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沃顿商学院全套笔记-五-

时间:2024-10-19 08:50:17浏览次数:4  
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沃顿商学院全套笔记(五)

【沃顿商学院】商业分析 全套课程(客户、运营、人力资源、会计) - P41:[P041]02_optimizing-with-solver - 知识旅行家 - BV1o54y1N7pm

我是谢尔盖七号,我们开始第二次会议,操作分析课程第二周,在第一次会议上,我们看了Zooter的例子,资源分配问题,在这种情况下,有限的资源必须分配给两个相互竞争的产品,以最有利可图的方式。

我们确定了优化模型决策变量的三个主要组成部分,目标函数和约束,我们还写下了Zoa问题的代数公式,在本届会议上,我们将创建模型的电子表格公式。

并使用求解器优化工具找到最佳决策,好的,在第二次会议上,我们将采取一个代数模型,我们在第一次会议上放在一起,用电子表格术语表示,我们将使用求解器来优化它作为提醒,这是Zooter问题的代数模型。

我们的决策变量是要生产的剃刀滑板车的数量,和生产纳瓦霍滑板车的数量,目标函数,也就是利润的一百五十倍r,加上一百六十乘n,我们要最大化,现有资源的制约因素,正如我提到的,关于我们的决策变量。

求解器将是我们的首选武器,那么什么是求解器,求解器是一个标准,Excel在Windows上添加,它可以在Excel for Mac的更高版本上使用,如果你使用Mac,我们有一个链接为您解释细节。

如果你使用谷歌工作表,求解器的一个版本作为所谓的Add on可用,好的,这是我的Excel模板缩放器,下划线零,它发布在我们的网站上,所以你现在可以打开它,按照步骤操作,我在这里经历零版本。

我们已经输入了问题数据,并将其粘贴到代数模型的副本中,所以比较起来比较容易,在代数公式和电子表格公式之间,我们将一步一步地建立模型,然后我们将使用求解器为Suter找到最佳的生产计划,看这个例子。

我们将在Windows平台上使用Excel 213,如果你用的是Mac或谷歌工作表,取而代之的是,你还是要看台阶,我们在这里跟随,首先在我们建立模型之前,让我们找出在哪里找到求解器。

所谓的Excel求解器添加,我们在Excel 213上,然后这个版本的Excel求解器位于选项卡下,在抽头的部分中调用数据,称为分析,这是我的求解器按钮,如果你的设置和我一样,你看到那里的银按钮。

你可以走了,如果你没有看到银色按钮,那么您应该转到文件选项,加进去,在底部写着,管理Excel,添加ins,你点击去,并且要确保检查了求解器外接程序,你点击确定,在Excel的早期版本中。

求解器应该出现在Data选项卡下,你需要采取的步骤可能不同,但在任何情况下,请记住求解器是一个Excel,查找外接程序在Excel版本中的位置,并确保选择了求解器,好的,我们还没准备好建立我们的模型。

对于第一个示例,我们将非常详细地进行,以确保我们涵盖了模型设置的每个重要方面,和求解器功能,现在我们需要将代数模型转换为电子表格公式,换句话说,我们需要在电子表格上描述优化模型的三个关键组件,决策变量。

目标函数和约束,让我们从Zoa问题中的决策变量开始,我们有两种产品,剃刀和纳瓦霍滑板车,所以说,让我们创建细胞,它将保存值,将生产的每种类型的滑板车的编号,假设我们为此选择C10和D10单元格,c。

n将持有要生产的剃刀滑板车数量的值,这是决策变量的值,R和D 10将保留给纳瓦霍滑板车的数量,即决策变量n的值,让我们把头部放在A单元格中10个单位来制作,让我们在单元格C10和D10中添加一些试验值。

以确保这些单元格不是空的,让我们考虑每种滑板车生产500台,最后一件事,让我们使用蓝色和粗体突出显示决策变量单元格,通过在他们周围放一个框架,当然啦,你是否做这个点缀完全取决于你,不会影响优化。

但如果你这么做了,决策变量将很容易识别,Excel文件一打开,这将使您的文件更容易导航,所以我们定义了单元格来保存我们的决策变量值,稍后我们将把单元格指向求解器。

并要求求解器更改单元格C10和D10中的值,确定最佳的生产计划,好的,我们已经完成了决策变量,现在准备好了目标函数,这个模型中的目标是总利润,所以我们应该能计算出苏特将获得多少利润,决策变量的任意值。

现在,让我们计算并记录利润值,与每个型号五百台的生产计划相对应,让我们选择单元格F10来保存目标函数的值,这是F10单元格中的总利润值,我们将编写一个公式来计算总利润的价值。

我们从质量标志开始告诉卓越队我们在细胞中有一个公式,现在,每辆500辆剃刀滑板车,Zooter得到150美元,所以我们乘以一百五十,在这个价值上我们必须加上纳瓦霍滑板车的利润,那是一百六十。

所以总共是十五万五千美元,所以我们有一个目标函数的公式,因此,这个公式将计算任何决策变量选择的总利润值,比如说,如果我们尝试一个,比如六百把剃须刀和六百把纳瓦霍人。

F10中的数字立即改变以反映新的利润值,所以让我们回去把它换成五百,顺便说一句,如果您想查看特定单元格中的公式或编辑该公式,您可以使用Windows快捷方式f 2,所以我们在牢房里。

这里我们看到了这个问题中目标函数的公式,我们有两个决策变量,利润值的计算涉及到添加两个产品,剃刀滑板车数量的乘积,以及每辆剃刀滑板车的利润贡献,和纳瓦霍滑板车数量的乘积,以及每辆纳瓦霍滑板车的利润贡献。

但是如果我们的问题包含一千个决策变量呢,我们还得把利润公式写成一千种产品的总和吗?每个决策变量一个,幸好不是,Excel函数求和产品允许我们使用一种速记符号,在这种情况下。

下面是两个滑板车模型的求和乘积的工作原理,我们在F10牢房里,让我们用它的等价物来代替当前的利润公式,使用一些产品功能,所以我们打字,c九项和d九项利润贡献,c10和d10是决策变量。

求和乘积函数使用两个大小相等的单元格区域,并将第一个数组中的数字乘以第二个数组中的相应数字,第一个数组中的第一个数乘以第二个数组中的第一个数,第一个数组中的第二个数乘以第二个数组中的第二个数,等等。

之后呢,求和乘积简单地将所有这些乘积相加,所以公式总和C9D9,C10和公式C9乘以C10完全一样,加d九乘d十,你会得到同样的优化结果,不管你用哪一个,然而,和积公式方便多了。

当处理具有大量变量和大量约束的模型时,您可以在Excel帮助中找到有关求和乘积函数的更多信息,好的,关于目标功能细胞的最后一件事,就像我们对决策变量单元格所做的那样,让我们突出目标函数单元格。

以确保它在视觉上脱颖而出,让我们将字体颜色更改为红色,并使字体粗体,所以我们要把颜色换成红色,把手机加粗加上粗边框每次我们打开文件的时候,我们看到蓝色的决策变量细胞和红色的目标功能细胞。

所以这些细胞在视觉上可以与其他细胞区分开来,后来,我们将指示求解器更改蓝色单元格中的值,c十和d十,我们的决策变量值最大化红细胞中的值,十分,我们的目标函数值,当然啦。

我们不能只使用蓝色单元格中的任何值,但只限于那些不需要比我们现在拥有的更多资源来生产的,我们已经完成了决策变量和目标函数,是时候进入约束了,我们模型中的主要约束,表示三种生产资源的有限可用性。

框架制造时间,我们将在甲板集合时间,包装时间和Q A,让我们先来看看我们的框架制造,我们需要确保我们考虑的任何生产计划,本计划使用的框架制造小时数,不超过代数公式中可用的框架制造小时数。

生产计划使用的框架制造小时数,用决策变量r和n描述等于4乘以r加5乘以n,可用小时数是五千六百一十小时,在我们的电子表格配方中,cell g,十四持有可用的框架制造小时数的价值五千六百一十个。

让我们用细胞E,14以单元C计算生产计划所需的框架制造小时数,十和十方便,让我们把所需的时间写在十三个以上十四个单元格里,好的,我们还有两个约束要转换为电子表格格式,对车轮数量和甲板装配时间的限制。

以及对Q A和包装小时数的限制,如果你看看这些约束的代数公式,您会注意到两者的结构与约束的结构非常相似,我们已经处理过了,框架制造小时数的限制,所有三个约束都具有以下结构表达式,在约束的左手边。

所需小时数不能超过,在约束的右手边,可用小时数,我们去15号牢房,输入公式计算车轮数和甲板组装时间,单元格C10和D10中的任意对决策变量所需的,就像对所需框架制造小时数的类似计算一样。

我们需要将每个决策变量乘以车轮数和甲板组装时间,相应的滑板车模型使用并添加结果产品,换句话说,我们放入15号单元格的公式是c的乘积,十十和十五十五,用于生产计划,我们目前正在考虑每款滑板车500辆。

我们需要的车轮和甲板制造时间是1750小时,同样地,如果我们用E16单元格计算Q的个数,a和C10和D10单元生产计划所需的包装时间,我们会把公式和乘积,的c和d十和c十六d十六。

我们看到目前的生产计划需要900小时的资源,好的,但如果我们有成千上万种不同的资源来跟踪呢,我们必须继续进入e列中的单元格吗,一个接一个地键入求和乘积公式,幸运的是。

Excel提供了一种通过使用复制和粘贴来避免这种情况的方法,和所谓的绝对单元格引用或单元格锚定,让我们比较单元格E中的公式,14到单元格E 15和E 16中的公式,再来一次。

这三个公式都使用决策变量单元格C10和D10的和积,这是14号细胞的分子式,以及该单元的每种资源的消耗量c 14和d 14,c十五和d十五,15号牢房和16号牢房,所以如果我们在14号细胞中取一个公式。

复制并粘贴到E 15和E 16单元格中,我们需要指示Excel离开C10和D10,在此复制和粘贴操作期间不变,并改变C14和D14,变成c十五和d十五,变成C16和D16。

实现这一点的方法是使用绝对单元格引用,或者为C10和D10细胞出售锚定,在执行常规的Excel复制粘贴操作之前,以下是我们如何实现这一点,我们进入14号牢房,我们突出C10和D10细胞。

我们使用Windows快捷方式f 4,在C10和D10单元格的地址周围贴上美元标志,那些美元分配,指示Excel不要更改单元格的地址,复制粘贴时,如果我现在只复制并粘贴E14中的公式。

变成E十五和E十六,我在那些单元格里得到了正确的公式,所以我在复制和粘贴,比如说,如果我现在看细胞,十六岁,我看到了C10和C16和D16的公式和乘积,这是正确的公式,很明显使用这种锚定技术。

我可以简单地键入一个资源消耗的公式,把它弯曲成我想要的任何细胞,在这种情况下,决策变量单元格,然后将公式复制并粘贴到所有单元格,计算所有其他资源的消费量,这并不重要,如果我有数百个这样的。

我仍然可以在一次复制粘贴操作中完成所有工作,您可以使用Excel帮助了解有关绝对单元格引用的更多信息,让我们也用一个视觉提示来表明我们想要的,呃,在优化中,单元格E中的值,十四,e,十五,和e,十六。

小于或等于单元格中的值g,十四,g,十五,和g,十六,所以我们在这里放小于或等于符号,这只是一个视觉上的点缀,以确保我们可以在一个简单的,呃态度,好的,我们创建了保存决策变量值的单元格。

目标函数与资源消耗值,我们将如何找到最佳的生产计划,总之,我们想找到单元格C10和D10中的值,我们的决策变量单元格,使单元格中的值f 10,我们的目标功能细胞尽可能大,同时确保E14中的值。

e十五和e十六不超过g十四中的值,十五和十六,分别是,那些是资源限制,比如说,如果我们每种型号生产500台,我们以150英镑的利润赚取,五千美元,正如Excel告诉我们的那样。

我们所有的资源消耗值都在允许的范围内,嗯,我们可以通过增加产量来赚更多的钱吗?让我们试着生产500辆剃刀滑板车,但是有750辆纳瓦霍滑板车,我们的利润跃升至十九万五千美元。

但不幸的是我们用完了车架制造和车轮和甲板装配资源,所以我们不能简单地执行这个生产计划,现在让我们小声点说,六百纳瓦霍人,呃,滑板车,所以我们的利润下降到171000美元。

我们所要求的小时数保持在允许的范围内,这样我们就可以不断检查决策变量的不同值,试图提高利润,在资源限制内,问题是如果我们试图手动操作,我们可能会花大量的时间来检查各种可能性,即使这样。

我们也可能找不到最好的生产计划,尤其是当我们必须处理许多决策变量时,这就是求解器的用武之地,任何人都不可能检查所有可能的替代方案,仅仅因为可能有这么多的选择,求解器,虽然,做一个快得多的。

更彻底地检查这些替代方案,试图想出最好的,所以让我们引入求解器,让我们去数据,单击求解器,求解器参数对话框出现在设置的目标部分中,我们点击单元格选择工具,选择单元格F10来表示我们的目标。

正如你所看到的,求解器可以最大化或最小化目标,如果您正在处理成本最小化的问题,最小化可能会有所帮助,或者它可以选择决策变量的值来产生目标函数的期望值,在UDA问题中,2。我们实现了利润最大化。

所以我们检查最大选项,我们通过改变变量单元格来指定决策变量在哪里,所以我们再次使用单元格选择工具指向单元格C10和D10,我们回到过去,我们看到卓越队现在了解我们的决策变量在哪里,最后。

我们需要指定以解决约束是什么,我们使用服从约束分开,然后点击,添加对话框,添加约束出现在此对话中,我们使用单元格引用来选择单元格E 14,约束左手边的E15和E16,我们还使用约束部分来选择值g 14。

在约束的右手边,所以现在我们指示求解器,以确保E14不超过G14,e十五不超过g十五,e十六不超过g十六,知道我们还可以指定等类型的约束,或更大或相等类型,这里还有其他选择,我们以后会用其中一个。

所以让我们选择我们的小于或等于,让我们点击确定,我们看到这个约束被添加,剩下的,正在增加约束,它告诉求解器我们的决策变量必须是整数且非负,让我们先添加整数约束,我们可以单击Add。

选择我们的决策变量到十和d十,然后在下拉菜单中选择I T选项选项,意思是整数,所以现在当我们点击好的,Excel求解器理解它必须只使用单元格中的整数值,当它寻找最佳生产计划时,好的。

最后一个约束是非负约束,和,求解器提供了一种引入此约束的方便方法,对于所有决策变量,同时,我们所需要做的就是勾选这个框,下一步使所有无约束变量非负,我们需要选择一种解法。

Silver在这里提供了几种选择,默认值为GRG非线性,其中一个选择是LP单工,这是一种溶剂法,只能应用于线性模型,换句话说,目标函数和IT约束为决策变量线性函数的模型。

所以如果您确定您的模型是作为线性模型构建的,使用此选项,因为它非常有效地求解线性模型,如果你的模型不是线性的,但是,您正在尝试使用LP SimpleX选项,求解者现在将在这次讨论中抱怨。

我想把重点放在建模过程的细节上,而不是线性模型和非线性模型之间的区别,所以我将溶剂法作为GRG非线性,这种求解方法非常通用,将允许您使用许多不同类型的模型,都是线性的,提醒一句。

如果选择Geog非线性方法,您不必担心您的模型是线性还是非线性,这是一件好事,因为它是解决优化问题的一般方法,它将试图为您制定的任何模型找到最佳解决方案,然而,它可能并不总是能够保证它找到的东西。

给你作为一个解决方案实际上是最好的选择在每种情况下,此外,用Geog非线性方法优化的输出,可能取决于决策变量的试验值,所以在使用这种方法进行优化时,用决策变量的不同试验值多次运行。

看看能不能提高目标函数值,好的,优化前的最后一站,让我们转到选项,并确保忽略整数约束,这边,我们真的要确保求解器不会试图产生像五个这样的东西,四六滑板车,我们准备找出最佳的生产计划,让我们点击解决按钮。

并确保Sola找到,一个解决方案显示在出现的对话框中,它确实,让我们点击确定并查看电子表格,求解器推荐,生产840台剃刀滑板车,和450辆纳瓦霍滑板车,如果UDA想实现利润最大化,考虑到资源。

公司有相应的利润价值是一百九十八,在我们离开之前,关于求解器消息的几句话,这一次求解器想出了消息,求解器找到了解决方案,这是我们想看到的信息,我想提到另外两条我们不想看到的信息。

假设我们在建立模型时犯了一个错误,并且忘记包括一个或多个重要的约束,让我们进入求解器对话框,消除我们所有的限制,然后尝试优化一个生产计划,所以我们在这里说删除,我们说删除,所以我们没有限制,那当然很傻。

但让我们试着解决这个模型,看看什么样的信息,求解器想出,银色出现了一个巨大的红色感叹号,并且消息目标单元格值不收敛,这意味着这个模型中的利润可以增长到无穷大,当你看到这样的消息,当试图优化您的模型时。

请记住,这很可能表明您忘记了一个重要的约束,这三个约束应该少一点,这三个值应该小于或等于这三个值,让我们在决策变量上添加整数约束,所以我们选择这个,我们点击整数,我们回来了,让我们点击解决。

以确保我们把一切都做对了,这是最优解,好了,现在,让我们添加一个约束,这将使求解器无法找到决策变量的值,这将满足问题中的所有约束,比如说,现在我们想要生产计划使用的框架制造小时数,不超过五千六百一。

假设我们有一个约束,这也要求使用的制造框架制造小时数至少为6000个,当然啦,这两个约束不能同时满足,但是,让我们看看当我们试图求解模型时,求解器告诉我们什么,添加此约束后,所以我们要解决,我们在说。

让我们添加这个约束,让我们说,框架制造所需的小时数应至少大于或等于,然后呢,它与它们的其他约束是不兼容的约束,但让我们看看Sola反应会是什么,我们点击解决,银色出现了另一个红色的感叹号。

以及它找不到可行解决方案的信息,换句话说,它不能同时满足所有的约束,所以当我们看到这些信息中的一个,我们的模型有问题,在第一条消息的情况下,我们可能忽略了一个重要的约束,给定我们试图优化的目标函数。

或者在第二条消息的情况下,我们有一些不兼容的约束,让我们把我们的模型恢复到它的区域状态,再解决一次,确保一切都好,让我们删除这个虚假的约束,让我们点击解决,开始了,我们有了最优解,这最后的电子表格。

其中的注释反映了,我们介绍的公式以Uter的名字发布在我们的网站上,好的,下面是带有公式的优化电子表格的图片,我们有最好的解决方案,八百四十把剃刀和四百五十名纳瓦霍人,和尽可能好的利润,十九万八千美元。

好的,让我们回顾一下一些优化术语,决策变量值的特定组合称为解,一个可行的解决方案是满足所有约束的解决方案,不可行的解决方案是违反至少一个约束的解决方案,不管是哪个,目标函数值是一个数字,你将获得。

如果将与特定解对应的决策变量值插入目标函数,最后,在Zooter情况下,最优解是最佳可行解,是840辆剃刀滑板车,和四百五十辆纳瓦霍滑板车,有可能有不止一个最优解,但在这种情况下。

任何最优解都会产生相同的目标函数值,这次会议中最好的一个。

我们已经使用求解器优化工具设置,并解决缩放优化问题,在做这个的时候,我们学到了两种方法,在设置电子表格优化模型时通常很有用,在Excel中,求和乘积函数的使用,以及单元格锚定或绝对单元格引用的使用。

而在不同的平台上,求解操作的细节可能略有不同,比如说,windows与mac,优化过程的主要特征大致相同,特别是,我们必须为求解器确定优化模型的三个主要组成部分,决策变量,目标函数。

如果你在Mac或谷歌工作表上使用Excel,看看我们为你制作的两个简短的视频,看看一些微小的差异,以及如何设置和解决优化问题,Zooters问题有两个决策变量和三个资源约束。

实际的资源分配应用程序可能包含数十万个变量和约束,或更多,当然啦,索罗将无法处理如此大的问题,但是,商业优化软件包,功能强大,足以处理这种规模的问题,仍将使用决策变量进行操作,目标函数和制约因素。

就像求解器一样,Zoother问题是一个资源定位示例,我们将研究另一种流行的优化问题,在这种情况下,供应必须满足整个地点网络的需求。

【沃顿商学院】商业分析 全套课程(客户、运营、人力资源、会计) - P42:[P042]03_network-optimization-example - 知识旅行家 - BV1o54y1N7pm

我是谢尔盖七号,欢迎回到第二周的运营分析课程,在第二次会议上,我们已经学习了如何设置和解决优化问题,以用于求解器,作为一个例子,我们在这个会话中使用了一个资源分配问题。

我们将查看另一个经常遇到的业务设置,其中可以使用优化工具包来做出最佳决策,它是一个网络设置,需求和供应分布在一个地点网络中的环境,目标是确保需求和供应以尽可能低的成本匹配。

让我们来看看第二部分,在这个会话中,我们使用Zooter示例来设置和解决一个资源分配问题,我们将研究一种不同的优化,优化涉及位置网络的问题,下面是我们将要分析Keystone干货的业务上下文。

物流是为客户运送货物的公司,这个特殊的客户需要Keystone来运输粉末饮料,客户拥有的地点网络包括三个仓库和三个配送中心,这是仓库,这里是配送中心,所以这是完整的网络。

拱顶石必须从每个仓库运出一定量的粉末饮料,比如说,从芝加哥仓库出来,它必须移动整整20吨,所以这里有一个必须运出的东西的插图,从洛杉矶运出15吨,20吨从芝加哥运出30吨从纽约运出。

每个配送中心对必须接收的金额都有最低要求,比如说,至少十吨必须运到丹佛配送中心,下面的图片说明了这两种类型的需求,对必须从仓库运出的确切金额的要求,以及运送到配送中心的月份的最低要求,我们的运费很贵。

以下是Keystone将产生的成本,当将一吨粉末饮料从每个仓库运送到每个配送中心时,比如说,如果它试图从纽约市向奥斯汀运送10吨,每吨的运费是132美元,过路费是一百三十二乘十,一千三百二十美元。

这就是Keystone试图解决的问题,它正试图找出最便宜的运输货物的方法,同时确保一定数量的货物,一些最低数量被送到每个配送中心,所以让我们把这个问题的表述分成三个部分,什么样的决定必须是关键。

将金额从每个仓库运送到每个配送中心,Keystone有什么目标,它想把运输成本降到最低,它面临什么样的约束,仓库有供应限制,以及配送中心的需求限制,所以我们可以指定决策变量,目标功能和制约因素。

让我们从公司需要确定的决策变量开始,从每个仓库运多少钱,就像洛杉矶,芝加哥和纽约,到每个配送中心,和奥斯汀,所以让我们分配一个变量x l,D代表从洛杉矶到丹佛的船的金额。

另一个描述他们在从洛杉矶到奥斯汀的船上,第三个表示从洛杉矶到华盛顿的船的数量,dc,让我们再加上三个变量来指定从芝加哥到丹佛的货物,奥斯汀和华盛顿特区,让我们对从纽约到丹佛的货物也这样做吧。

奥斯汀和华盛顿,d,c,所以我们有三加三加三九决策变量,那么目标拱顶石呢,尝试选择决策变量值以使总运输成本尽可能小,所以如果我试着把一吨的从洛杉矶运到丹佛,这样一个决定的成本影响是什么,好的。

我从洛杉矶乘船到丹佛,每吨要花我一百零五美元。所以把L deons从洛杉矶运到丹佛,产生105倍xl d的成本贡献,并将XL吨从洛杉矶运往奥斯汀,产生135倍x a的成本贡献,用同样的方式。

从洛杉矶向华盛顿运送XLW吨,DC产生153倍xa的成本贡献,因此,目标函数有三个来自洛杉矶的货物的贡献,另外三个来自芝加哥,另外三个是从纽约运来的,现在,在供应限制的情况下,目标功能必须最小化。

在仓库和配送中心的需求限制,好的,这里有一个关于供应限制的提醒,Keystone必须从每个仓库运送准确的数量,比如说,洛杉矶仓库的所有货物,去丹佛或华盛顿特区,或者奥斯汀加起来必须有15吨。

所以洛杉矶仓库的供应限制是这样的,用同样的方式,所有从芝加哥运来的货物加起来必须达到20吨,最后,所有从纽约运来的货物加起来必须达到30吨,总而言之,我们对洛杉矶的供应有限,芝加哥和纽约,需求限制呢。

这里有一个提醒,每个配送中心的要求是什么,让我们从丹佛配送中心开始,丹佛必须接收至少10吨,下面是这个约束的样子,奥斯汀中心必须接收至少13吨,最后华盛顿配送中心必须接收至少20吨。

以下是需求限制的摘要,我们有一个去丹佛的,一个给奥斯汀,一个给华盛顿特区,把一切都放在一起,我们有一个九变量的代数模型,我们已经表达了目标函数,根据这九个变量计算的总运输成本。

我们还把供应约束和需求约束的表达式放在一起,现在我们还必须保证发货量不是负数。我们没有必要将装运数量限制为整数。因为有可能运送少量,比如说,十二点,现在我们已经为Keystone问题建立了一个代数模型。

我们可以去卓越,建立此模型的电子表格公式,并使用求解器找到最优的运输计划,我们现在就做吧,我们为您准备了一个名为Keystone下划线零的模板,去吧,使用它,并按照我们在建立模型时所经历的步骤进行操作。

好的,下面是我们的Excel模板Keystone下划线零,如您所见,电子表格包含Keystone示例的数据,但没有一个公式,我们将需要找到最好的解决方案,如UDA示例中所示。

我们必须将代数优化模型转换为电子表格公式,为了完成这项任务,我们将在电子表格上定义优化模型的三个组件,决策变量,目标函数和约束,让我们从这个问题中的决策变量开始,决策变量是运送粉末饮料的数量。

在每个仓库和每个配送中心之间,有三个仓库和三个配送中心,所以我们的模板中有九个决策变量,我们有九个细胞,B 12到D 14有标题装运数量,让我们用这些单元格来表示决策变量的值。

就像我们在Zooter示例中所做的那样,让我们在这些细胞中放入一些试验值,说,让我们在这九个细胞中的每一个细胞中放入十个,从每个仓库运送10吨到每个配送中心,当然不是一个可行的解决办法,比如说。

仓库总共需要运出30吨,它只有十五个,但是没关系,就目前而言,我们放入每个决策变量中的数字,只是试用值也是如此,求解器以后将能够更改这些值,好的,我们定义了决策变量单元格,让我们把它们涂成蓝色。

并使字体粗体,就像我们在Suter例子中对决策变量单元格所做的那样,下一个目标函数单元,在本例中,目标是总运费,我们想尽量减少这一目标,如模板所示,让我们用F3细胞作为目标功能细胞。

那么我们如何计算由运输计划产生的整个运输成本呢,在决策变量单元格中,4。我们应该把九批货物中的每一批都乘以相应的运费,从B6D8单元格中,然后加入这九个乘积,灵魂听起来像是决策变量和相应成本值的总和。

让我们看看在这种情况下如何使用求和乘积公式,在F3牢房里,我们输入决策变量单元格的一些乘积,和相应的成本值b,根据Excel的结果是1万1千5百70美元,所以我们有目标功能细胞。

让我们把字体改成粗体和红色,就像我们在Zooter案例中对目标函数所做的那样,现在我们转移到Keystone问题中的约束,主要有六个制约因素,三个供应制约因素,每个仓库一个,三个最低需求限制。

每个配送中心一个,让我们从供应限制开始,第一供应约束,声明,从洛杉矶仓库装运的总量必须正好等于15吨,我们去12号牢房,并计算从A仓库发货的总金额,根据我们的试用装运计划。

我们需要把从仓库到每个配送中心的货运量加起来。所以我们派了12班的人去丹佛,结果是三十吨,现在我们可以对剩下的两个仓库做同样的计算,我们只需将公式复制粘贴到单元格E中,十二到单元格E,13和e,十四。

如您在试用装运计划下所看到的,我们认为每个仓库的出货量是30吨,那肯定是不可行的,但我们以后再让求解器担心这个,接下来,我们处理每个配送中心的最小需求约束,它必须收到一个最低金额。

让我们从丹佛配送中心开始,让我们在B15单元格中计算这个分配将获得的总金额,根据目前的装运计划,我们在计算每个仓库发往丹佛的货运量,b十三和b十四,答案是三十吨。

我们可以对剩下的两个配送中心做同样的计算,我们所要做的就是复制粘贴b15中的公式,到牢房c十五和d十五,这是,比如说,我们现在在D15中拥有的,它把运往华盛顿的货运量加起来,来自芝加哥和纽约。

我们已经指定了决策变量,目标函数与约束条件,我们准备调用求解器,我们去数据,我们点击求解器,让我们首先显示目标函数在哪里的求解器,它在三号牢房里,这一次我们想最小化这个函数,换句话说。

我们希望尽可能降低运费。下一个,我们指定决策变量在哪里,它们位于牢房里,最后是约束,供应限制表明,无论我们选择运送多少,每个仓库的装运总额必须正好等于我们指定的金额,所以我们点击。

相加并告诉求解器单元格E中的数字,十二至五,14必须与单元格g中的数字完全相等,十二,g十四,最小需求约束规定每个配送中心得到的不能少于所需的,因此我们点击,再次声明单元格中的数字b十五。

D15必须大于或等于单元格中指定的值,我们不需要指定装运金额为整数,我们可以在一个特定的仓库和一个特定的配送中心之间运送9-4吨,如果我们选择,检验决策变量选择的非负性,我们离开求解器方法。

因为它是GG非线性的,我们点击解决,这是我们的最优解,这是优化的电子表格的图片,我们可以看到,这里的最低成本是七千四百八十五美元,求解器是学习优化技术的有用工具,使用具有少量变量和约束的问题,然而。

实际尺寸问题可能会给求解者带来严重的挑战,幸运的是,有许多商业上可用的优化工具可以解决大问题,好消息是,无论您使用的是求解器还是商业优化工具,您仍然必须处理决策变量,目标函数和制约因素。

这里有一个链接到最近汇编的商业优化工具列表,一本名为Interface的杂志发表了关于分析技术的实际商业应用的文章,Interface文章是关于如何识别分析机会的实用知识的重要来源。

如何建立模型以及如何实现模型,这里我们选择两个例子,第一篇文章是关于炼油厂运营利润的优化,在人字形,世界上最大的综合能源公司之一,第二个是关于应用分析工具,包括世界领先的时尚零售商之一的优化,扎拉。

请记住,在实践中,分析项目可能经常涉及多种分析工具,特别是,优化可能需要与描述性和预测性相结合,像预测这样的分析工具,通常,最好的行动方针必须在非常不确定的环境中制定,我们将在第三周看到这样的设置。

手术的第二周就要结束了,和本周松懈的课程,我们关注的是一个优化工具包,它使我们能够在商业环境中找到最佳的行动方案,具有较低的不确定性,我们使用了一个代数公式,创建表达任何优化问题的简洁方式。

通过指定其决策变量,目标函数和制约因素,我们已经研究了代数模型应该如何转换为电子表格格式,以及如何将求解器用作识别最佳决策的工具,我们已经覆盖了,优化工具包如何应用于不同业务上下文的两个示例。

资源配置与网络优化,为了帮助您收集优化概念,准备第二周的家庭作业,我们准备了一个视频回顾会,其中我们将介绍与会话中介绍的优化示例类似的优化示例,这个视频回顾会完全是可选的。

如果您对到目前为止看到的优化示例感到满意,你可以继续练习问题,我们为您提供两个练习问题的解决方案,你可能想看看练习问题的一个特殊原因,我们要求你回答的问题类型。

与你们在第二周家庭作业中看到的问题非常相似,我们希望你在做家庭作业时会发现这些附加材料很有用,那么下一步是什么,还记得第一周的新供应商问题吗,也是为了做出最好的决定,但在商业环境中。

任何行动方针的影响不能肯定地确定,为了了解如何在这种情况下做出最好的决定,我们必须首先了解如何在不确定的情况下评估和比较决策,这将是我们课程第三周的主题。

【沃顿商学院】商业分析 全套课程(客户、运营、人力资源、会计) - P43:[P043]04_optional-week-2-review - 知识旅行家 - BV1o54y1N7pm

欢迎参加运营分析课程第二周的复习会议,这个复习会话完全是可选的,如果您对优化工具包的知识有信心,看看我们为你准备的练习题,如果你觉得准备好了,接受本周的两个家庭作业问题,另一方面。

如果您觉得可以从查看资源位置的其他示例中受益,和网络优化模型,然后再转向实践问题,在这篇评论中,这节课是为你准备的。

我们将讨论优化问题的另外两个例子,资源分配和网络管理,下面是资源分配的上下文,一个联合国机构正计划为最近一次自然灾害的灾民建造住房,四种类型的住房单元被认为是a b,c和d。

每种类型的住房单元需要四种基本资源,砖头,铁皮,木杆和劳动时间,比如说,每一个b型单元需要六百块砖,十张铁皮,三根两根木杆和两百个劳动小时,不同类型的住房单元为不同数量的人提供住所,比如说。

每个类型的B单元将容纳六个人,每个资源都有有限的可用性,比如说,只有一点,这个项目可使用500万块砖,该机构正试图决定每种类型要建造多少个单元,容纳尽可能多的人,在不超过资源可用性的情况下。

所以我们对这个问题有一个口头描述,下一步是把这个口头描述转换成代数公式,我们必须识别决策变量并为目标函数写公式,和制约因素,让我们从决策变量开始,我们需要决定每种类型要建造多少个单元。

所以我们让n a指定要构建的A型单元的数量,和b要建造的b类单元数,和c n和d要建造的c和d类单元数,分别是,我们有四个决策变量,好的,该机构希望最大限度地增加接受庇护的总人数。

如果它建造了一个A型单位,在这些单位避难的总人数将是,以同样的方式,如果它建立了NB、C、N和D单位,这些决定对目标函数的贡献将是NB的六倍,在c中加5乘以7乘以n d,为所有单位类型添加此贡献。

我们得到目标函数的表达式,让我们首先讨论资源可用性的约束,所需砖块的数量不能超过砖块的可用性,如果我们建造一个A型单元,他们需要400倍N块砖,如果我们建造B型单元的NB,我们需要600倍的nb砖等等。

数控C型机组用四百三百倍和砖,然后D型单位的D,所需的砖块总数将是n的四百倍,加600乘以n b加400乘以n c加300乘以nd,不应超过一分,该机构有500万块砖头,铁皮怎么样。

铁片上的约束看起来是一样的,所需铁片的数量不能超过现有铁片的数量,所以我们增加了四种单元类型的铁板的所有要求,20乘n a加10乘n b加2,5乘以n c+18乘以n d,这不应该超过10万张铁皮。

该机构现有的铁皮,以类似的方式,所需的木杆数量不能超过木杆的可用性,所需的杆数为三根,5乘n a加3,两次和b,加两个,六倍nc加三十倍n d,这个总数不能超过一百二十,该机构现有的5000根木杆。

终于,劳动小时数必须满足类似的要求,可用的总劳动小时数是150万,这不能超过对劳动小时数的总要求,300乘a加200乘b,在d中加两百次c加四百次,所以让我们把所有的资源可用性约束放在一起,我们有四个。

一个是做砖头的,一个是铁皮的,一个是木杆,一个是劳动时间,最后,我们需要确保住房单元的数量是整数和非负数,所以这是我们的完整模型,我们需要确定要建造的每种类型的住房单元的号码。

最大限度地增加受庇护者的总数,在资源有限的情况下,下面是模板住房救济下划线零,我们已经帮你贴好了,你可能会发现打开它并按照我的步骤操作是有用的,所以我们这里有问题数据,为了完成我们的模型。

我们需要定义决策变量,该问题的目标函数与约束第一决策变量,我们需要确定四种类型中每种类型的房屋数量,b,c和d,所以我们需要四个决策变量,和a和b和c和d,我们将用单元格C5到F5来表示这四个变量。

让我们在单元格中放入一些试用值,每一个都说千分之一,让我们使用我们的惯例,通过使这些单元格粗体来将它们与其他单元格区分开来,和蓝色,接下来是这个问题的目标函数。

联合国机构正试图最大限度地增加受庇护者的总数,单元格H 5将用于存储此目标的值,配方是某种产品,我们的决策变量C5F5和单元格C6F6,因为这些牢房反映了每种类型的住房单元中庇护的人数,这就是公式。

我们可以看到,当前决策变量集的目标函数值再次等于2。5万,按照我们的惯例,让我们将目标函数单元格中的字体更改为粗体和红色,最后,我们需要为我们的问题指定约束,试图最大化其主观。

该机构受到四种资源数量的限制,砖头,木杆,铁皮和劳动时间,因此,对于工程处计划建造的任何一组住房单元,它必须计算相应的资源需求,并确保所需资源不超过现有资源,让我们先写下计算所需砖块数的公式。

与单元格C5到F5中的决策变量集相关联,我们将把这个公式放入细胞G10,所以为了计算所需的砖块数量,我们写下决策变量C5的公式和乘积,f五和每种住房单元各自的砖要求,它们位于细胞中。

由此产生的需求是700万块砖,这比机构拥有的砖头数量还要多,但是我们稍后会让求解器解决这个问题,以便计算剩余资源所需的数额,我们可以去10号牢房,使用决策变量单元格的绝对单元格引用。

然后将这个公式复制粘贴到g 11到g 13的单元格中,只是为了确保我们复制的一切都正确,让我们去G13细胞看看公式,我们使用快捷方式F2来显示公式,好的,看起来是正确的,好的。

现在我们准备调用求解器数据求解器,现在,我们需要为求解器的目标函数指定决策模型的三个组件,目标函数的决策变量和约束,我们指向H5细胞,我们想最大化这个目标,这是庇护的总人数。

决策变量是要构建的每种类型的单元数,所以这是C5到F5,约束很好,这里的主要限制是我们资源的可用性,所以我们指出G10到G13细胞是我们的资源需求,这些不应超过我们现有的资源,储存在我十到我十三。

我们还需要告诉求解器我们的决策变量,住房单元数必须为整数,所以我们点击添加,我们选择我们的决策变量,我们选择i t整数作为选项,这里我们点击确定,我们看到我们的约束被添加到这里。

我们想确保我们建造的住房单元数量不是负数,我们留下溶剂法,因为它是GRG非线性的,在我们取消选中的选项中,忽略整数约束,以确保我们对住房单元数量的要求不是整数,忽略,我们点击确定,我们点击解决。

我们看到电子表格上显示的解决方案,这是优化的电子表格的图片,把公式放进去,大家可以看到,住房单位的最佳组合以d型和b型单位为主,只建议建造两个c型单元,A型单位,七个人,每一个都像d型的单位一样。

但它们显然需要太多的资源来构建,并且不包括在最佳解决方案中,在第二个例子中,在这次审查会议上,我们在研究网络优化问题,特别是,我们正在考虑一家哥伦比亚拼花地板公司,该公司生产硬木地板。

这家公司在德国的不同地区有两家工厂。下个季度的计划a和计划b,每个工厂只能生产一定量的硬木地板,比如说,A厂的季度生产能力为20吨,50万平方英尺的硬木地板,该公司的硬木地板在三个地区销售。

每个地区都有一个最低要求的硬木地板数量,它必须在下个季度收到,哥伦比亚可能会决定向每个地区运送超过这些最低值的货物,但在工厂和销售区域之间的运输楼层时,它不能减少运输,公司承担了成本的下降,比如说。

如果它把一千平方英尺从工厂B运到第二区,它将产生2。5欧元的费用,所以哥伦比亚需要明白它应该运送多少,从每个工厂到该地区的每个市场,以实现尽可能低的运输成本,同时确保工厂现有产能满足所有需求。

为了把这个问题的口头描述转化为代数描述,我们必须指定决策变量,目标功能和制约因素,所以让我们先从决策变量开始,两个变量,计算运往区域一的金额,从A厂和B计划,现在让我们设定运往第二区的数量。

从A厂和B计划,以及运往第三区域的金额,总而言之,我们在这个网络中有六个决策变量,这个问题的目标是运费总额。它有六个组成部分,每个决策变量一个,在约束侧,我们有两种约束类型,第一个是供应的限制。

工厂A不能生产和运输超过其能力的产品,所以说,所有来自A厂的货物加起来不能超过两千,五百,以类似的方式,B计划的总出货量不能超过三千,需求约束是区域一的第二种约束类型。

总装运量必须至少满足2000个地区的最低需求量。第2名必须在第3区获得至少930分,最低要求是二千二百元,最后,我们不能运送负量,因为可以运送数千平方英尺的硬木地板。

我们没有强制要求我们的决策变量必须是整数,这是哥伦布问题的完全代数公式,我们现在可以使用Excel模板哥伦比亚下划线零,我们已经准备好建立电子表格模型并对其进行优化,像往常一样使用求解器。

我们从Excel文件的零版本开始哥伦比亚下划线零,第一个任务是在电子表格中定义决策变量单元格,这个问题中的决策变量是以千平方英尺为单位表示的量,从每个工厂运往每个销售区域。

我们将把这些决策变量的值放在单元格B11到D12中,例如,B 11号牢房,我们将保留数千平方英尺的硬木地板的价值,从A厂运到第一区,让我们把一些试验值放入决策变量单元格中,说每个细胞一千,和以前一样。

我们使用蓝色和粗体字体来区分决策变量单元格和其他单元格,现在Columbia示例中的目标函数,目标函数是总运输成本,这是公司希望最小化的目标功能,我们将把这个目标函数的公式放入F3单元格中。

我们从等号开始,放入我们决策变量单元格的一些乘积,d十二和相应的运输费,F3单元格中的结果是根据Excel 120,四千欧元,所以我们有目标功能细胞,让我们把单元格中的字体改为粗体和红色,让它脱颖而出。

现在,在哥伦比亚的例子中,它的约束是严厉的,在容量方面,从每个工厂装运的总量,在一个单元里不能超过那个工厂的生产能力,让我们计算一下从a厂装运的总量,所以我们写一些,b十一,c十一和d十一。

我们得到了决策变量三千的试验值的结果,这个数额超过了计划的能力,因此求解器必须调整决策变量的值,以确保我们有一个可行的装运计划,现在,我们可以将细胞E11中的公式复制并粘贴到细胞E12中。

计算从b厂装运的数量,现在三千,我们将在单元格中编写当前运往区域一的总金额的公式,b十三,所以公式是和,b十一和b十二,以类似的方式,我们得到了运往第二和第三地区的数量。

通过将B13细胞的公式复制粘贴到C细胞中,十三和十三,如果我们调查牢房,十三,我们看到公式是d11和d12的和,这是A厂和B厂运往第三区的数量之和,我们已经指定了决策变量,目标函数与约束条件。

现在我们可以使用求解器来找到最优解,所以我们去数据,单击求解器并从目标函数开始,目标功能细胞为F三,我们正在最小化这个目标,因为这是运费总额,决策变量在单元格B11到D12中,有两种类型的约束,首先。

类型,就是确保从每个工厂运来的数量,不超过每个工厂的容量,单击确定,第二类约束是确保每个区域接收的任何东西,B 13到D 13至少是这个地区所要求的,现在我们不需要这里的整数约束,因为我们可以运送少量。

但我们需要说明我们的装运数量是非负数,我们把求解方法留给GG非线性,我们点击解决,最优解显示在电子表格上。

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在我们第二次会议的主视频中,我们已经研究了如何设置和解决一个优化问题,在Windows平台上的Excel 213中,在看这个之前,请确保你看了主视频,在这个视频里,我们将讨论方法上的差异。

Excel和求解器是在Mac和Windows上设置的,这里有一个缩放问题的电子表格,在电子表格上加载到Excel for Mac 211,我们已经进入了一个试验解决方案,五百五百。

以及目标函数和所用资源数额的所有公式,让我们找到求解器在哪里,求解器是Excel外接程序,为了定位它,你必须去工具,添加ins并确保在此处检查了求解器,之后呢,求解器要么出现在这里的工具上。

或者您可以直接在数据选项卡下找到求解器,会有一个按钮求解器就在那里,在我们查看求解器之前,让我们来看看Windows上使用的快捷方式的几个不同之处,对Mac。

让我们首先看看如何在特定单元格中显示和编辑公式,在Windows平台上,为此,我们使用了快捷方式F2,在Mac上,我们使用快捷方式控件u代替,比如说,如果我去利润公式所在的F10细胞。

我可以按Ctrl u显示和编辑此公式,我们想指出的第二个区别是,在Windows平台上引入绝对单元格引用的方式,这个快捷方式是Mac上的F4,它是命令T,比如说,如果我进入单元格E14。

用控制U显示公式,我可以突出显示决策变量单元格C10和D10,然后我可以在绝对和相对之间更改单元格的地址,通过反复按命令T,好的,让我们调用求解器,我将从数据选项卡进行,大家可以看到。

求解器对话框看起来与求解器对话框几乎相同,对于窗口,我们指定约束、目标函数和决策变量,就像我们在约束变量上单击make为负一样,我们选择同样的解法,我们点击选项以确保,比如说,忽略整数约束未选中。

现在我们已经准备好点击解决按钮了。

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这段视频侧重于谷歌工作表上求解器的设置,你应该在看完第二次会议的主视频后再看这个视频,我已经上传了缩放问题的电子表格到谷歌表格,此电子表格反映了试用解决方案,每种滑板车500台,我也输入了所有的公式。

对于目标函数和谷歌工作表上使用的资源量,求解器是附加组件之一,为了加载求解器,我们需要去添加,单击搜索框中的获取添加类型求解器,当你找到它的时候,安装它,好的,在这里,我们有求解器出现在Add on下。

关于快捷方式的几个评论,在谷歌工作表上的特定单元格中显示和编辑公式的快捷方式,与F2窗口相同,所以如果我们去目标函数单元F10,我们可以使用相同的快捷方式显示和编辑它的内容,这同样适用于快捷方式f 4。

如果我们检查单元格E,可以用来施加绝对单元格引用,十四并突出显示决策变量单元格,我们可以通过重复按F来改变单元格在绝对和相对之间的地址,四,好的,让我们调用求解器,让我们选择Add ons求解器。

求解器对话框窗口出现在工作表的右侧,让我们在谷歌工作表中指定目标函数,首先转到电子表格上的目标函数单元格很方便,然后去设定的目标,所以现在我们选择了目标函数,我们对决策变量做同样的事情。

我们先突出C10和D10,然后通过改变盒子,C10和D10出现在那里,最终约束,我们先点击添加,然后我们突出单元格,e,十四,e,十六,然后到左手边,之后我们突出G14,g十六,然后往右边走,右手边。

然后点击,现在增加了约束,现在我们需要再次指定我们的决策变量是整数,我们点击添加,我们突出C10和D10,我们去左手边,然后在关系框中选择整数并单击确定,我们看到我们的约束是在溶剂法中添加的。

我们保持标准的GG非线性,因为它与我们在Windows上使用的JG非线性几乎相同,最后我们点击选项并确保,最后一个选项,确保我们的决策变量都是非负的,我们点击确定,然后我们点击,解决。

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我还想谈谈一种得到很多认可的特殊类型的调查,这是网络推广者得分,它实际上只是归结为一个问题,你推荐一个特定品牌的可能性有多大,你的公司给朋友或同事,只有一个问题,它是在零到十分的范围内完成的。

推广者是在这个量表上得9分或10分的人,被动语态是得分七八分的人,诋毁者是得零到六分的人,贵公司的网络推广得分是多少?这是发起人的百分比,减去诋毁者的百分比,那么这允许你这样做吗。

基本上可以让你跟踪你的品牌的健康状况,你的客户总体上喜欢你吗,还是有越来越多的人现在可能成为诋毁者,让我们来谈谈网络推广者得分的一个具体例子,这在许多不同的公司都非常受欢迎,比如说。

Zappos经常使用网络推广者得分来观察他们的客户服务如何,还有许多其他使用网络推广者评分的公司的例子,看看内部的人做得怎么样,当他们和顾客交谈时,当你考虑净推广人得分时。

顾客满意这个更大的问题浮现在脑海中,问题是如何衡量客户满意度,在这张图表的左手边,你可以看到有现成的措施,如操作措施,投诉分析,评分和评论等等,在另一个最右边,你可以有专注的努力,比如神秘,购物。

满意度调查等,所以最大的问题是你如何衡量客户满意度,正是在这种情况下,网络推广者得分出现了,网启动子得分的思路如下,它只问了一个问题,这就是为什么它如此重要和有用,你向同事或朋友推荐服务的可能性有多大。

所以它是在0到10的尺度上,就像你在这里看到的,从0到6的数字称为诋毁者,这些人对推荐这项服务不感兴趣,上面两边的数字,这九个和十个被称为推动者的人,这些人显然会向同事和朋友推广这项服务。

任何特定公司的净发起人得分是发起人的百分比,圈九或圈十的人,减去诋毁者的百分比,从零到六的人,所以如果你看看网络推广者得分,这是一个很好的方式来看待一个公司是如何做到这一点的,很明显。

你希望网络推广者得分为正,因为那个,基本上说,推动者的数量远远多于诋毁者的数量,如果你考虑网络推广者得分,它的产生方式来自弗兰克·赖克尔的一篇文章,谁是那个谈论网络推广得分的人,这是在HBR上发表的。

这些图表显示的是,网络推广者得分很好地捕捉到了,现在总体客户满意度是怎么回事,如果你仔细想想,顾客满意度的一种思考方式,也就是对网络推广者得分的批评是有一种美国人的满足感,消费者指数,这是很容易测量的。

已经做了很多很多年了,所以砖头批评网络推广者得分在另一边,它与ASCI指数非常相似,事实上,对于许多行业来说,也可以看到,ASCI指数有更高的r平方,行业增长,远大于净启动子得分。

所以没有明确的证据表明净启动子得分优于其他指标,我在这里做什么,我展示的是什么,你又是,有利的一面和不利的一面,网络推广评分很受欢迎,为什么是一个单一的问题,它很容易实现,因为这是你在一旁问你的顾客的。

你也要考虑,你想说什么?如果是关于客户满意度,还有其他衡量标准可能比网推广者得分做得更好,所以记住这一点,当你考虑在自己的公司实施网络推广者评分时,下面是两个面板上的一个示例。

你在这里看到的是与行业净增长相关的r平方,与ASI指数和净启动子得分指数的比较,你在这里看到的是一组公司,ASCI指数的r平方,实际上比网发起人得分的r平方高,所以再一次,记住这一点。

当您开始实现净启动子得分时,如果你在自己的公司里考虑,现在如果你仔细想想,如果你从预测有效性的角度思考,净发起人得分是否与盈利能力有关,一种思考方式确实是肯定的,网络推广者得分可以与客户满意度相关。

那个,事实上,在过去的研究中已经多次表明,它与盈利能力有关,总体文献通常表明,较高的客户满意度会给公司带来积极的结果,这里有什么问题,这种联系实际上可能比一个弱得多,经理们通常的想法,而相关性是正的。

顾客满意只能解释公司价值和公司业绩的有限部分,现在的问题可能是为什么直觉上,你会认为更满意的顾客,他们会更乐意和那家公司做生意,因此盈利能力应该更高,虽然情况确实如此,它仍然只能解释有限的一部分。

为什么那口井,一种思考的方式是,如何将满意度和盈利能力联系在一起,所以如果你看这个图,满意度在横轴上,盈利能力在垂直轴上,管理者的感知方式,满意度和盈利能力之间的联系通常是一条直线。

所以他们的直觉是如果你不断提高客户满意度,盈利能力会一直保持良好的增长,人们发现了什么,事实上,要复杂得多,我在这里画的是在横轴上,我们很满意,在垂直轴上,我们有盈利能力,我们在这里看到了什么。

有一种积极的关系,但它不是一条直线,事实上,最初,当你考虑提高客户满意度时,如果你在低端,你确实看到盈利能力的增加,但许多公司实际上可能处于曲线的平坦部分,就是一切照旧。

你在这里看到的是一个大的平坦区域,盈利能力不断增加,增加满意度实际上并不能增加盈利能力,一旦你穿过那个特定的区域,然后你就进入了快乐的区域,更少的公司,这些人有惊人的客户服务,这些是突出的。

在其特定类别中的作用,你会再次看到,不断增加的满意度确实会增加盈利能力,我为什么要提起这件事,因为很多公司可能在平坦的部分,所以你可能会在你公司的案例中看到。

增加满意度可能不会对盈利能力产生可衡量的变化,这并不意味着他们两个没有联系,这意味着它们不是线性联系的,它们可能是非线性连接的,所以你也可以发现竞争可能会影响这种关系,我为什么要提起这些。

从某种意义上说,我提出这一切的原因,作为总结,每当你想做任何形式的调查,在这个例子中,我们讨论的是网络启动子得分,有几件事你需要考虑,第一个是它在捕捉什么,它是在捕捉,顾客满意,它到底捕捉到了什么。

与其他调查相比如何,可以捕捉到同样的东西,这就是我们刚才谈到的,当我们将净启动子得分与ACCI指数进行比较时,它做得更好吗,它做得更糟吗,它捕获的内容与其他服务所能做的有多大不同。

最后一部分是关于预测有效性的,您捕获的度量是如何,在这种情况下,净推动者得分与管理成果挂钩,你感兴趣的只是总结一下,我们在最后几张幻灯片中看到的,你可能会认为满意度和盈利能力之间有关系,积极的关系。

确实如此,但它不是典型的线性,有很大一部分曲线,满意度的提高可能不会对盈利能力产生可衡量的变化,所以当你开始考虑做自己的调查时,无论是网络推广者评分还是其他类型的调查,记住以下几点,它在捕捉什么。

它与你感兴趣的事情有什么关系,盈利,股价,顾客满意,无论你对捕捉什么指标感兴趣,净启动子得分,在将分数与股价挂钩方面发现了很大的杠杆作用,将分数与未来的销售联系起来,并作为你的品牌有多好的领先指标。

所以调查是接触客户的一种明确方式,从他们那里收集数据,但还有其他方式客户自己可能愿意给你一些数据,所以除了公司接触客户的调查之外,很多次,顾客可以通过自我报告他们正在购买的东西来联系公司。

当他们买的时候,所以说,infoscout就是这样一家公司,或激励消费者做以下事情,一旦他们做了,他们买了东西,他们拿着收据,他们有移动设备,给收据拍张照片,然后把它送回去Infosck用它做什么。

他们基本上在许多地方收集所有这些信息,许多顾客在购买某些产品时获得洞察力,他们在哪里买的,在夫妻店吗,是在便利店吗,在大盒子商店里吗,这是一个例子,客户向公司提供信息,另一个例子是口碑动力学。

所以作为一家公司,我们想知道人们在购买什么。

但我们也想知道人们在谈论什么,我们的品牌是如何被提及的,所以有很多公司收集这种类型的数据作为例子,凯勒费是一家收集口碑动态的公司,他们是怎么做到的,他们有一个客户小组,基本上被赋予以下任务。

当你和别人说话的时候记下来,是谁是朋友吗,是同事吗,随着时间的推移,你对以日记的形式收集这些数据有什么看法,跨越几个月,他们能够观察到人们在谈论什么,他们在和谁说话,一个品牌是如何被提及的,等等。

动态是了解品牌情绪如何随时间变化的有力方法,等等,现在再来一次,人们可以用很多很多不同的方法来收集这些数据,凯勒是一家通过面板数据来做到这一点的公司,通过日记的形式。

还有其他不引人注目的方法来收集这些数据,我们接下来会讨论,所以在这一点上,我们接下来讨论了数据收集的主动方法。

【沃顿商学院】商业分析 全套课程(客户、运营、人力资源、会计) - P6:[P006]04_descriptive-data-collection-survey-design - 知识旅行家 - BV1o54y1N7pm

现在我想做的是总结一下这部分的调查设计,谈谈调查设计的一些步骤,一些应该做的和不应该做的以及最佳实践,所以让我把它放在那里,有哪些典型的步骤,我们将更详细地介绍这些步骤中的每一个,我想零步。

这可能是最重要的一个,以确保您的结果可推广到适当的人群,那是什么意思,这意味着通常当你在做一项调查时,大概有一千人,两千人,三千人,不管数字是多少,你显然对他们说的话感兴趣,但你更感兴趣的是。

你在那里捕捉到的东西是如何,比如说,它这个,这是顾客满意,它如何推广到您的整个客户群,这就是我所说的零步,我们将讨论如何完成第一步,制定您想要捕获的内容的详细列表,捕捉所有这些东西,写出问题的草稿。

设计布局中的流程,适当地,中试重稿,这是一个,这是一个循环过程,从你首先设置它的意义上说,你做一些试点测试,回到画板上,清理一些关于再次测试的问题,以此类推,直到您愿意继续进行并实施该调查。

从实现的角度来看,第六步可能非常重要,也就是说,如果你在你的公司工作,或者如果你是顾问,为另一家公司工作,得到各方的认可,极其重要,当然啦,如果您必须对客户进行调查,最后你继续前进,再做一次测试。

以确定调查是否好,查看最终副本并实施调查,所以让我更详细地介绍这些步骤中的每一个,正如我所说,步骤零,也许是最重要的一个,它确保您从调查中收集的数据将是有用的,你得先考虑几件事,人口已被正确定义。

样本代表人口,例如,假设你是一家以,假设25到30岁的男性,你要确保的是你已经正确地定义了人口,那确实是你们的目标市场。然后你说,如果那是你的目标市场,你看样品,为什么因为,然后呢,你可以更自信。

你从调查中收集的数据,确实代表了你的目标市场可能发生的事情,那么当然要确保被选中接受采访的受访者,他们明白这个问题,有适当的知识来回答问题,而你,当然,用一些激励措施来激励他们通过调查提供信息。

这里的大问题是,当然是回复率,你可能不会感到惊讶,或者你可能是典型的服务回复率约为5%,这意味着在你发送调查的100人中,他们中只有五个会如此明确地回应,它非常,不过,要想出适当的方法来激励受访者。

事实上回应你的调查,思考这个问题的几个方法是,你如何处理这种无反应,首先,你想尽可能多地收集没有回应的人的数据,为什么,因为你想确保回应的人和不回应的人,彼此之间没有系统性的差异,如果他们是。

那可能不会,是将样本结果推广到人群的一个很好的方法,让我给你举个例子,如果你对捕捉人们的反应感兴趣,到价格,你对你的产品收费,让我们说,有反应的人和没有反应的人之间有系统的区别,就他们的收入而言。

这显然不是很好,因为这样你所描述的就不是真正的目标市场的代表,为什么收入是一个重要的指标,因为你感兴趣的是他们对价格的反应,你付出得如此清楚,收入将是一个非常重要的指标,表明人们对价格有多敏感。

如果回答的人和不回答的人的收入水平有差异,这清楚地表明你的样本中有偏见,就其对人口的代表性而言,一个人能做好什么,一个人可以跟踪非回应者,试图将他们转化为回应,通常情况下,你会给他们发送提醒。

或者在支持的方面,你会得到回应的人,什么事?电话可能是,如果他们只是在反复请求后给你糟糕的数据,所以通常所做的,你通常会比较每一波受访者,以确保他们相似,所以说,例如,你可能会有第一波。

这些是最初的应答者,假设大约50%的人回应,你收集了第一波,然后一周左右或两周后,你会给人们发送提醒,这些人没有回应,假设他们中有20%到30%的人回应,而不仅仅是聚合或整理数据,你会想确保。

在第一周回答的50%的人没有系统性的不同,在第三周有30%的人做出了回应,如果是这样的话,您可以将所有数据一起转换,如果不是这样,我建议你单独看一下数据,现在让我们回到其他步骤,第一步,收集哪些信息。

我想这里,你要确保的是,你翻译任何研究目标,你有信息需求,一种思考方法是从问题相关性的角度来思考,你对答案做了什么,如果你知道,所以我可以倒着工作吗,所以想想你知道答案的理想情况。

然后想想你的管理决策会有什么不同,一旦你把这个观点放在心上,它变得容易理解,你应该怎么问这些问题,那么问题是,你如何设置这些问题的格式,有两种大的思考方式,一个是所谓的开放式回答问题。

你为什么在Genaris购物,比如说,另一个是近距离回答问题,你多久在Genardis购物一次,很多时候根本没有,所以你在这里注意到的,开放式回答问题,基本上要求受访者提出他们的答案。

他们本身并没有得到任何反馈,另一方面,在近距离回答问题中,你通常在脑海中有一个特定的问题,你有一个秤,比如说,从经常到根本不,在这个问题中,让我们来谈谈,开放式和封闭式问题的优点和缺点是什么。

在优势方面,有相当多的开放式问题,首先回答问题的人可以对问题做出一般的反应,比如为什么你认为X品牌更好,回应是用他们自己的话给出的,用他们自己的语言,人们变得更容易做出反应,它还可以帮助解释关闭和数据。

比如说,如果人们在想一种特定的颜色,你可以跟进说,为什么那种颜色对你很重要,它也可能暗示还有什么其他问题可以问很多好处,但同时,也有一些缺点,首先呢,这对自我管理的调查不是很好,为什么。

因为有时调查疲劳可能会出现,所以如果你想想受访者,他们正在经历很多问题,过了一会儿,你一直问他们开放式的问题,他们可能会有些疲劳,他们可能没有那么清晰,当然还有。

你得到的所有答案都取决于一个人的口齿伶俐程度,如果他们能理解他们在想什么,他们口齿伶俐,开放式问题很棒,为什么是因为他们用自己的语言回应,在他们自己的废话中,如果他们不那么口齿伶俐,你得不到很多信息。

最后,在分析数据方面,邮政编码可能相当繁琐,因为它是开放式的,这是一句老话,可能很难理解一个人必须编码的所有不同的东西,现在让我们回过头来谈谈封闭式问题,关闭和问题,就像我之前说的。

如果你回想一下这个例子,你多久在genaris购物一次?向响应者提供预定的描述,并选择其中一个或多个,这里有什么好处,相当清楚,它很容易使用,对被告的威胁较小,编码很简单,另一方面,管理起来要便宜得多。

它需要大量的前期测试,你想确保你问的问题,你给人们打勾或选择的类别是明确的,他们明白这意味着什么,事实上,它假设响应列表是完整的,更多的努力,但我认为在编码方面,它变得容易得多,所以再一次。

当你考虑你想问什么类型的问题时,我认为你必须牢记最终目标,最终目标是更多地考虑,消费者对开放式的看法,可能会很棒,另一方面,如果最终目标是,你有一套很好的问题,你想问他们。

对你看到的回应有一个很好的了解,或者你想看的,封闭式可能更好,在最佳做法方面,你经常用开放式问题做探索性研究,并将其用于封闭式定量调查中的代码,所以这给了你一个如何设计调查的感觉,通常从开放式开始。

了解出现的所有不同问题,你能感觉到顾客在想什么,然后你设计结尾和问题,现在让我们进入第三步,我认为在这里使用简单的传统语言是非常非常重要的,我将在下一张幻灯片中给你们举一个例子,避免歧义,尽可能具体。

不要有冗长的问题,从宽泛开始,然后缩小范围,请记住,当受访者回答调查时,他们通常没有很多时间,所以如果你把它做得很长,你问得很长,这是非常模棱两可的,你可能会看到很多辍学的人,开始调查然后辍学的人。

因为回答这些问题变得非常非常乏味,这里有一个例子,考虑你的目标样本并使用熟悉的语言,你在购买时注意到任何故障吗,你注意到它有什么问题吗,你买的时候,你马上看到了什么,后一个问题对普通观众来说更容易理解。

第一个问题你注意到什么故障了吗,使用特定的语言,普通应答者可能难以再次回答的具体措辞,记住你的答辩人,了解他们对什么感到舒服,并在这个意义上设计问题,最后考虑测序,考虑布局指南,以下是一些最佳实践。

用一个简单的、不具威胁性的问题开始调查,你想让人们轻松地进入调查,例如,如果你想知道他们的收入或住在哪里,这些可能不是很好的问题,一开始,这些问题,事实上,问了很多个人细节,如果你真的想问这些问题。

最好以后再问他们,当他们放松地进入调查时,它应该有一个平滑和逻辑的流程,从非常笼统到具体,可能会有很多顺序偏差,我在下一张幻灯片里给你们举个例子,我的意思是,一个典型的普遍偏见是为疲劳服务,现在。

有什么办法,这种偏见,尽可能地随机排序你的问题,让我举一个顺序偏差的例子,这里有四个例子,我在这里想看的是什么,就是,受访者中表示,他们对购买新产品非常感兴趣。这就是你在第一行右栏看到的。

在问那个问题之前没有问任何问题,两点,百分之八的人对购买这种产品感兴趣,当你只问人们产品的优点时,你看到的是这个数字跃升到16点,百分之七,当然啦,如果你只问产品的缺点,没人愿意买,最后。

当你问人们优点和缺点时,这个数字在百分之二到百分之十六之间,大约是百分之五,我们在这里看到了什么,我们如何排序问题,它在整体调查中被问到哪里是极其重要的,所以通常的经验法则是。

如果你想一个对你很重要的问题,一定要把它的顺序随机化,有时候有些人一开始就会得到它,有些人可能会在最后得到它,有些人可能会在中间得到它,你想看到并确保没有顺序偏差,不管他们从哪里得到的。

你得到了类似的答案,所以让我以第五步和第七步结束,再次进行预测试,纠正问题,记住第六步,如果你还记得的话,确保所有有兴趣做这项调查的人,你和他们有买断协议,所以这与调查设计本身没有什么关系。

但要确保每个人都对调查感兴趣,话虽如此,让我们回到第五步和第七步,这个想法是为了确保在你用你的最终目标样本进行调查之前,把调查清理干净,确保你所有的问题都是有意义的,有兴趣回答这些调查的人。

他们明白问题是什么,你在设计问题时考虑到了回答人,这意味着你要确保你使用的是废话或语言,与应答者将熟悉,你问的问题从更笼统到更具体,总是以没有威胁性的问题开始。

以便正在回答调查的消费者或受访者可以很容易地进入调查,一次,所有这些都有希望完成,你得到的最终结果是一个很容易理解的调查,易于实施,受访者很乐意回答,你会从调查中得到很好的数据。

所以让我以我们在整个会议上所做的关于调查设计的事情来结束,一个是你仔细考虑并仔细观察一项调查,作为一项迷你市场调查,这意味着你仔细考虑每一个问题,你思考如何设计这些问题,最好问什么问题。

应该是开放式的还是封闭式的,嗯,这取决于你的目标是什么,应该再用什么样的语言,这取决于目标市场是什么,所以要仔细考虑,当你在设计调查时,每个问题都很重要,以及这些问题是如何排列在一起的--更重要的是。

通常你想做的是,如果你问一些特定的问题,例如,关于客户满意度,在这方面已经有很多研究,回答这个问题和提出这个问题的最好方法是什么,我的意思是寻找并使用经过验证的问题,这样你就不用做重活了。

别人已经替你做了重活,最后,在你继续实施问卷之前,总是预先测试,它可能从20到30人的样本开始。

以确保他们理解每个问题,以确保你得到的答案是有意义的,在你继续用更大的样本进行调查之前,所以希望在调查设计的这一部分,你对勘测设计的注意事项有很好的了解,你应该跟踪的事情是什么,现在。

你对某一特定类型的问题也有很好的理解,在市场上非常受欢迎的网络推广者得分,我所说的理解力是指你知道专业人士,但你也知道缺点,所以我想让你从,所有这些都是当你开始设计问卷或调查时。

总是把每一个问题都记在心里,思考最终目标,向后努力。

【沃顿商学院】商业分析 全套课程(客户、运营、人力资源、会计) - P7:[P007]05_passive-data-collection - 知识旅行家 - BV1o54y1N7pm

所以就被动不引人注目的数据收集而言,公司可以通过多种方式从客户那里获取数据,这只是为了一些例子,它可能是媒体策划的销售点数据,例如,可能是关于无线电的数据,电视,社交媒体,观众的参与,可能是网络数据。

移动数据,我们在这个特定的模块中要做的是讨论不同类型数据的示例,更重要的是,也与人们可以使用这种类型的数据回答的问题类型有关,所以销售点数据只是一个例子,所以在这个例子中,例如,我们看杂货类别。

健康美容产品,这只是消费者和公司可获得的数据类型的一个例子,典型的数据链有大约8000个200个消费品包装,制造商,很多,很多家庭,就地理位置而言,可用的信息类型是相当戏剧性的,产品时间。

以及你可以拥有的营销变量的类型,你可以有不同种类的商店,您可以根据skus进行聚合,您可以在时间方面进行聚合,有许多不同种类的数据可用,现在有很多公司提供销售点数据,我给你们举一些这样做的大公司的例子。

C尼尔森是获得场点eta的巨大力量,这是一个例子,iri是另一家公司,第三个连是旋转,现在这三家公司基本上给你不同类型的销售点的数据,所以II中的AC磨坊通常处理传统商店,你在杂货店里有的,传统产品。

旋转给你很多关于有机产品的信息,所以这取决于你所在的公司,取决于你看C尼尔森的产品,ii或Spins可能是现在给你这种类型数据的理想公司,为什么人们首先要为销售点数据支付这么多钱,相当完整。

您可以将总销售额与营销工具联系起来,比如说,作为营销经理,你想回答以下问题,促销如何影响我的销售来回答这个问题,你需要关于促销的好数据,你需要关于销售的好数据,销售点数据可以为您提供这些信息,挺及时的。

您可以获得不同类型聚合的数据,你可以在一个月内得到一周内的数据,如果你想做这种决定,最后它非常准确,回到你可以尝试用这种类型的数据回答的问题,谁在促销活动中购买产品,我们的客户与未来的销售接壤。

所以如果我作为顾客买了两箱橙汁,今天,是从我未来的销售中借来的吗,我可能会推迟买未来的橙汁,采摘者变得忠诚,所以如果我决定买,例如今天的纯果乐,而不是细小的肉,因为纯果乐提供促销活动,我会忠于纯果乐吗。

对于品牌经理来说,这些都是重要的问题,要理解为什么,因为这告诉你,促销会有什么影响,不仅仅是在短期内,但从长远来看,你也可以开始考虑影响或展示,比如说,所以你们这些在超市过道里走来走去的人。

你可以开始寻找,比如说,在过道的尽头展示,过道中间的显示器,这些小展示可以让你看到哪些品牌在促销,他们是如何工作的,我会显示比文件结束显示更好,需要具体的数据,最后你可以开始思考不仅仅是。

在某一特定产品类别中有什么作用,你可以开始考虑跨产品类别的行动,从零售店经理的角度来看,这是非常重要的,整个连锁店是如何做什么产品在一起销售的,什么产品在互相蚕食。

所有这些问题都可以通过销售点的数据很好地回答,有什么注意事项,尽管有一个警告是它错过了便利店等东西,再次,在食品杂货中,全食等品牌,所有的交易员乔的都不在数据集中,回想一下我们谈过的,伊诺童子军。

INO Scout是这个InfoCard的解决方案,实际上希望人们给他们的收据拍一张快照,然后寄回给他们,所以如果这些顾客在购买产品和全食产品明信片上就会有这些信息,但销售点数据可能没有。

另一个例子是你不能做出因果陈述,这里有什么问题,我想知道,比如说,我的促销如何影响消费者行为,你可以得到很多信息,你可以得到很多关于人们在买什么的信息,但这有因果关系吗,当我们讨论因果归因时。

我们会回到这个问题上来。

我们不知道客户心理图谱,最后我们也不知道,消费者在看的确切产品是什么,但仍然记住所有这些警告,销售点数据是一个非常重要的数据,如果你开始考虑试图捕捉顾客购买的东西,他们在哪里买。

【沃顿商学院】商业分析 全套课程(客户、运营、人力资源、会计) - P8:[P008]06_media-planning - 知识旅行家 - BV1o54y1N7pm

so now from point of sales data,let's go to media planning,now。

i want to give you some examples of how companies can go ahead and collect some data。

sometimes themselves and sometimes by the aid of other companies to get a sense of audience engagement。

so in radio,for example,there are companies out there that can collect this type of data。

so kantar media,for instance collects a lot of data in terms of who is listening to different radio shows。

how is the popularity of different stations,and so on there are other companies as well that collect this type of data。

for example nian audio again,you can think about these kinds of engagement,even at the tv level。

so here nielsen collects a lot of data,which is from the tv level。

how do they do that with a set top box,so this is the box which will go along with your cable box。

what are they trying to do here,they're trying to basically record。

who are the people who are watching a particular tv station,who is it in the family。

and then they aggregate at different households,to get a sense of how popular is a particular tv show。

how popular are different channels and so on,so again ac nielsen is not the only company doing this。

there are many other companies as well,another company is the following example。

again rent track is a company that basically collects information again about tv engagement。

there's slightly different ways of doing it,but the overall idea is exactly the same。

what would we want to do in these kinds of issues,tv or radio get a sense of how popular is a particular show or a particular channel。

what are the kinds of questions that can be answered,with these kinds of data that's available。

so for example,who is watching what show as a brand manager,or in fact as a tv station manager。

we would like to know which shows are popular,which shows potentially can be funded next year。

how is the viewership pattern changing over time,and for example。

if you start thinking about viewership pattern,how should i be spending different kinds of money on different types of ads。

in these tv shows,so broadly these kinds of questions can be answered by getting information about audience engagement。

and that's what companies like nielsen,companies like kantar media。

that's what they're doing when they're collecting different types of data。

either through radio shows or for tv shows,so now we'll talk about social media analytics。

so social media is becoming extremely popular,there are many many people on facebook twitter。

you name the different formats,people are there talking about brands,talking to each other。

and so on so clearly when you think about it yourself,as a brand manager。

you start thinking about what are customers talking about,you need data about social media。

and there are companies out there that will help you get that data,for example。

hootsuite is a company that does a lot of information and data collection on things。

going on on facebook or twitter,so it's a platform that collects that data。

sprout social is another example,so there are many companies out there that are collecting information on。

what customers are saying and doing on social media。

so what are the kinds of questions that a manager can answer using this type of data。

the first one is just audience engagement,if i'm running a campaign on facebook。

if i'm running a campaign on twitter,how many people are responding,that gives me a sense。

on how good that campaign is,another example might be more along the lines of thinking about brand mentions。

is our brand being mentioned more times than our competitors,what's our share of voice,so。

for example,as we just saw we could track,for instance。

how many times wharton came up in the last month on twitter。

you can start doing this search for your own brand,and see how it compares to your competitors。

you can also start thinking about doing sentiment analysis,so it's not just about mentions。

but how is it being mentioned,is it being mentioned in a positive way。

is it being mentioned in a negative way,how is it being mentioned。

and then you can start thinking about linking,for instance,what might be going on in the economy。

all different kinds of issues,together with brand mentions to see how they might change over time。

so social media data is very,very powerful,there are companies out there that can help you collect this type of data。

to see how your company is trending on social media as compared to your competitors。

so now we'll talk about another type of data,this is broadly categorized as web data。

this would be basically,all the different kinds of searches that you're doing on the internet。

all the different websites that people might be visiting and so on。

of course there's a wealth of information out there,first is。

you can start looking at your own company's website and seeing what customers are looking at。

but at the same time,you also want to know what's happening in the marketplace。

and that's where these other companies come in,for example,compete dot。

com is a website that will allow you to look at what people are looking at,at different sites。

there are,of course many other companies that do the same thing,for instance。

comscore is another company that collects this type of data as well,so are many other companies。

so this is another example,and lots of other companies that basically collect information on what are people searching for。

which websites are visiting,and so on what does a data stream look like again。

i went to compete,com,and looked for the type of searches。

and the type of people who are coming in on the wharton website。

that's what it looks like in the last month,so it gives you information on。

for instance on unique visitors and so on。

so besides,of course,going out and looking at companies that collect a wealth of information。

you can have data from your own website,for instance,as an example。

etsy com is a company where you can get a lot of information。

for instance on what are people looking at,so etsy has this data。

they can look at what people are searching for,and get a sense of what products are becoming popular。

what websites for example are becoming popular,and so on。

so collectively web data,gives you a lot of information in terms of what your customers are looking at。

either on your own website or competitive website,and so on,broadly。

this type of data helps you answer questions which are very managerally oriented。

you can start thinking about any kind of campaign,you can broadly categorize。

the type of spending that you're doing in terms of earned media,aid media and own media,own media。

basically is your own website,aid media,is any kind of engagement that you're doing in terms of paying for that media。

and earned media,are people who are organically coming to you。

if you start thinking about collecting this type of web data。

it gives you a sense of what is the roi for many kinds of campaigns,that you're doing so again。

the type of data and the type of questions you're trying to answer,have to go hand in hand,finally。

of course,when you start thinking about the holy grail。

it's mobile data that's where many many companies are making inroads,think about facebook。

of course it started off as a desktop,but many more people are accessing facebook using their mobile phones。

facebook has this data,they know where people are accessing facebook。

and they know the location as well,that's a wealth of information,as another example。

this is foursquare again,this is a website in which people kind of check in。

usually through their mobile phone,foursquare again has a lot of information on where people are。

where they are checking in what else is around them。

so many many such companies are basically collecting this information on the flip side。

there are companies such as fluy analytics,what do they do,they get a sense of,you know,hey。

how's your app doing in terms of overall customer engagement,and they can also start helping you。

monetize the app,and make it better in terms of people accessing it easily。

and trying to make more money out of that,what are the type of managerial questions that can be answered。

for example,is customers search in the mobile platform,different from the desktop。

what information should show customers based on their location,so think about foursquare。

for instance,they have information on where you are。

should the information they show you be different,depending on your location,probably yes。

and of course another type of question would be,are there coupons that can be sent based on your location。

all of these questions can be answered by looking at mobile data。

and again there are companies out there that can help you collect the data,you collect the data。

you collect the data。

【沃顿商学院】商业分析 全套课程(客户、运营、人力资源、会计) - P9:[P009]07_causal-data-collection-and-summary - 知识旅行家 - BV1o54y1N7pm

到目前为止,我们已经讨论了探索性数据收集,我们谈到了描述性数据收集,接下来,我们要继续进行因果数据收集,因为你会注意到这种类型的数据收集更严格,让我给你举个例子,很多时候,当我们考虑我们公司的网站时。

会考虑登陆页面,考虑的是登陆页A,比登陆页B好,我们如何确定那是你可能想做实地实验的地方,一些客户看到登陆页A,另一组客户见登陆页B,我们看点击率然后决定哪个登陆页面更好,换句话说。

我们试图在更改登陆页面之间建立因果关系,查看点击率,这就是因果关系的全部,这就是现场实验的全部,所以有很多公司允许你做这种类型的A B测试,比如说,当你开始考虑A B测试时。

你需要开始区分相关性和因果关系,相关性是两个变量之间的关系,所以让我们把价格和销售看作是销售和价格相关的,如果价格下降,可能会是这样,销量可能也会下降,因果关系是一个变量对另一个变量产生影响。

相关性和因果关系不是一回事,让我们举几个具体的例子,试图理解相关性和因果关系之间的区别,第一相关性与因果关系,如果你开始思考因果推理,有三个要求,首先,这是否有相关性,这基本上是x和y之间联系的证据。

假设x是价格y销售额它们之间有关系吗,但这还不足以证明因果关系,还有另外两个要求,一个是时间前因,x必须发生在y之前,所以如果你想说价格变化推动销售,我们需要能够说价格变化发生在销售变化之前,最后。

没有第三个因素驱动他们两个,换句话说,你需要控制其他可能的因素,所以让我们举一个例子来尝试理解两者之间的关系,这两者有什么区别呢?所以有一个明显的故事,比如说,带孩子,它通常始于较冷的国家。

在那里他们过去看到,例如,一堆股票经过,突然落在一所房子上,几个月后我看到房子里有个婴儿,股票真的能很好地生儿育女吗,让我们试着理解每一个不同的元素,看看是否有因果关系,如果你开始考虑相关性。

现在可能有某种相关性,你看到房子上面坐着谈话,你在那所房子里看到婴儿,他们有血缘关系吗,他们是有血缘关系的,但因果关系是关键问题吗,一方面,有相关性,茎和婴儿在同一个房子里。

是否有一个时间上的先行词也是正确的,白鹳飞来,宝宝们晚一点进来,但有没有第三个司机,那就是,比如说,因果关系和相关性是不同的,关键问题是什么,通常,当你开始思考,为什么鹳坐在一个特定的房子里。

通常答案可能是,这是在较冷的国家,通常答案可能是因为那些房子更暖和,然后你开始思考为什么那些房子更暖和,通常这些房子可能会更暖和,因为他们有孕妇在里面,换句话说,还有第三个因素,房屋相当温暖。

让股票进来,坐在房子的顶部,你看到几个月后在那所房子里有一个孩子出生了,所以这是关于相关性的,但绝对不是因果关系,所以当你开始考虑相关性和因果关系时,这是关键的区别。

当你开始思考整个故事时,你也会开始考虑许多其他公司,这些公司可以帮助你区分这两者,区分这两者的关键想法是开始做现场实验,换句话说,你开始系统地操纵价格,你开始系统地操纵登陆页面。

看看它们如何产生因果影响,所以有很多公司会帮助你做这个A B测试,所以一个简单的例子可能是,如果你开始考虑两个登陆页面,登陆页A与登陆页B,你如何区分哪一页更好,以下是理想情况下你想做的。

一组客户来到你的网站,将看到登陆页a,随机选择的另一组客户,将看到另一个登陆页登陆页B,然后随着时间的推移,你会看到点击率,你看到的购买可以帮助你确定哪个登陆页面更好,这正是许多公司帮助你做的,比如说。

Optimizely是一家公司,会帮助你做这个AB测试,它会帮助你了解哪个登陆页更好,换句话说,将整个登陆页面货币化,并找出你应该向客户展示的页面,还有很多其他的公司,总体上做同样的事情。

当你看着这个特定的空间,许多公司开始在登陆页面设计方面帮助其他公司,在网页的整体优化方面。

等等,等等,所以有很多公司帮助你做移动AB测试,这里有什么想法,基本上在你的移动端,你还想回答什么登陆页更好,应该显示哪个图标等等,所以像Optimizely这样的公司会帮助你做到这一点。

它也有许多其他公司可能会做同样的事情,比如说,limpum是另一家帮助做同样事情的公司,还有很多其他的竞争对手。

所以总的来说,当你开始考虑这些不同公司的定价计划时,启动计划通常是免费的,所以你可以自己做很多A B测试,如果你开始考虑你的整体登陆页面,你开始考虑购买的整体漏斗,那是你开始付大笔钱的时候。

也就是企业包,有哪些问题可以帮助你回答,使用这种类型的数据,第一个是网站优化,什么样的网站,什么登陆页面,应该显示什么图标等等--应该如何优化,第二次,你可以开始思考手机应用程序设计。

许多公司都推出了手机应用程序,它们应该如何最好地设计,当然你可以把它发挥到极致,你可以开始思考你应该如何设计应用程序,但你也可以开始考虑应该向不同的客户展示什么版本,极端的情况是一对一的营销,非常广泛。

所有这些公司都通过做实地实验来帮助你收集数据,换句话说,你在系统地操纵登陆页面,您可能正在操作结帐页面等等,试图理解系统的变化是如何引起客户行为的变化的,那么到目前为止我们做了什么,在这个模块中。

我们研究了三种不同的数据收集,这与三种不同类型的营销决策齐头并进,首先,我们从探索性数据收集开始,我们在那里谈到了焦点小组,我们谈到了互联网社区,然后我们进入描述性的数据收集类型,我们在那里谈到了调查。

我们谈到了销售点数据,我们谈到了与媒体策划等相关的数据,然后我们最后讨论了因果关系,换句话说,我们谈到了田间实验和其他帮助你进行田间实验的公司,所以当你开始思考这个模块的整体总结时,是关于数据的。

但更重要的是,这是你需要回答的问题类型之间的协同作用,以及最适合回答这个问题的数据类型,考虑协同作用是非常非常重要的,当您开始考虑您希望获得的数据类型时,如果你想回答的问题更具有探索性的话。

你可以做焦点小组,你可以做互联网社区,如果您想回答的问题类型更具描述性,换句话说,你想知道钱包份额的具体数字,在话语权份额方面,然后呢,您需要收集的数据类型大不相同,从探索性类型的数据,最后。

如果你需要回答的问题本质上更有因果关系。

例如,如果我改变我的登陆页面会发生什么,那么你需要收集的数据类型将更多地沿着现场实验的路线,所以说,保持管理目标是非常重要的。以及所考虑的数据收集类型,因为它们具有很高的协同性。

沃顿商学院《商务基础》|Business Foundations Specialization|(中英字幕) - P1:0_营销101建立强大品牌(一).zh_en - GPT中英字幕课程资源 - BV1R34y1c74c

[MUSIC]。

Hello, I'm Barbara Kahn, and I'm a professor of marketing at the Wharton School。

And I'm here to talk to you about marketing。 So this segment is the marketing 101, the basics。

principles of marketing。 And my focus is going to be on building strong brands。 Because of course。

the essence of marketing is to have a very strong brand。 So let's start off with the first question。

a very basic question, but, maybe not as obvious as you might think, which is what is marketing?

And I'm going to argue that marketing is the study of a market。

So what's a market? A market is an exchange between two partners, frequently a buyer and。

a seller, but marketing also applies to nonprofit or。

things where there isn't necessarily money being transacted。

But what you need for marketing to exist or for。

a market to exist is to have an exchange。 And what I'm going to argue is that what marketing means is going to differ as。

a function of different aspects of those exchange。 So let's look at the basic exchange。

You have one buyer and one seller。 And I'm going to give a very simplified view to make a point。

No market's are ever quite this simple。 And I'm going to look at the two extremes just to make my point here。

And the real markets are somewhere in the middle。 But you'll see when I start defining this。

that it's very useful to use this, kind of simplification。

So if we think of an exchange between buyers and sellers, on one extreme we。

could have what's called a seller's market。

And then the seller's market, what that means is the seller has a product。

And if you want that product, you have to come to the seller。 So the seller has all the power。

The opposite of that would be a buyer's market, where there's lots of competition。

and a lot of products out there。 And the buyer has the power。 And what I would argue。

and I think would make sense to you too, if you think about it。

is marketing should not be the same in a seller's market as in a buyer's market。

So in a seller's market, what marketing tends to be is what we call product focus。

marketing。 You have the product, if the customers want it, they're going to come to you。

In that case, you should develop that product to the best of your ability。

You should innovate in that product。 You should try to reduce costs。

And you should really focus on the product。 Your business objective in a product focus market is to sell as much as you can。

And profitability from a product focus market is going to come from volume, selling as much。

as you can。 In the past when we've studied product focus markets, we've shown that profitability is。

tied to market share。 So market share becomes your business objective。

And why does market share increase profitability? Because the bigger your market share。

the more your revenues。 And the bigger your market share and your volume。

the lower the product cost, and hence, profitability。 Higher revenues, lower costs, more profit。

That's really the goal of a product focus market。 And when your product focus。

where do you get growth? Will you develop new products based on your product experience?

Or you go to new markets? That's product focus marketing。 So what's customer focus marketing?

Is it the opposite? And the answer is going to be no, not exactly。 In fact。

it's quite a different type of marketing。 Let's think about it。

Customer focus marketing means that I need to focus on the customer to get that customer。

to buy from me rather than the competition。 Well, what's the best way to get the customer to buy from you rather than from the competition?

The best way to do it is to look at what that customer wants and deliver a product that。

meets the needs of that customer。 So where is the product focus market on the expert?

And I create the very best product I can based on my expertise in a customer based market。

What I'm going to do is look at what the customer wants and try to create product to。

meet that customer's need。 That's a very different point of view。

Some people call it inside out is product focused and outside in is customer focus。 Okay。

so now we're going to look at what the customer wants to deliver value to that, customer。

But think about it。 What does the customer want? Well, the first question is, well, which customer?

You can't give every customer what they want and we know customers are going to want all。

different things。 So the reason why a buyer's market or customer focused marketing is so different than product。

focus is that every customer out there wants something different。

If we try to give everybody what they want, we'll go out of business。 That's too hard to do。

So the intuition of customer focus marketing is to pick and choose customers, deliver value。

to some customers, say yes to some customers and no to other customers。

That's the process of segmentation。 I'm going to talk about that in the next section。

But the idea here is that I go after some customers and I say no to other customers。

Well then how do I become profitable in that? Understand that in a product focused marketing what we did is sell as much as we can。

We sold that product to anybody who wanted that product。

In a customer focused market we're saying no to some customers and yes to others。

So how do we make that profitable? And the answer is you pick and choose the customers you want to deliver。

You deliver value to that customer, give them exactly what they want and that they're willing。

to pay for。 And where the profitability comes from is not from volume but it's from creating value。

How can value based marketing be profitable?

Well the first thing is if I give you exactly what you want many times you'd be willing。

to pay a premium price。 Then the profitability comes in not from reduced costs which we saw in the seller's market。

side but from increased price premium。

If you give me exactly what I want I'll be willing to pay a higher price for it。 So that's one way。

The other way customer based marketing is profitable is by giving the customer what they。

want time after time after time。 I don't think about just one transaction。

I think about building customer loyalty and delivering value to that customer over time。

That concept is called customer share rather than market share where I try to get a little。

bit from everybody。

The idea of customer share or share of wallet is that I go out through a more narrow market。

and try to get more from each of those customers' wallets。

And it turns out that loyalty is very, if you do it right can be very profitable。

And why is loyalty more profitable? Because it's the cost of delivering value to the customer。

When I'm doing a customer based marketing it's actually quite expensive to give the。

customer exactly what they want。 Once I figure out what that customer wants and I deliver it to them the first time it's。

cheaper to deliver it to them time after time after time。

So it's more difficult and more expensive to acquire new customers but it's cheaper to。

retain those customers over time and that's where the profitability comes from。

It comes from loyalty。 The other thing if you're thinking about building share of wallet in the customer focus market。

is that I not only sell one product to you I think that other things that you might need。

and I try to cross sell around it。

Let me give you an example of this notion of cross selling。

If you've ever got into a gap or some gene store and you go to cash register and you buy。

a pair of jeans, the cashier or the person behind the counter might say oh these are very。

nice jeans。 Do you think you'll need a belt with that? Do you think you'll need socks?

That's the notion of cross selling。 So I'm selling other things to you besides that one specific product。

All of these are the idea of increasing customer share and that's a very important part of。

customer focus marketing。 Give the customer exactly what they want。

They'll be willing to pay a premium price for it。 Give them what they want and keep delivering value over time。

They will stay loyal to you and they'll buy over time and that's more profitability and。

if you understand their needs you can not only sell them one product but you can cross。

sell other products that may also meet their needs。

So in a customer base market where profitability comes from is premium price, loyalty and cross。

selling。 The difference between sellers market says you focus on the product on what the customer。

does well and you push that out and in a customer base market you focus on the customer。

what the customer wants and you deliver value to the customer better than the competition。

So that's the basic difference between product base marketing and customer focus market。

Now in today's world the market place has changed even more。

What's changed? Well now not only do you have an exchange between buyers and sellers but because of globalization。

and because of the internet and technology and social media and things like that it's。

not a one-to-one conversation anymore。 Customers can talk to other customers。 That's good and bad。

If you're doing a really good job in meeting the needs of the customers the fact that they'll。

buzz to their other customers and tell their other friends about what a terrific service。

your company is doing well that's really good news。

On the other hand if something goes wrong and they tell their friends something bad well。

that's not such good news and so you have to be really careful in every transaction with。

the customer now that you deliver not only value but that you deliver a top-notch customer。

experience。 Because although what I've been talking about in the sellers market and in the buyers market。

has focused on transactions in the sellers market I talked about a single transaction。

In the buyers market I talk about transactions over time or customer loyalty but in the connected。

community if your message is being transmitted by customers to other customers they talk about。

the customer experience。 What do I mean by customer experience? Let me give you an example。

It starts way before the transaction and it goes way after the transaction。

So for example if a customer told another customer about their experience at a restaurant。

they might say well I was driving to that restaurant and I hit a lot of traffic then I。

got to the parking lot and I couldn't find a parking space。

Only when I got into the restaurant I finally got a table the meal was really good but then。

at the end of the meal when I was leaving I tripped and fell。

That may be the way they describe the experience at the restaurant。

And if that's the way your message about your product is going to be transmitted from customer。

to customer then you as a marketer need to focus on the entire customer experience。

So one of the things and we'll talk about this later that's changed in marketing in this。

world of social media and internet and globalization is that the marketer has to be completely transparent。

has to be authentic and has to focus on the entire customer experience。

One thing else to mention we're seemingly coming out of a recession now but there was。

a global recession and in the last few years probably starting about 2008 we had some real。

strong economic uncertainty。 There was a lot of scandals going on people became a skeptical of marketing marketing。

had some bad names that the financial services industry people lost trust and so with all。

those changes in the economic environment there's been a focus again in marketing and。

marketing now has to focus on authentic genuine customer value。

In order to be profitable you not only have to deliver customer value over time and in。

an experiential way but now because of the tightness of the economy and the uncertainty。

there you really have to cut costs and figure out a way to deliver value in a very disciplined。

manner and be very flexible to changes in the marketplace。

So let me just summarize what I've just said the different types of marketing orientation。

there's the product orientation where you focus on the product and you persuade the。

customer to want what the firm has。 There's the marketing orientation where you persuade the firm to offer what the customer。

wants that the customer focus approach。 The experience orientation says that you not only think about the transaction and think。

about the transactions over time but you try to manage the customer's entire experience。

with the firm and when times get tough or customers stop trusting markets then you need。

to remember to build that relationship based on authenticity, on trust and on discipline。

And what's the difference in these different types of markets in terms of what you offer?

In a production orientation you're focusing on product innovation but also reducing costs。

so you tend to see generic products and standardization。

When you're focusing on customer value you see differentiated products and we'll talk。

about that when we talk about brands also how you position your product to meet the needs。

of the customers better。 In an experience orientation you look at experiential value and when you're going to that tight。

discipline mind frame or mindset you look at genuine value。

And what's the competitive sustainable competitive advantage in each of these markets?

In a product orientation the bigger companies win because they tend to have larger market。

share and lower cost and lower cost is a big strategic advantage。

In a marketing orientation when you're focusing on the customers the companies that do the。

best are companies that really know their customers that can deliver quality and that。

have a lot of customer data and know how to use that data to deliver better value。

In an experiential market you look at transformation the customer becomes a co-creator of the value。

and it's really making the customer and the product one kind of overall experience。

And in a trust orientation the sustainable competitive advantage are the companies that。

you trust and that means you've had a long history with them they're transparent and。

you trust them over time。 And what are the measurements of profitability?

In production orientation as I mentioned market share is tied to profitability。

In marketing orientation it's share of wallet or customer share, customer loyalty。

In experience market when you're looking at customers talking to other customers we start。

measuring social networks and buzz and word of mouth and referrals。

And in a trust orientation we really focus on reduced costs。

[Music]。

[BLANK_AUDIO]。

沃顿商学院《商务基础》|Business Foundations Specialization|(中英字幕) - P10:9_数据驱动的商业模式.zh_en - GPT中英字幕课程资源 - BV1R34y1c74c

So I want to talk about a couple of examples about companies that have used information。

technology and specifically the data about their customers to come up with business models。

that are quite distinct from product centricity。 And so two examples I want to share with you very briefly would be Harrah's。

the casino, chain here in the US and Tesco, the grocery retail chain in the United Kingdom。

In many ways the stories are quite similar despite the fact that they're very different。

companies operating different businesses and different geographies。

In both cases these are companies that were getting beaten up in their businesses。

They weren't nearly as large as some of their competitors, they didn't have the resources。

to compete head to head in a traditional product centric manner and so they turned to the data。

they turned to a deep understanding about their customers to draw insight and to let。

them change their business models in a way that actually let them rise to the top of their。

industries。 So let's talk first about Harrah's, casino chain here in the US。

They're having a hard time competing against other chains that just had deeper pockets。

greater resources。 It was hard for them to develop products and services to compete on a head-to-head basis。

So Harrah's instead turned to its data and in particular developed an amazing loyalty, program。

Now many companies developed loyalty programs but few of them were able to draw the actionable。

insights that Harrah's was to truly understand at a granular level what each customer is。

doing not only what games they're playing but what meals they're eating, what room preferences。

they have, what entertainment options they seek and to understand when that customer is。

likely to change his behavior, when he's likely to walk away from the table and what kinds。

of things that Harrah's itself could do to change their behavior for the better。

What kinds of messages and offers to provide at the right time and through the right channel。

in order to create and extract more value from that customer。

So Harrah's was just brilliant in drawing those insights and understanding for instance what。

someone's threshold was, if this customer goes down about say on a $150 it's time to, intervene。

it's time to offer them a meal or some kind of other activity which is going。

to make them feel great but equally importantly it's going to reset their mental account and。

so when they sit back down again the threshold is back towards zero。

So Harrah's was very smart about understanding that kind of messaging and it's a very similar。

story for Tesco, again competing very very tough with other big grocery chains in the, UK。

Sainsbury, Morrisons and so on, they turned to the data, they developed a loyalty program。

they really understood their customers in some very clever ways。

They would understand which households were buying a lot of their meals and other products。

from Tesco and which ones weren't and specifically which kinds of products were the light households。

not buying from Tesco。 So Tesco knew which kinds of coupons to send to which kinds of households at which time。

in order to get them to buy more and this helped them not only grow the business with。

those customers but also it helped them to compete more effectively。

So when Walmart bought a small chain and entered the UK Tesco knew which customers were most。

vulnerable to switch to Walmart and which products they'd likely buy from Walmart。

So Tesco knew again which coupons to send to which households at which time in order to。

really hold onto those customers and bolster their business。

So by understanding its customers Tesco was able to do a great job defending itself against。

Walmart and staying at the top of the grocery business in the UK。

So those are only two examples of companies that have turned to the data in addition to。

developing fine products and services but really leaning heavily on the data and a rich deep。

understanding of their customers in order to pivot their business model in a way that they。

could never achieve through products and services alone。 [MUSIC]。

沃顿商学院《商务基础》|Business Foundations Specialization|(中英字幕) - P100:23_管理人员.zh_en - GPT中英字幕课程资源 - BV1R34y1c74c

When we look at the dictionary definition of manage or management for that matter, it's。

all about getting the people below us, maybe in some of the unit to do well。

We promote them if they have succeeded。 But management in my view is a kind of a 360 in reverse。

We've got to manage people below。 Of course, we've got to manage partners。

joint venture people that we're working with。

There's out here that may have, on our part, picked up some of the outsource functions。

that they can do better than we can do。

And today, we also have to be able to manage our boss, manage with our boss。

That's not about currying favor。 It is about making certain that Chuck Schwab is going to be on board。

We've got to manage that if we're actually going to do it。

If he gets in a way, it's not going to happen。 Thus, David。

look at the photograph there at the bottom, sits down with Charles Schwab。

They talk for a couple weeks knowing your boss that you can manage。

Charles Schwab is a very analytic guy along with all the other ways we think。 Of course。

the intuition is very powerful。 But he says to David, David knew it。 Show me the numbers。

If we cut our revenue by 70% with that price cut, are we indeed?

What's the evidence that we're going to make up for that in a huge new flow of new customers?

We'll make up for price cut in radically rising volume。

The two of them talk about that for two and a half weeks。 Lots of going back and forth。

It is pointed out that a 20% or 25% loss of stock price by the company Charles Schwab。

may cost Chuck Schwab himself close to $500 million, maybe even $1 billion because so。

much of his own net worth and net of his family is in Charles Schwab's stock。

Probably not a billion, but maybe at least a couple hundred million。 That loss, by the way。

might happen in just a couple days when the stock price plummets。

maybe by 22% in line with the drop in pre-tax profits。 At this point, the question for Chuck Schwab。

an obvious one, David, you're asking me to。

kind of bet my family fortune, should I trust you? And the answer is, well, you should。

I've been working with you for quite a while。 You've seen me make management decisions before。

I've explained them to you。 Unlike our firefighter and man Gulch。

who didn't explain almost anything, David Potruk, of a school that he had an opportunity to think through。

has been explaining to people, below, outside and above, in this case, Charles Schwab。

how he makes decisions。 With that, Chuck says, let's do it。

Now we're not quite done as we begin now to push this through though because we got two。

areas of people that we still have to manage, not yet articulated or identified。

The first is the board of directors itself。 They tend to think if you're in a big company。

it's way up there。 But this is a kind of bet the company decision。 Do they want to know about it?

Of course。 And we have to not only take it to them。

We actually have to manage how they think about it in the best sense of management, not。

to manipulate, but to put the facts out so they can make their own independent, reasoned。

judgment call。 At the next board meeting, thus Chuck says to Charles Schwab says to David Potruk。

"David。

the board has to look at this, of course, has to approve it, for sure, and I'd like you。

to take it into the next board meeting。"。

David walks in and in about two and a half hours at the next Charles Schwab board of directors。

meeting, lots of non-executive directors, people from the outside there, it takes David。

only a couple hours to make the case and to find approval。 And that quick。

talking good and timely here, of course, yet again, that quick decision。

came in part because David had earlier, won't go into it now, but had earlier forced himself。

to master the art of managing up, not only in the direction of the chief executive, "I。

got to get better managing my relationship with Charles Schwab, I've got to get really。

good at managing all these non-managing with all these non-executive directors。"。

By the time he got to that meeting, thus it went extremely well, two and a half hours, it's a go。

And now for the final group of people, all part of our question here, how do we build an。

organization, design it well, and then change it when the world is changing around us as。

the internet is doing that to the retail brokerage market in spades。 And now appreciates。

going back to that earlier, eight item set of warnings, what can get in, the way that 14。

990 people don't know about this, and most of them are probably going to。

be skeptical if not outright hostile to it。

Why is that? Just work the logic。 If we cut 70% of our income。

how are we going to pay people salaries at the end of the month? Things like cutbacks。

maybe even storefront closures, the Schwab offices are all over。

the country。

Maybe people are going to get no bonus, maybe we're going to cut into people's retirement。 And thus。

even though intellectually it might sound appealing, as people think about the。

whole mortgage and the family, they may think, they probably do think this better be good。

otherwise it's going to be a personal catastrophe。

So David does this, mindful of all the above。 It's right on that earlier chart。

He arranges for everybody in the top several hundred ranks of the company。

He's got to be careful because if he publicly announces this or privately, but in a public。

way through the company, announces this plan, all the competitors are going to get wind。

of it and they may jump the gun。 They may be announcing cuts before his own cut on January 15th is announced。

So secrecy, that's something that's another management function here, keeping the secret, critical。

Thus, on an early San Francisco morning, David asked his top several hundred people to meet。

him essentially over breakfast at a hotel near the San Francisco airport。 Now San Francisco。

we all know three hours behind New York, New York Stock Exchange open, big customers are calling。

I want to buy and sell stock。 So there's some question。

Why are they in the middle of a trading hour going off to have a breakfast at a hotel?

Even worse, one of the speakers that David brings on the podium is an historian who's。

going to tell about the history of San Francisco。 And he begins to say everybody's kind of blinking on this one that the decision to build the。

Golden Gate Bridge goes back to 1917。

So 20 years that opens in 1937。 Along the way, there were a lot of people who said it could never be done。

There were a lot of people whose lives were at risk。 It's a dangerous business。

But the people who decided to build the bridge pushed through against all those sources of。

organizational inertia。 The ferry operators, for example, violently opposed building a bridge。

You can see where they're coming from。

And the company that built it took special measures to protect the life of construction, workers。

Okay, so where's this going? Everybody's thinking。 And David then, Potra himself。

stands up at the podium and says, look, it took 20 years。

for that to happen。 Of course, when it did happen。

it transformed San Francisco from what it was to an icon。

of American life。 What's across the bridge, Marin County。

just a huge development that it would have never, prospered like a wood without the bridge。

The bridge transformed San Francisco, California。 It's an icon of American life。 And by the way。

almost no lives were lost during the construction。 So we can see where that's going。 He then says。

I'm here to announce today that on January 15th, this is October 15th, we're。

going to go full service trading at $29, kind of a gasp out there in the audience。

And in doing that, we're going to make every effort to avoid layoffs。

Hence that illusion back to the workers lost on the bridge。 But in doing that。

we're going to transform the industry before it transforms us。

Back to the somewhat bland words of this topic, we're going to redesign our architecture。

before we're forced to do so。 I know there are a lot of forces of inertial resistance to that。

But he then, two final steps here to get at those。 He asks all the assembled managers, quite senior。

arrange though cross functionally。 Let's go back to that idea。 People in finance。

next to people in sales, next to people who are back office, next to。

people who are information technology。 And he asks each table there to take a few minutes talking privately。

Everybody's going to have a chance now to talk。 This is how we make organizational change。

He asks each of the tables for the eight people around them to take about ten minutes and。

identify the points of resistance that they're going to encounter。 Well。

of course what's on earth is really interesting。

Has to be managed。 That's the topic, managing people。 And by the way。

the other great value of that method to say the obvious here is that in asking。

people to refer not to their own reasons to fight it, but to those below them, they also。

have a chance to put in their answers what other people are going to think, their own。

thinking。 Because David Potrock is chief executive, knowing that a chief executive one time told。

me that the higher he goes, the better the information gets because nobody wants to bring。

up resistance or bad news。 This was David's way of understanding from his top people, the top 200。

Why would they resist? Equally, importantly, why would people below them push back as well?

With that then, and I'm going to really kind of bring this to a summary point right here。

David says, "Great to thank you for all the input you've heard from our historian。

I now have a bunch of luxury coaches out the door of this hotel and we're going up to the。

San Francisco side of the Golden Gate Bridge。 There it is, seen from across the Golden Gate。

Marin County。 They begin at the far end。 They get off the buses。 Everybody。

David's got this plotted out。 It gets a nice, warm blue jacket。 Unfortunately。

it turned out to be one of the warmest days ever in October。 But David says then。

"We're now going to walk from the San Francisco side of the bridge。

all the way across to the Marin terminus of the bridge。 A few of you have done that。 Most of not。

I've been out there many times。 I've never paid that walk。 It's a long walk。 Just look at it。

And then they get up on a hill at the far end and they take the following photograph。

You see it right there。 Caption as it now is going to hang on office walls all through Schwab is crossing the。

chasm October 15th。 What's that got to do with new pricing and redoing back office algorithms and how we。

charge a customer? Well nothing technically but everything with the fact that we got people who have a head。

Got to go for that。 And they also have a heart。 It's the way of saying we got to get to the cognitive side of the brain。

We also have to get to people's emotions。 Is this a big deal?

Of course it's big。 Just look at this。 We're crossing this chasm。 Epilogue。 January 15th。

It is a shock, is a well-kept secret。 Pretty much on board。 It made all the changes required。

And in the days that follow Wall Street, even though it's explained by David what was, going on。

the stock drops about 25% huge losses。 In the middle of all this I happened to work with David Potrock along the way。

I called him up and I said, "Hey David, how's this going? I've read all about this。", And he said。

"Well it's going。", He said, "You should know。 I actually am sleeping like a baby。"。

I said, "Really?", And he said, "Yeah, I'm actually waking up every two hours and crying。"。

So it was a tough, very stressful period。

Go back to our previous topic。 One's a great team, most vital to a group。

a team to work well or a group of people to。

work well。 During a period of high stress, his team was well built。

They all had the same jacket。 They knew each other。 And over the next 12 months really。

with the loss of 70% revenue, it's more than made up。

for by new customers。 They just came pouring in。

Pretty hard to resist buying a seat on an airline that's going to do a 70% discounted。

ticket or in this case sell you a thousand shares of Cisco for 70% less than you could。

do it the day before in January 14。 That gets then to a summary。

more affirmatively taking those eight opening thoughts on what。

gets in the way。 And here we have a more affirmative model for you。 The kinds of steps。

this is from John Carter。 In my view, when it comes to managing。

and we said this at the outset of the course, it really is a matter of judgment and having a dozen or so or a couple dozen working concepts。

that you apply。 I say all that as an intro into this particular eight step model for leading change。

Take a look at these。 I recommend you grab a few like a burning platform。 That's what David did。

He said at this event at the hotel, look, this industry is changing。 E-Trade is coming along。

If we don't change now, we're going to be out of business。 There's a burning platform。

The other factors look at number four, getting buy-in, taking the top 200 people across the, bridge。

all part of the enactment。 But look at the eight points here as guidance for your own judgment。

That concludes our thinking here on the fourth and final topic of human and social capital。

managing people at work。 Thank you。 Thank you。 for your attention。 [BLANK_AUDIO]。

沃顿商学院《商务基础》|Business Foundations Specialization|(中英字幕) - P101:24_管理人员模板的人力资本和社会资本.zh_en - GPT中英字幕课程资源 - BV1R34y1c74c

And by way of summary, briefly just to put words in what you see there, going back to。

John Chambers' "Sisco" or a topic was making good and timely decisions, finding people。

around you to whom you can turn for offline trusted feedback。

You do need to think about where you want to go, let people below you well-picked, well-trained。

job design appropriately paid to work out the execution。

Breathing down their neck is going to undercut that, so convey intent with no micromanage。

But number three, think about that firefighting team that went into that fire setting in Montana。

They had never worked with each other before。 And there's an argument, I think it's right。

had they known each other, had they trusted, each other before they got there。

The number two person, named Robert Sally, would have more likely followed the huge management。

decision by the incident commander Wagner Dodge when he created a life-saving fire, what's。

called an escape fire now, but he couldn't manage people to get into that because they。

barely knew Wagner Dodge the bus。 And the fourth and final piece on making good and timely decisions。

which is think about, Charles Ilodgig and Ann Livermore。

more broadly big companies creating just a mindset of learning, to make good decisions。

making a first time mistake, making decisions good enough, but。

not making them necessarily perfect to use Ann Livermore's commentary there。

As we turn to architecture, the design, it's an independent force。

Good to think about how we reward people, good to think about how we promote, good to think。

about designs that animate or discourage people。 Separately, the way we put people together。

do we put them together in a division standalone, do we have people reporting。

call that a profit and loss design, or within a given division。

do we have all the functional specialists like the marketing people reporting up to the。

central VP for marketing, as by the way was largely the case there back at Howser Foods。

That might be the word that really captures this point。 To be a manager。

to be a general manager means we got to grab all these pieces。

That's the essence of this section of the course。 And they need to work together。

If they're pulling in different directions, we saw that actually at Howser Foods, we've。

got a problem。 With that problem of that kind solved though。

inequity is a kind of a haunting fact of the, human condition。 It's just there。

And as a way of saying, people, if it's pay, promotion, or anything else for performance。

if it looks like they're getting, somebody's getting promoted or paid or somehow treated。

better with a better office for performance, if they feel unfair and unfairness has been。

committed by you, the manager, got a problem here。 We need to solve it。 First point。

got to be aware of it, and then we got to be obviously very good at ensuring。

a very close tie between what we actually reward and what we want from people。 Finally。

we need to build a bigger scaffolding。 We've got a lot of people, more than 10 or 15 in many cases。

thousands, some companies, take Walmart 2。2 million。

We have to find ways of putting people together, organizing teams so that they work with other。

teams。 Having done that, critical to get that right, a whole scaffolding for doing that well, we。

then face just a lifelong problem of needing to change, to restructure from time to time。

how the design does work。 And for that, we've ended with the basic notion when you take a design as a manager that maybe。

you've been given, maybe you even helped create, to get people to go with you, a burning platform。

and going for their head and their heart, probably pretty important for your future。

So may you all manage and here are some of the tools。

We hope that will help you do so。 [BLANK_AUDIO]。

沃顿商学院《商务基础》|Business Foundations Specialization|(中英字幕) - P102:0_直觉与贴现.zh_en - GPT中英字幕课程资源 - BV1R34y1c74c

Welcome to Corporate Finance in our first lecture。

Today we're going to talk about the time value of money。

We're going to start off with some intuition。 Then I want to introduce the tools associated with the time value of money。

namely the discount factor and the timeline。 Finally。

I want to apply those tools to move money back in time via a process called discounting。

Let's get started。 Hey everybody, welcome to Corporate Finance in our first lecture on the time value of money。

We're going to start off with some intuition and discounting。 In particular。

I want to give everybody a good sense of what the time value of money means in a context with which they're already familiar。

Then I want to introduce some tools and then I want to apply those tools to our first financial problems。

So some intuition。 Hopefully in a setting with which everybody is already comfortable and familiar with。

that's foreign currency。

Imagine I've got 100 euros and 100 dollars。 And I ask the question, "How much money do I have?"。

Well, we can't answer that, at least not yet, because we can't add euros to dollars。

What we need to do is what? We need to convert the euros to dollars to find out how much we have in dollars or convert the dollars to euros to find out how much we have in euros。

And we do this using an exchange rate。 There's nothing special in this example that there's only two currencies。

If I had three currencies, euros, dollars and you won。

I would have to convert two of the currencies into one currency, one base currency。

whether it's into yuan, dollars or euros using the appropriate exchange rates in order to answer the question。

"How much money I have?" or in order to add the different currencies。 So what's the message? Well。

look, we can't add or subtract different currencies。

We have to convert the currencies to a common base currency using an exchange rate。

So what does this have to do with the time value of money?

Well, the time value of money refers to the fact that money received or paid at different times is like different currencies。

You can't add it。 Money has a time unit。 What you have to do is you have to convert to a common base unit in order to aggregate it。

and to do that, we need an exchange rate for time。

So let's talk about some of the tools that we're going to use to accomplish this task。 So first。

the timeline, which is exactly what it sounds like。

I've got a timeline here that lays out different time periods, and these periods could be anything。

They could be years, they could be months, they could be days, they could be decades。 Typically。

we refer to time period zero as "today" or "now" or the point at which we're answering the question。

Underneath that, we lay out our cash flows, denoted by CF。 The subscript denotes the time period。

and this is nothing more than a visual representation of when money is coming or going。 That's it。

Getting the habit of placing cash flows on a timeline, when you work in Excel。

it almost automatically does that for you。 But it's a great tool to emphasize the point that money arrived at different points in time。

has a different time unit, and cannot be added。 Right? Don't add money at different points in time。

Let me say it one more time。 Never add money received at different points in time。

I put a little asterisk there because some people will say, "Well。

what if the money arrives very close in time?", Then it's not such a sin。

but getting the habit of just not doing it。 I say it multiple times because you'll do it。

your friends will do it, people in finance do it all the time。 But it's not a good thing to do。

and you'll see why in just a moment。 What we need is we need an exchange rate for time to convert to a common time unit。

and that exchange rate is called a discount factor。

Our discount factor is given by one plus r raised to the power t。 t。

that's just the number of the time periods into the future, if t is greater than zero or past。

if t is less than zero, that we want to move the cash flows。 r, like it's its own slide。

r is the rate of return offered by investment alternatives in the capital markets of equivalent risk。

That's a mouthful。 r goes by several other names, goes by a discount rate, a hurdle rate。

an opportunity cost of capital。 The way to think about r is just to ask yourself。

"What are the risk or how risky are the cash flows that I'm going to be discounting here?"。

Then think about how that relates to investments in the capital markets。

What I've done here is I've presented average annual returns to six different investments。

What do you notice? You notice that riskier investments, as I move down the columns。

riskier investments are met with higher returns。 Riskier investment, higher return。

How do we use the tools? We're first going to focus on bringing cash flows back in time。

and when we move cash flows back in time, that's called discounting。

Here's my timeline that we started out with。 I'm simply illustrating that if I want to convert all of these cash flows from period one forward into time zero units。

what I would do is I apply my discount factor to each one。

To move cash flow one back to period zero, I'm going to multiply by one plus r to the minus one because I'm moving it back in time。

hence it's negative, one period, hence one。 Similarly for cash flows two, three, and four。 Again。

notice that all of the exponents are negative because we're moving all of these cash flows back in time to today's units。

Once I've done that, once I've discounted each cash flow back to today。

I can add all of these numbers。 They're all in the same time units, namely date zero units。

Let's get rid of this mess。 These values of the future cash flows as of today are called present values。

Present values of cash flows is the discounted value of the cash flow as of period T。

or in this case period zero。 And the notation is just that。

Present value as of period zero of cash flow one。 Present value as of period zero of cash flow two。

It's just some notation that will be useful as we move throughout the course。 Let's do an example。

How much money do you have to save today to withdraw $100 at the end of each of the next four years if you can earn 5% per annum?

The first step in tackling any problem is to just put the cash flows on a timeline。

Let's get our bearings straight。 The question is how much do I need today?

So how much do I need today, period zero, if I'm going to withdraw $100 each year over the next four years thereafter?

Well, the naive thing to do would be to just add these and say $400。

But we know that's wrong because that's a no-no。 These cash flows or these dollar amounts have different time units。

We can't add them。 What we need to do is move them back in time today by discounting。

And since we've assumed a 5% discount rate or a 5% rate of return on our investment, that's our R。

And you'll notice I'm dividing each one by the discount raised to the appropriate power。

We can do a little arithmetic。 And now I can add all of these numbers。

They're all in the same time units to answer the question。 We're going to need $354。60。

More precisely, we need $354。60 today in an account earning 5% each year so that we can withdraw $100 at the end of each of the next four years。

Alternatively, the present value of $100 received at the end of the next four years is $354。

60 when the discount rate is 5%。 Now, I know that's just another way of saying what I said in one。

but getting the habit of different warherds meaning the same thing。

Finance is just laden with jargon and the sooner you get used to it and the more exposure you have to it。

the more comfortable you come with it。 With that segue。

interpretation 3 is today's price for a contract that pays $100 at the end of the next four years is $354。

60 when the discount rate is 5%。 Three different ways to say the same thing。 All right。 Now。

I want to mention we're assuming that the discount rate R is constant over time。 See。

when I pull back each cash flow, I discount each one by the same 5%。 That's a common assumption。

but I want to emphasize it's still an assumption, one we're going to look at when we talk about the term structure of interest rates and yield curves later on。

But what's going on in the background? How is this working?

What's actually happening on a dynamic basis? Well, time periods zero。

we're inserting or depositing $354。60。 Then we're going to earn interest at 5% on that money。

which is going to amount to $17。73%。 $17。73。 And I'm assuming all the activity happens at the end of the period。

It just makes things a little bit easier conceptually。 There's nothing special about that。

We can make the period shorter, which we will later on。 I earn my interest, which is the 354。

60 times the 5%。 That's going to give me a pre withdrawal balance of the initial balance plus the interest。

But notice that's just the present value of that amount。 The present value of this 372。

32 is just our initial withdrawal balance。 That's our 354。60。 I'm going to pull out $100。

That's going to leave me with 272。32 after the first year。

And if we continue this process for the next three years, 23。4。

what we see is we're going to exactly offset or exactly exhaust the funds in the account。

Okay, so let's summarize what we learned today。 Rule number one。

never add or subtract cash flows from different time periods。 You'll want to do it, don't do it。

What we need to do is recognize that money has a time unit。

And in order to add money at different points in time。

we need to convert that money to a common base unit using an exchange rate for time called our discount factor。

We're also going to get in the habit of using a timeline to get our bearing straight。

A visual representation of when money is moving in or out。

And we learned about the present value of a cash flow。

It tells us the value of future cash flow as of some time period, some earlier time period。

It also tells us the price of a claim to those cash flows。 And what's coming up next。

we're going to go in the other direction。 Moving cash flows forward, in other words, compounding。

Thanks for listening and I look forward to seeing you in the next lecture。

沃顿商学院《商务基础》|Business Foundations Specialization|(中英字幕) - P103:1_复利.zh_en - GPT中英字幕课程资源 - BV1R34y1c74c

Welcome back to Corporate Finance。 Last time we introduced the time value of money。

We started with some intuition, we introduced the tools。

namely the timeline and the discount factor, and then we showed how to move money back in time via discounting。

Today, I want to go the other direction。 I want to move money forward in time via a process called compounding。

Let's get started。 Hey everyone, welcome back to Corporate Finance。

Today we're going to be talking about compounding。

but let me start off with a brief recap of what we did in the last lecture。

Last time we introduced the time value of money, the concept。

We started off with some intuition and showed that money has a time unit that prevents money arriving at different points in time from being aggregated or added together。

Then we introduced some tools associated with the time value of money, notably the timeline。

which is just a visual representation of when money is moving in or out, and the discount factor。

which was our exchange rate for the time value of money。

It allowed us to convert the time units on money moving it forward or backward。

Then we applied those tools to move cash flows back in time via discounting。

The big lesson was don't add cash flows with different time units ever。

Today I want to go the other direction and talk about compounding or moving cash flows forward in time。

Let's get started。 Compounding just refers to moving cash flows forward in time。

Here's our familiar timeline。 What I'm doing is I'm taking each cash flow, CF-0, 1, 2, and 3。

moving them forward to period 4 via compounding。 So focusing on cash flow 2。

I move that forward to period 4 by taking cash flow 2。

multiplying it by my discount factor raised to the power of 2。

because I'm moving it 2 periods forward, and it's positive because I'm moving it forward。

We're generally all of the exponents are positive, again。

because we're moving all of the cash flows forward in time。

I can add all of these cash flows now because they're all in the same time units, namely, right?

I can add all of these cash flows。 They're all in date 4 time units。 Now these cash flows。

once they've been moved forward, are referred to as future values。 So, again。

this is just notation like with present values。 This is the future value as of period 4 of cash flow 3。

the future value as of period 4 of cash flow 2, and likewise for cash flows 1 and 0。

Let's do an example。 How much money will I have after 3 years if I invest $1。

000 in a savings account paying 3。5% interest per annum? Well, step 1, put down a cash line。

Put down a timeline。 Put the cash flows on a timeline。 So, I'm going to invest $1,000 today。

period 0, and the question's asking how much money will I have in 3 years? Well。

all we're going to do is move the cash flow forward in time by compounding。

I'm going to multiply by 1 plus r, where r is 3。5% in this case。

and I'm moving the cash flow 3 years forward in time。

so that's a positive 3 exponent on my discount factor。 If we do the arithmetic, we get that the $1。

000 is worth $1,108。72 or just under $0。72。 And I should also mention that this is just the future value of the $1。

000, in particular it's the future value as of period 3 of the cash flow in period 0, which was $1。

000。 Let's do a second example。 How much money will we have for years from today if we save $1。

000 a year beginning today for the next 3 years, assuming we are in 5% per annum? Step 1。

with the cash flows on a timeline。 That's exactly right。

So we're saving $100 a year beginning today for the next 3 years。

We're going to earn 5% and I want to know how much I have after 4 years。 Well, to do that。

we're going to have to move each cash flow forward in time to period 4。 So look at cash flow。

the cash flow in period 3。 I need to move that forward 1 period。

so I multiply by 1 plus r raised to the positive power 1。 We're going forward 1 period。

Cash flow 2 has to go forward 2 periods, so we're going to multiply that by our discount factor raised to the power positive 2。

And likewise for cash flows arriving in, or the cash flows in period 0 today and 1 year from today。

If we do the arithmetic, we get these future values of the cash flows, right? 105, 110, 115, 121。

We can now add all of these cash flows because they're all in the same time for period 4 time units。

And if we do that, I get 4。52。564。 So what does this mean? How do we interpret that? Well。

we will have $452。56 at the end of 4 years if we save $100 starting today for the next 3 years and our money earns 5% per annum。

The future value for years from today of saving $100 starting today for the next 3 years at 5% per annum is $452。

56。 So what's going on here? What's going on behind the scenes? Well。

we're going to deposit $100 today。 That's going to earn 5% interest and give us an additional $5 at the end of year 1。

So our pre-deposit balance that's pre before our next deposit is just $105。

which by the way is also equal to the future value one period hence of the $100, right?

The future value of this $100 one period hence is just the 100 times the 1 plus r to the 1。

I deposit another $100 and I've got $205 after the first year。

We continue this process for 4 years and lo and behold, we're left with $452。

56 at the end of the fourth year。 More generally, there's nothing special about moving the cash flows to the end of the timeline or the beginning。

You can move them anywhere。 Just as long as you're consistent。

we can pick any point in time such as period 2。 And I can move cash flows 3 and 4 back in time。

I'm going to buy applying a discount factor raised to a negative value。

I can move the cash flows today and the cash flow one year from today forward in time by applying a positive exponent to the discount factor。

And now these cash flows here are all in the same time to period units。

All right, so let's summarize this up。 We use compounding to move cash flows forward。

We apply a discount factor with a positive exponent to move them forward in time and that gets us future values。

So what I want to see you do now is work on the problem set。

And then coming up next in our next lecture, I want to talk about some useful shortcuts for present value and future value of common streams of cash flows。

So thanks again for listening and I look forward to seeing you in the next lecture。

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