqlite3.connect(Path(__file__).parent / 'Library.db')
    conn.row_factory = sqlite3.Row
    return conn

class BookManagerApp(tk.Tk):
    """主应用程序类"""

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.title("图书管理系统")
        self.geometry("800x600")
        self.configure(bg='#EAEAEA')  # 设置背景颜色

        # 初始化数据库
        init_db()

        # 创建顶部菜单栏
        menubar = tk.Menu(self)
        file_menu = tk.Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
        file_menu.add_command(label="退出", command=self.quit)
        menubar.add_cascade(label="文件", menu=file_menu)

        book_menu = tk.Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
        book_menu.add_command(label="添加图书", command=self.open_add_book_window)
        book_menu.add_command(label="编辑图书", command=self.edit_selected_book)
        book_menu.add_command(label="删除图书", command=self.delete_selected_books)
        menubar.add_cascade(label="图书", menu=book_menu)

        self.config(menu=menubar)

        # 创建工具栏
        toolbar = ttk.Frame(self, style='TFrame')
        add_button = ttk.Button(toolbar, text="添加", command=self.open_add_book_window, style='TButton')
        edit_button = ttk.Button(toolbar, text="编辑", command=self.edit_selected_book, style='TButton')
        delete_button = ttk.Button(toolbar, text="删除", command=self.delete_selected_books, style='TButton')
        add_button.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=5, pady=5)
        edit_button.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=5, pady=5)
        delete_button.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=5, pady=5)
        toolbar.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)

        # 样式配置
        style = ttk.Style()
        style.theme_use('clam')  # 使用预定义的主题
        style.configure('TFrame', background='#EAEAEA')
        style.configure('TButton', font=('Arial', 12), foreground='black', background='#4CAF50')
        style.map('TButton', foreground=[('active', 'white')],
                  background=[('active', '#45a049')])
        style.configure('Treeview', font=('Arial', 12), rowheight=25)
        style.configure('Treeview.Heading', font=('Arial', 12, 'bold'))

        # 创建图书列表视图
        columns = ('id', 'title', 'author', 'publisher', 'isbn', 'stock')
        self.book_tree = ttk.Treeview(self, columns=columns, show='headings', style='Treeview')
        for col in columns:
            self.book_tree.heading(col, text=col.capitalize())
            self.book_tree.column(col, width=120, anchor=tk.CENTER)
        self.book_tree.pack(expand=True, fill=tk.BOTH, padx=10, pady=10)

        self.load_books()

    def load_books(self):
        """从数据库加载所有图书到列表视图"""
        for i in self.book_tree.get_children():
            self.book_tree.delete(i)

        with get_db_connection() as conn:
            cursor = conn.cursor()
            cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM Books')
            rows = cursor.fetchall()
            for row in rows:
                book_data = [row['id'], row['title'], row['author'], row['publisher'], row['isbn'], row['stock']]
                self.book_tree.insert('', tk.END, values=book_data)

    def open_add_book_window(self):
        """打开添加新书窗口"""
        AddBookWindow(self)

    def edit_selected_book(self):
        """编辑选中的图书记录"""
        selected_item = self.book_tree.selection()
        if not selected_item:
            messagebox.showwarning("警告", "请选择要编辑的图书！")
            return

        item_id = self.book_tree.item(selected_item)['values'][0]
        EditBookWindow(self, item_id)

    def delete_selected_books(self):
        """删除选中的图书记录"""
        selected_items = self.book_tree.selection()
        if not selected_items:
            messagebox.showwarning("警告", "请选择要删除的图书！")
            return

        confirm = messagebox.askyesno("确认删除", "确定要删除这些图书吗？")
        if not confirm:
            return

        book_ids = [self.book_tree.item(item)['values'][0] for item in selected_items]
        with get_db_connection() as conn:
            cursor = conn.cursor()
            cursor.executemany('DELETE FROM Books WHERE id=?', [(id,) for id in book_ids])
            conn.commit()

        for item in selected_items:
            self.book_tree.delete(item)


class AddBookWindow(tk.Toplevel):
    """添加新书窗口类"""

    def __init__(self, parent):
        super().__init__(parent)
        self.title("添加新书")
        self.geometry("400x300")
        self.configure(bg='#EAEAEA')

        # 输入框
        self.entries = {}
        fields = ['标题', '作者', '出版社', 'ISBN', '库存']
        for i, field in enumerate(fields):
            label = ttk.Label(self, text=field, background='#EAEAEA')
            label.grid(row=i, column=0, padx=5, pady=5, sticky=tk.W)
            entry = ttk.Entry(self)
            entry.grid(row=i, column=1, padx=5, pady=5)
            self.entries[field] = entry

        save_button = ttk.Button(self, text="保存", command=self.save_book)
        save_button.grid(row=len(fields), columnspan=2, pady=10)

    def save_book(self):
        """保存新书信息至数据库"""
        data = {key: entry.get() for key, entry in self.entries.items()}
        try:
            with get_db_connection() as conn:
                cursor = conn.cursor()
                cursor.execute('''
                    INSERT INTO Books (title, author, publisher, isbn, stock)
                    VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
                ''', (data['标题'], data['作者'], data['出版社'], data['ISBN'], int(data['库存'])))
                conn.commit()
            self.destroy()
            self.master.load_books()
        except Exception as e:
            messagebox.showerror("错误", str(e))


class EditBookWindow(tk.Toplevel):
    """编辑图书窗口类"""

    def __init__(self, parent, book_id):
        super().__init__(parent)
        self.title("编辑图书")
        self.geometry("400x300")
        self.configure(bg='#EAEAEA')

        self.book_id = book_id
        self.entries = {}
        fields_mapping = {
            '标题': 'title',
            '作者': 'author',
            '出版社': 'publisher',
            'ISBN': 'isbn',
            '库存': 'stock'
        }

        # 从数据库获取要编辑的图书信息
        with get_db_connection() as conn:
            cursor = conn.cursor()
            cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM Books WHERE id=?', (book_id,))
            book = cursor.fetchone()

        if not book:
            messagebox.showerror("错误", "找不到指定ID的图书！")
            self.destroy()
            return

        # 打印列名以供调试
        print("Column names:", [description[0] for description in cursor.description])

        # 预填充表单字段
        for i, field in enumerate(fields_mapping.keys()):
            label = ttk.Label(self, text=field, background='#EAEAEA')
            label.grid(row=i, column=0, padx=5, pady=5, sticky=tk.W)
            entry = ttk.Entry(self)

            # 使用映射后的列名访问数据
            entry.insert(0, book[fields_mapping[field]])  # 使用映射后的列名

            entry.grid(row=i, column=1, padx=5, pady=5)
            self.entries[field] = entry

        save_button = ttk.Button(self, text="保存", command=self.update_book)
        save_button.grid(row=len(fields_mapping), columnspan=2, pady=10)

    def update_book(self):
        """更新图书信息至数据库"""
        data = {key: entry.get() for key, entry in self.entries.items()}
        try:
            with get_db_connection() as conn:
                cursor = conn.cursor()
                cursor.execute('''
                    UPDATE Books SET title=?, author=?, publisher=?, isbn=?, stock=?
                    WHERE id=?
                ''', (data['标题'], data['作者'], data['出版社'], data['ISBN'], int(data['库存']), self.book_id))
                conn.commit()
            self.destroy()
            self.master.load_books()  # 刷新主界面中的图书列表
        except Exception as e:
            messagebox.showerror("错误", str(e))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app = BookManagerApp()
    app.mainloop()