主界面与其他界面切换的代码
# 开发者：a_blue_fat
# 日期：2023/11/22
# 时间：8:48
import tkinter as tk
# from view import *
import view
class MainPage:
def __init__(self, master):
self.root = master
self.root.geometry("800x400")
self.root.title("学生管理系统")
self.create_widget()
def create_widget(self):
self.menubar = tk.Menu(self.root)
self.root["menu"] = self.menubar
self.menubar.add_command(label="添加学生信息",command=self.to_add_info)
self.menubar.add_command(label="查询学生信息",command=self.to_search_info)
self.menubar.add_command(label="修改学生信息",command=self.to_modify_info)
self.menubar.add_command(label="删除学生信息",command=self.to_delete_info)
# 点击不同的菜单按钮会调到不同的frame界面
self.add_frame =view.AddFrame(self.root)
self.search_frame = view.SearchFrame(self.root)
self.modify_frame = view.ModifyFrame(self.root)
self.delete_frame = view.DeleteFrame(self.root)
self.add_frame.pack()
def to_add_info(self):
self.add_frame.pack()
self.search_frame.forget()
self.modify_frame.forget()
self.delete_frame.forget()
def to_search_info(self):
self.add_frame.forget()
self.search_frame.pack()
self.modify_frame.forget()
self.delete_frame.forget()
self.search_frame.show_message()
def to_modify_info(self):
self.add_frame.forget()
self.search_frame.forget()
self.modify_frame.pack()
self.delete_frame.forget()
def to_delete_info(self):
self.add_frame.forget()
self.search_frame.forget()
self.modify_frame.forget()
self.delete_frame.pack()
self.delete_frame.show_message()
if __name__ == '__main__':
root = tk.Tk()
MainPage(root)
root.mainloop()
pass
主界面GUI设计代码
# 添加
class AddFrame(tk.Frame):
def __init__(self, master):
self.master = master
super().__init__(self.master)
self.creat_widget()
def creat_widget(self):
# 给frame 里添加组件
self.label = tk.LabelFrame(self, text="添加学生信息", height=300, width=600)
self.label.pack()
# 添加学生照片
self.images = "image/welcome.gif"
self.photo = Image.open(self.images)
self.img = self.photo
self.photo = self.photo.resize((150, 180))
self.image = ImageTk.PhotoImage(self.photo)
self.stu_image = tk.Label(self.label, image=self.image)
self.stu_image_add = tk.Button(self.label, text="点击添加图片", command=self.get_image)
# 年龄，性别，省，市，县控制控件的值
self.Var_age = tk.StringVar()
self.Var_age.set("0")
self.Var_sex = tk.StringVar()
self.Var_sex.set("男")
self.Var_department = tk.StringVar()
self.Var_department.set("")
self.Var_county = tk.StringVar()
self.Var_county.set("")
self.Var_city = tk.StringVar()
self.Var_city.set("")
self.Var_province = tk.StringVar()
self.Var_province.set("")
self.Var_text=tk.StringVar()
self.Var_text.set("请输入详细地址")
# 系别可供选择的值
self.out_department = ["信息工程系","机电工程系","管理工程系","旅游系","经济系","商贸系","外语系","艺术系",]
# 省市县可供选择的值
self.out_province = ["北京市","天津市","上海市","重庆市","河北省","山西省","辽宁省","吉林省","黑龙江省","江苏省","浙江省","安徽省","福建省","江西省","山东省","河南省","湖北省",
"湖南省","广东省","广西壮族自治区","海南省","四川省","贵州省","云南省","西藏自治区","陕西省","甘肃省","青海省","宁夏回族自治区", "新疆维吾尔自治区", "台湾省",]
self.out_city = ["石家庄市","唐山市","秦皇岛市","邯郸市","邢台市","保定市","张家口市","承德市","沧州市","廊坊市","衡水市"",辛集市", "晋州市", "新乐市", "遵化市", "迁安市", "滦州市","南宫市", "沙河市",
"霸州市", "三河市", "武安市", "深州市","平泉市", "泊头市", "任丘市", "黄骅市", "河间市", "涿州市","定州市", "安国市", "高碑店市", "太原市","大同市","阳泉市","长治市","晋城市","朔州市",
"晋中市", "运城市","忻州市","临汾市","吕梁市","沈阳市","大连市","鞍山市","抚顺市","本溪市","丹东市","锦州市","营口市","阜新市","辽阳市","盘锦市","铁岭市","朝阳市","葫芦岛市",
"长春市","吉林省","四平市","辽源市","通化市","白山市","松原市","白城市","哈尔滨市","齐齐哈尔市","鸡西市","鹤岗市","双鸭山市","大庆市","伊春市","佳木斯市","七台河市","牡丹江市",
"黑河市","绥化市","南京市","无锡市","徐州市","常州市","苏州市","南通市","连云港市","淮安市","盐城市","扬州市","镇江市","泰州市","杭州市","宁波市","温州市","嘉兴市","湖州市",
"绍兴市","金华市","衢州市","舟山市","台州市","丽水市","宿迁市","合肥市","芜湖市","蚌埠市","淮南市","马鞍山市","淮北市","铜陵市","安庆市","黄山市","阜阳市","宿州市","滁州市",
"六安市","宣城市","池州市","亳州市","福州市","厦门市","莆田市","三明市","泉州市","漳州市","南平市","龙岩市","宁德市","南昌市","景德镇市","萍乡市","九江市","抚州市","鹰潭市",
"赣州市","吉安市","宜春市","新余市","上饶市","济南市","青岛市","淄博市","枣庄市","东营市","烟台市","潍坊市","济宁市","泰安市","威海市","日照市","临沂市","德州市","聊城市","滨州市",
"菏泽市","济南市","青岛市","淄博市","枣庄市","东营市","烟台市","潍坊市","济宁市","泰安市","威海市","日照市","临沂市","德州市","聊城市","滨州市","菏泽市","郑州市","开封市","洛阳市",
"平顶山市","安阳市","鹤壁市","新乡市","焦作市","濮阳市","许昌市","漯河市","三门峡市","南阳市","商丘市","信阳市","周口市","驻马店市","武汉市","黄石市","十堰市","宜昌市","襄阳市",
"鄂州市","荆门市","孝感市","荆州市","黄冈市","咸宁市","随州市","长沙市","株洲市","湘潭市","衡阳市","邵阳市","岳阳市","常德市","张家界市","益阳市","郴州市","永州市","怀化市","娄底市",
"广州市","韶关市","深圳市","珠海市","汕头市","佛山市","江门市","湛江市","茂名市","肇庆市","惠州市","梅州市","汕尾市","河源市","阳江市","清远市","东莞市","中山市","潮州市","揭阳市",
"云浮市","南宁市","柳州市","桂林市","梧州市","北海市","防城港市","钦州市","贵港市","玉林市","百色市","贺州市","河池市","来宾市","崇左市","海口市","三亚市","三沙市","儋州市","成都市",
"自贡市","攀枝花市","泸州市","德阳市","绵阳市","广元市","遂宁市","内江市","乐山市","南充市","眉山市","宜宾市","广安市","达州市","雅安市","巴中市","资阳市","贵阳市","六盘水市","遵义市",
"安顺市","毕节市","铜仁市","昆明市","曲靖市","玉溪市","保山市","昭通市","丽江市","普洱市","临沧市","拉萨市","日喀则市","昌都市","林芝市","山南市","那曲市","西安市","铜川市","宝鸡市",
"咸阳市","渭南市","延安市","汉中市","榆林市","安康市","商洛市","兰州市","嘉峪关市","金昌市","白银市","天水市","武威市","张掖市","平凉市","酒泉市","庆阳市","定西市","陇南市","西宁市","海东市",
"银川市","石嘴山市","吴忠市","固原市","中卫市","乌鲁木齐市","克拉玛依市","吐鲁番市","哈密市",]
self.out_county = ["赵县", "行唐县", "灵寿县", "平山县", "井陉县", "元氏县", "高邑县", "无极县", "深泽县", "正定县", "赞皇县", "玉田县", "迁西县", "乐亭县", "滦南县", "昌黎县", "卢龙县", "磁县", "邱县",
"魏县", "涉县", "大名县", "成安县", "临漳县", "馆陶县", "广平县", "曲周县", "鸡泽县", "威县", "广宗县", "巨鹿县","临城县", "临西县", "柏乡县", "隆尧县", "清河县", "内丘县", "宁晋县",
"平乡县", "新河县", "雄县", "易县", "唐县", "蠡县", "博野县", "定兴县", "安新县", "涞源县", "阜平县", "高阳县", "涞水县", "望都县", "顺平县", "曲阳县", "容城县", "蔚县", "赤城县",
"沽源县", "怀安县", "怀来县", "康保县","涿鹿县", "张北县", "尚义县", "阳原县", "承德县", "兴隆县", "隆化县", "滦平县", "沧县", "青县", "献县", "东光县", "海兴县", "盐山县", "吴桥县",
"肃宁县", "南皮县", "文安县", "固安县", "永清县", "大城县", "香河县", "景县", "安平县", "阜城县", "故城县", "枣强县", "武邑县", "武强县", "饶阳县","阳曲县", "娄烦县", "清徐县", "左云县",
"阳高县", "天镇县","浑源县", "广灵县", "灵丘县", "盂县", "平定县", "沁县","壶关县", "沁源县", "长子县", "襄垣县", "武乡县", "黎城县","平顺县", "陵川县", "沁水县", "泽州县", "阳城县", "应县",
"右玉县", "山阴县", "祁县", "灵石县", "榆社县", "左权县","和顺县","昔阳县", "平遥县", "寿阳县", "夏县", "绛县","临猗县", "芮城县", "万荣县", "新绛县", "垣曲县", "稷山县","闻喜县", "平陆县",
"代县", "保德县", "定襄县", "五台县","河曲县", "繁峙县", "偏关县", "宁武县", "静乐县", "神池县","五寨县", "岢岚县", "古县", "蒲县", "吉县", "隰县","襄汾县", "洪洞县", "安泽县","曲沃县",
"浮山县", "翼城县","乡宁县", "汾西县", "永和县", "大宁县", "岚县", "兴县","临县", "交城县", "文水县", "方山县", "交口县", "柳林县","中阳县", "石楼县","武川县", "托克托县", "清水河县",
"和林格尔县","固阳县", "林西县", "宁城县", "开鲁县", "五原县", "磴口县","卓资县", "化德县", "商都县", "兴和县","凉城县", "突泉县","多伦县","法库县", "康平县", "长海县", "台安县", "抚顺县",
"黑山县", "义县", "彰武县", "辽阳县", "盘山县", "铁岭县", "昌图县","西丰县", "朝阳县", "建平县", "绥中县", "建昌县","农安县", "永吉县", "梨树县", "东丰县", "东辽县", "通化县","辉南县", "柳河县",
"抚松县", "靖宇县", "镇赉县", "通榆县","乾安县", "长岭县", "汪清县", "安图县","宾县", "巴彦县", "方正县", "依兰县", "通河县", "延寿县", "木兰县", "龙江县", "富裕县", "克东县", "克山县", "泰来县",
"甘南县", "拜泉县", "依安县", "林口县", "桦川县", "桦南县", "汤原县", "肇源县", "肇州县", "林甸县", "嘉荫县","南岔县", "汤旺县", "丰林县", "大箐山县", "鸡东县", "萝北县", "绥滨县", "集贤县",
"宝清县", "友谊县", "饶河县", "勃利县", "望奎县", "兰西县", "青冈县", "绥棱县", "明水县", "庆安县", "孙吴县", "逊克县", "呼玛县", "塔河县", "丰县", "沛县", "睢宁县", "如东县", "灌云县", "灌南县","东海县",
"涟水县", "金湖县", "盱眙县", "响水县", "滨海县","阜宁县", "射阳县", "建湖县", "宝应县", "沭阳县", "泗洪县","泗阳县","桐庐县", "淳安县", "象山县", "宁海县", "苍南县", "永嘉县","平阳县", "泰顺县", "文成县",
"新昌县", "德清县", "安吉县","长兴县", "海盐县", "嘉善县", "浦江县", "武义县", "磐安县","常山县", "开化县", "龙游县", "天台县", "三门县", "仙居县","缙云县", "青田县", "遂昌县", "松阳县", "庆元县", "云和县",
"岱山县", "嵊泗县","肥西县", "肥东县", "长丰县", "庐江县", "南陵县", "五河县", "固镇县", "怀远县", "凤台县", "寿县", "含山县", "和县", "当涂县", "濉溪县", "枞阳县", "怀宁县", "岳西县", "太湖县", "宿松县",
"望江县", "歙县", "休宁县", "黟县", "祁门县", "颍上县", "临泉县", "阜南县", "太和县", "萧县", "砀山县", "灵璧县", "泗县", "全椒县", "来安县", "定远县", "凤阳县", "霍邱县", "霍山县", "金寨县", "舒城县",
"郎溪县", "泾县", "绩溪县", "旌德县", "青阳县", "石台县", "东至县", "蒙城县", "涡阳县", "利辛县","闽侯县", "连江县", "罗源县", "闽清县", "永泰县", "平潭县", "仙游县", "清流县", "宁化县", "大田县", "尤溪县",
"明溪县", "建宁县", "将乐县", "泰宁县", "惠安县", "安溪县", "永春县", "德化县", "金门县", "云霄县", "漳浦县", "诏安县", "东山县", "华安县", "南靖县", "平和县", "顺昌县", "浦城县", "光泽县", "松溪县", "政和县",
"长汀县", "上杭县", "武平县", "连城县", "霞浦县", "古田县", "屏南县", "寿宁县", "周宁县", "柘荣县","南昌县", "安义县", "进贤县", "永修县", "德安县", "都昌县湖口县", "彭泽县", "修水县", "武宁县", "婺源县",
"玉山县铅山县", "横峰县", "弋阳县", "万年县", "余干县", "鄱阳县","南城县", "黎川县", "南丰县", "崇仁县", "乐安县", "广昌县宜黄县", "金溪县", "资溪县", "奉新县", "万载县", "上高县宜丰县", "靖安县", "铜鼓县", "吉安县",
"吉水县", "新干县永丰县", "泰和县", "峡江县", "遂川县", "万安县", "安福县", "永新县", "信丰县", "大余县", "定南县", "全南县", "崇义县", "寻乌县", "安远县", "宁都县", "于都县", "会昌县", "兴国县", "石城县", "上犹县",
"莲花县", "上栗县", "芦溪县", "浮梁县", "分宜县","阴县", "商河县", "桓台县", "高青县", "沂源县", "广饶县", "利津县", "临朐县", "昌乐县", "嘉祥县", "汶上县", "梁山县", "微山县", "鱼台县", "金乡县", "泗水县", "宁阳县",
"东平县", "五莲县", "莒县", "惠民县", "阳信县", "无棣县" "博兴县" "临邑县" "平原县","夏津县", "武城县", "庆云县", "宁津县", "齐河县", "阳谷县", "东阿县", "高唐县", "冠县", "莘县", "兰陵县", "郯城县", "莒南县", "沂水县",
"蒙阴县", "平邑县", "沂南县", "临沭县", "费县", "曹县", "单县", "巨野县", "成武县", "郓城县", "鄄城县", "东明县","中牟县", "兰考县", "尉氏县", "通许县", "杞县", "嵩县","新安县", "洛宁县", "宜阳县", "栾川县", "伊川县",
"汝阳县", "鲁山县", "宝丰县", "叶县", "郏县", "安阳县", "汤阴县", "内黄县", "滑县", "浚县", "淇县", "新乡县", "获嘉县", "原阳县","延津县", "封丘县", "修武县", "博爱县", "武陟县", "温县", "清丰县", "濮阳县", "南乐县",
"台前县", "范县", "鄢陵县", "襄城县", "舞阳县", "临颍县", "渑池县", "卢氏县", "睢县", "宁陵县", "柘城县", "虞城县", "夏邑县", "民权县", "扶沟县","西华县", "商水县", "沈丘县", "鹿邑县", "太康县", "郸城县", "西平县",
"上蔡县", "新蔡县", "正阳县", "泌阳县", "遂平县", "确山县", "汝南县", "平舆县", "南召县", "西峡县", "方城县", "镇平县", "内乡县," "桐柏县", "淅川县", "社旗县","唐河县", "新野县", "新县", "息县", "潢川县", "固始县",
"淮滨县", "罗山县", "商城县", "光山县", "阳新县", "郧西县", "竹山县", "竹溪县", "房县", "公安县", "江陵县", "远安县", "兴山县", "秭归县", "南漳县", "谷城县", "保康县", "沙洋县", "团风县", "红安县", "罗田县", "英山县",
"浠水县", "蕲春县", "黄梅县", "孝昌县", "大悟县", "云梦县", "嘉鱼县", "通城县", "崇阳县", "通山县", "建始县", "巴东县", "咸丰县", "宣恩县", "来凤县", "鹤峰县", "随县","长沙县", "攸县", "炎陵县", "茶陵县", "湘潭县",
"祁东县","衡东县", "衡南县", "衡阳县", "衡山县", "绥宁县","新邵县", "邵阳县", "隆回县", "洞口县", "华容县", "岳阳县","平江县", "湘阴县", "澧县", "安乡县"," 汉寿县", "石门县","临澧县", "桃源县", "桑植县", "慈利县", "南县",
"安化县", "桃江县", "新化县", "双峰县", "桂东县", "安仁县", "桂阳县","永兴县", "宜章县", "嘉禾县", "汝城县", "临武县", "道县","新田县", "东安县", "双牌县", "江永县", "蓝山县", "宁远县","会同县", "中方县", "沅陵县", "辰溪县",
"溆浦县", "龙山县", "泸溪县", "凤凰县", "花垣县", "保靖县", "古丈县", "永顺县", "新丰县", "始兴县", "仁化县", "翁源县", "东源县", "连平县","和平县", "紫金县", "龙川县", "丰顺县", "五华县", "平远县","蕉岭县", "大埔县", "龙门县",
"博罗县", "惠东县", "徐闻县","遂溪县", "新兴县", "郁南县", "佛冈县", "阳山县", "阳西县","海丰县", "陆河县", "南澳县", "德庆县", "广宁县", "封开县","隆安县", "马山县", "上林县", "宾阳县", "柳城县", "鹿寨县","融安县", "阳朔县",
"灵川县", "全州县", "平乐县", "兴安县","灌阳县", "永福县", "资源县", "苍梧县", "蒙山县", "藤县","合浦县", "上思县", "灵山县", "浦北县", "平南县", "容县","陆川县", "博白县", "兴业县", "西林县", "田东县", "德保县","那坡县", "凌云县",
"乐业县", "田林县", "昭平县", "钟山县","南丹县", "天峨县", "凤山县", "东兰县", "象州县", "武宣县","忻城县", "扶绥县", "宁明县", "龙州县", "大新县", "天等县","定安县", "屯昌县", "澄迈县", "临高县", "城口县", "丰都县", "垫江县", "忠县",
"云阳县", "奉节县", "巫山县", "巫溪县",
]
# 添加学生学号
self.Var_id = tk.StringVar()
self.Var_id.set("此行自动生成")
self.stu_idl = tk.Label(self.label, text="学号:")
self.stu_id = tk.Label(self.label, textvariable=self.Var_id, relief="ridge", bg="white")
# 添加学生姓名
self.stu_namel = tk.Label(self.label, text="姓名:")
self.stu_name = tk.Entry(self.label)
# 添加学生年龄
self.stu_agel = tk.Label(self.label, text="年龄")
self.stu_age = tk.Entry(self.label, textvariable=self.Var_age, width=2)
# 添加性别
self.stu_genderl = tk.Label(self.label, text="性别:")
self.stu_gender_l = tk.Radiobutton(self.label, text="男", variable=self.Var_sex, value="男")
self.stu_gender_r = tk.Radiobutton(self.label, text="女", variable=self.Var_sex, value="女")
# 添加联系方式
self.stu_tell = tk.Label(self.label, text="电话:")
self.stu_tel = tk.Entry(self.label)
# 添加系别
self.stu_departmentl = tk.Label(self.label, text="系别:")
self.stu_department = tk.OptionMenu(self.label,self.Var_department, *self.out_department)
# 添加班级
self.stu_classl = tk.Label(self.label, text="班级:")
self.stu_class = tk.Entry(self.label)
# 添加地址省市县
self.stu_adl1 = tk.Label(self.label, text="地址:")
self.stu_provincel = tk.Label(self.label, text="省", anchor="w")
self.stu_province = tk.OptionMenu(self.label,self.Var_province, *self.out_province)
self.stu_cityl = tk.Label(self.label, text="市", anchor="e")
self.stu_city = tk.OptionMenu(self.label, self.Var_city, *self.out_city)
self.stu_countyl = tk.Label(self.label, text="县", anchor="w")
self.stu_county = tk.OptionMenu(self.label, self.Var_county, *self.out_county)
# 添加地址
self.a = 0
self.stu_adl = tk.Label(self.label, text="地址:")
self.stu_ad = tk.Entry(self.label, width=15, textvariable=self.Var_text)
# 确认添加信息按钮
self.addbtn = tk.Button(self, text="点击确认添加信息", command=self.add_massage)
# 进行grid布局
self.stu_image.place(x=10, y=10)
self.stu_image_add.place(x=40, y=210)
self.stu_namel.place(x=180, y=20)
self.stu_name.place(x=220, y=20, width=120)
self.stu_idl.place(x=320-10+50, y=20)
self.stu_id.place(x=360-10+50, y=20, width=120)
self.stu_agel.place(x=180, y=60)
self.stu_age.place(x=220, y=60, width=120)
self.stu_genderl.place(x=320-10+50, y=60)
self.stu_gender_l.place(x=360-10+50, y=60)
self.stu_gender_r.place(x=360+90, y=60)
self.stu_departmentl.place(x=180, y=100)
self.stu_department.place(x=220, y=100, width=120, height=27)
self.stu_classl.place(x=320-10+50, y=100)
self.stu_class.place(x=360-10+50, y=100, width=120)
self.stu_tell.place(x=180, y=140)
self.stu_tel.place(x=220, y=140, width=120)
self.stu_adl1.place(x=180, y=180)
self.stu_province.place(x=220, y=180, width=70, height=30)
self.stu_provincel.place(x=290, y=180)
self.stu_city.place(x=320, y=180, width=70, height=30)
self.stu_cityl.place(x=390, y=180)
self.stu_county.place(x=420, y=180, width=70, height=30)
self.stu_countyl.place(x=490, y=180)
self.stu_ad.place(x=220, y=220, width=300)
# 进行pack布局
self.addbtn.pack(side="right", pady=10)
实现获取学生图片并展示到对应label框的自定义函数
先进行预加载图片，转换成可以展示在label框中的数据，再通过config修改label框内imge的参数实现在人机交互界面显示出学生的图片。
def get_image(self):
global file_name
file_name = file.askopenfilename(filetypes=[("jpg图片", "jpg"),("gif图片", "gif")],
initialdir="D:/pythonlearn/")
print(file_name)
if file_name == None:
file_name = "image/welcome.gif"
print(file_name)
try:
self.photo = Image.open(file_name)
self.img = self.photo
except Exception as re:
file_name = "image/welcome.gif"
self.photo = self.photo.resize((150, 180))
self.image = ImageTk.PhotoImage(self.photo)
self.stu_image.config(image=self.image)
实现学生信息内容保存和学生图片保存的自定义函数
通过将获取到的学生所有信息整合成字典保存到对应的json文件中，注意这种保存方法并未加密，想要加密后保存需在保存前执行加密代码加密内容后再保存，使信息更加安全的被保存。
保存图片是加载到对应的路径，当然这种保存也是不安全的，可以在保存到对应路径前写一个加密代码实现加密保存。
def add_massage(self):
if self.stu_name.get() == "":
messagebox.showerror("错误", "没有获取用户名字")
else:
self.students_list = []
with open("static/stu_info.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
self.students_list = json.load(f)
print(self.stu_name.get())
self.Var_id.set(str(int(self.students_list[len(self.students_list)-1]["id"])+1))
stu_massage = [{"id": str(int(self.students_list[len(self.students_list)-1]["id"])+1),
"name": self.stu_name.get(),
"age": self.Var_age.get(),
"gender": self.Var_sex.get(), "mobile": self.stu_tel.get(), "address": self.stu_ad.get(),
"province": self.Var_province.get(), "city": self.Var_city.get(),
"county": self.Var_county.get(),
"class": self.stu_class.get(), "department": self.Var_department.get()}]
self.students_list.extend(stu_massage)
data.save_data(self.students_list)
messagebox.showinfo("提示", "添加成功")
# print(self.Var_year.get()+self.Var_mouth.get()+self.Var_day.get())
# os.listdir()
# 保存学生图片到指定路径
save_out = "D:\\pythonlearn\\stusys_new\\stu_image\\"
out_name = str(int(self.students_list[len(self.students_list)-1]["id"]))
save_path = save_out + out_name + '.gif'
self.img.save(save_path)
pass