Ten Tips for Smarter Google Searches
十个更聪明使用 Google 搜索的技巧
Date: Dec 1, 2006
Article is provided courtesy of Que.
Most people use Google in a very inefficient and often ineffective manner. If all you do is enter a few keywords and click the search button, you're one of those users who don't get as much out of Google as you could. In this article, Google expert Michael Miller shows you how to search smarter — and more effectively.
大多数人使用 Google 的方式既低效又常常无效。如果你只是在搜索框中输入几个关键词然后点击搜索按钮，那么你就是那些没有充分利用 Google 的用户之一。在本文中，Google 专家迈克尔·米勒将向你展示如何更聪明——更有效地进行搜索。
This excerpt is from the book "Googlepedia."
这段摘录来自《Googlepedia》一书。
Google is a very sophisticated search engine, but most users don’t use its full power. The average user enters a keyword or two into Google’s search box, clicks the Search button, and waits for Google to display the first page of search results. This is a rather brute-force method of searching, unfortunately, and typically generates a ton of mostly unwanted results.
Google 是一个非常高级的搜索引擎，但大多数用户并没有充分利用其功能。普通用户只是在 Google 的搜索框中输入一两个关键词，点击搜索按钮，然后等待 Google 显示第一页的搜索结果。不幸的是，这是一种相当粗暴的搜索方法，通常会生成大量无关的结果。
There is a better way to search—one that generates a smaller, more targeted list of results. All you have to do is implement a few simple tips, and you’ll soon be generating more and better Google search results.
有一种更好的搜索方式，可以生成更少、更有针对性的结果列表。你只需采用一些简单的技巧，很快就能获得更多、更好的 Google 搜索结果。
Tip #1: Use the Correct Methodology
技巧 #1：使用正确的方法
Whether you’re conducting a basic or advanced Google search, there is a certain methodology you should employ. Follow the proper method and you’ll get very targeted results; ignore this advice and you’ll either get a ton of irrelevant results or a dearth of relevant ones.
不管您进行的是基础的 Google 搜索还是高级搜索，都应该遵循特定的方法论。遵循正确的方法，您将获得非常精准的结果；忽视此建议，您将获得大量无关的搜索结果，或者找不到相关的结果。
While there are many different (and equally valid) approaches to web searching, I guarantee that this particular approach will generate excellent results. It’s a six-step process that looks like this:
尽管网络搜索存在许多不同（且同样有效）的方法，但我保证这种特定方法会产生极好的结果。这是一个包含六个步骤的过程，如下所示： 1.Start by thinking about what you want to find. What words best describe the information or concept you’re looking for? What alternate words might you use instead? Are there any words that can be excluded from your search to better define your query? 首先，思考一下你想要找到什么。哪些词语最能描述你正在寻找的信息或概念？你可以使用哪些替代词？是否有任何词语可以从搜索中排除，以更好地定义你的查询？ 2.Construct your query. Use as many keywords as you need; the more the better. If at all possible, try to refine your search with the appropriate search operators—or, if your prefer, with the Advanced Search page. 构建你的查询。尽可能多地使用关键词，越多越好。如果可能的话，尝试使用适当的搜索运算符来优化你的搜索，或者，如果你愿意，可以使用高级搜索页面。 3.Click the Search button to perform the search. 点击搜索按钮进行搜索。 4.Evaluate the matches on the Search Results page. If the initial results are not to your liking, refine your query and search again—or refine your search by switching to a more appropriate search site. 评估搜索结果页面上的匹配项。如果初始结果不符合你的预期，优化查询并再次搜索，或者通过切换到更合适的搜索网站来优化搜索。 5.Select those matching pages that you wish to view and begin clicking through to those pages. 选择那些你想要查看的匹配页面，并开始点击进入这些页面。 6.Save the information that best meets your needs. 保存最符合你需求的信息。In other words, it pays to think before you search—and to continue to refine your search after you obtain the initial results. The extra effort is slight, and well worth it.
换句话说，在搜索之前进行思考，并在获得初步结果后继续优化搜索是有益的。这些额外的努力很小，但非常值得。
Tip #2: Conduct an "Either/Or" Search
技巧#2：进行“或”搜索
Most users aren’t aware that Google automatically assumes the word "and" between all the words in a query. That is, if you enter two words, it assumes you’re looking for pages that include both those words—word one and word two. It doesn’t return pages that include only one or the other of the words
大多数用户并不知道，谷歌会自动在查询中的所有词之间假设存在“和”这个词。也就是说，如果你输入两个词，它会假设你在寻找包含这两个词的页面——词一和词二。它不会返回仅包含其中一个词或另一个词的页面。
The upshot is that you don’t have to enter the word "and" in your query. If you’re searching for Bob and Ted, all you have to enter is bob ted. Google assumes the "and," and automatically includes it in its internal index search.
结果是你不需要在查询中输入“和”这个词。如果你在搜索Bob和Ted，你只需要输入bob ted。谷歌会假设“和”，并自动将其包括在内部索引搜索中。
This is different from assuming the word "or" between the words in your query. As an example, compare the query bob ted (which is really bob AND ted, remember)with bob OR ted. In the first query, the results include pages that mention both Bob and Ted. In the second query, the results include pages that mention Bob alone, as well as pages that mention Ted alone, as well as pages that mentioned both Bob and Ted. It’s a subtle difference, but an important one.
这与在查询中的词之间假设“或”这个词是不同的。举个例子，比较查询bob ted（实际上是bob AND ted，记住）和bob OR ted。在第一个查询中，结果包括提到Bob和Ted的页面。在第二个查询中，结果包括仅提到Bob的页面、仅提到Ted的页面以及同时提到Bob和Ted的页面。这是一个微妙但重要的区别。So if you want to conduct an "either/or" search—to search for pages that include one word or another word, but not necessarily both—you have to insert the OR operator between the two keywords. And when you use the OR operator, make sure to insert it in all uppercase, or Google will ignore it as a stop word—which we’ll discuss next.
因此，如果你想进行“或”搜索——即搜索包含一个词或另一个词，但不一定是两者都有的页面——你必须在两个关键词之间插入OR运算符。而且当你使用OR运算符时，确保将其全部大写，否则谷歌会将其忽略为停用词——我们接下来会讨论这一点。
Tip #3: Include or Exclude Words in Your Search
技巧 #3：在搜索中包含或排除词语
Speaking of the words "and" and "or," Google automatically ignores these and other small, common words in your queries. These are called stop words, and include "and," "the," "where," "how," "what," "or" (in all lowercase), and other similar words—along with certain single digits and single letters (such as "a").
说到“和”和“或”这些词，谷歌会自动忽略你查询中的这些以及其他小的常见词。这些词被称为停用词，包括“和”、“的”、“哪里”、“如何”、“什么”、“或”（全部小写），以及其他类似的词——还有某些单个数字和单个字母（如“a”）。
Including a stop word in a search normally does nothing but slow the search down, which is why Google excises them. As an example, Google takes the query how a toaster works, removes the words "how" and "a," and creates the new, shorter query toaster works.
在搜索中包含停用词通常只会让搜索速度变慢，这就是为什么谷歌会删除它们。例如，谷歌会将查询how a toaster works中的“how”和“a”去掉，形成一个新的、更短的查询toaster works。
If you want these common words included in your query, you can override the stop word exclusion by telling Google that it must include specific words in the query. You do this with the + operator, in front of the otherwise excluded word. For example, to include the word "how" in your query, you’d enter +how. Be sure to include a space before the + sign, but not after it.
如果你希望这些常见词包含在你的查询中，你可以通过告诉谷歌必须包含特定词语来覆盖停用词排除。你可以在原本会被排除的词前面使用+运算符。例如，要在查询中包含“how”这个词，你需要输入+how。确保在+号前包含一个空格，但在+号后不要有空格。
On the other hand, sometimes you want to refine your results by excluding pages that include a specific word. You can exclude words from your search by using the - operator; any word in your query preceded by the - sign is automatically excluded from the search results. Remember to always include a space before the - sign, and none after.
另一方面，有时你会希望通过排除包含特定词语的页面来优化搜索结果。你可以使用-运算符来排除搜索中的某些词；查询中任何前面带有-号的词都会自动从搜索结果中排除。记住在-号前始终包含一个空格，而在-号后不要有空格。
For example, if you search for bass, you could get pages about the type of male singer or about the type of fish. If you want to search for the type of singer only, enter a query that looks like this: bass –fish.
例如，如果你搜索bass，你可能会得到关于男低音歌手或关于一种鱼的页面。如果你只想搜索关于歌手的内容，可以输入这样的查询：bass -fish。
Tip #4: Search for Similar Words
技巧 #4：搜索相似词语
Not sure you’re thinking of the right word for a query? Do you worry that some web pages might use alternate words to describe what you’re thinking of?
不确定你想到的查询词是否正确？你是否担心某些网页可能会使用其他词语来描述你想到的内容？
Fortunately, Google lets you search for similar words—called synonyms—by using the operator. Just include the character before the word in question, and Google will search for all pages that include that word and all appropriate synonyms.
幸运的是，谷歌允许你通过使用运算符来搜索相似词——即同义词。只需在相关词语前面加上字符，谷歌就会搜索包含该词语及所有适当同义词的页面。
For example, to search for words that are like the word "elderly," enter the query ~elderly. This will find pages that include not just the word "elderly," but also the words "senior," "older," "aged," and so on.
例如，要搜索类似于“elderly”这个词的词语，可以输入查询~elderly。这样不仅会找到包含“elderly”这个词的页面，还会找到包含“senior”、“older”、“aged”等词语的页面。
And here’s a bonus tip: To list only synonyms, without returning a ton of matches for the original word, combine the operator with the - operator, like this: keyword -keyword. This excludes the original word from the synonymous results. Using the previous example, to list only synonyms for the word "elderly," enter ~elderly -elderly.
这里还有一个额外提示：如果你只想列出同义词，并且不返回大量与原词匹配的结果，可以将运算符与-运算符结合使用，如下所示：keyword -keyword。这将从同义词结果中排除原词。使用前面的例子，要只列出“elderly”这个词的同义词，可以输入~elderly -elderly。
Tip #5: Search for an Exact Phrase
技巧 #5：搜索精确短语
When you’re searching for an exact phrase, you won’t get the best results simply by entering all the words in the phrase as your query. Google might return results including the phrase, but it will also return results that include all those words—but not necessarily in that exact order.
当你在搜索一个精确短语时，仅仅通过输入短语中的所有词语作为查询可能无法获得最佳结果。谷歌可能会返回包含该短语的结果，但它也会返回包含所有这些词语的结果——但不一定是按该精确顺序排列的。
When you want to search for an exact phrase, you should enclose the entire phrase in quotation marks. This tells Google to search for the precise keywords in the prescribed order.
当你想搜索一个精确短语时，应该将整个短语用引号括起来。这告诉谷歌按照规定的顺序搜索这些精确的关键词。
For example, if you’re searching for Monty Python, you could enter monty python as your query, and you’d get acceptable results; the results will include pages that include both the words "monty" and "python." But these results will include not only pages about the British comedy troupe, but also pages about snakes named Monty, and guys named Monty who have snakes for pets, and any other pages where the words "monty" and "python" occur—anywhere in the page, even if they don’t appear adjacent to one another.
例如，如果你在搜索Monty Python，你可以输入monty python作为查询，你会得到可以接受的结果；这些结果将包括包含“monty”和“python”这两个词的页面。但这些结果不仅会包括关于英国喜剧团体的页面，还会包括名字叫Monty的蛇、以及有叫Monty的人养蛇作为宠物的页面，甚至任何包含“monty”和“python”这两个词的页面——即使它们并没有相邻出现。
To limit the results just to pages about the Monty Python troupe, you want to search for pages that include the two words in that precise order as a phrase. So you should enter the query "monty python"—making sure to surround the phrase with quotation marks. This way, if the word "monty" occurs at the top of a page and "python" occurs at the bottom, it won’t be listed in the search results.
为了将结果限制在关于Monty Python剧团的页面，你需要搜索包含这两个词按精确顺序排列的短语的页面。因此，你应该输入查询"monty python"——确保用引号将短语括起来。这样，如果“monty”一词出现在页面顶部而“python”一词出现在页面底部，它就不会被列入搜索结果。
Tip #6: List Similar Pages
技巧 #6：列出类似页面
Have you ever found a web page you really like, and then wondered if there were any more like it? Wonder no more; you can use Google’s related: operator to display pages that are in some way similar to the specified page. For example, if you really like the articles at InformIT, you can find similar pages by entering related:http://www.informit.com.
你是否曾经发现一个你非常喜欢的网页，然后想知道是否还有类似的网页？不用再疑惑了；你可以使用谷歌的related:运算符来显示某种程度上与指定页面相似的页面。例如，如果你非常喜欢InformIT上的文章，你可以通过输入related:http://www.informit.com来找到类似的页面。
Tip #7: Fine-Tune Your Search with Other Operators
技巧 #7：使用其他运算符精细调整搜索结果
The related: operator is just one of several operators you can use to fine-tune your Google search result. All these operators work the same way; enter the operator as part of your query, followed by the parameter for the operator directly after the colon (no spaces), like this: operator:parameter.
related:运算符只是你可以用来微调谷歌搜索结果的几个运算符之一。所有这些运算符的工作方式相同；将运算符作为查询的一部分输入，后面紧跟着参数，并在冒号之后直接输入参数（没有空格），如下所示：operator:parameter。
What search operators are available for your use? Here’s a short list:
有哪些搜索运算符可供你使用？这里是一个简短的列表：
|
Operator运算符 |
Use使用方法 |
Usage用法 |
|
allinanchor: |
Restricts search to words in the link text on web pages (with multiple keywords) 将搜索限制为网页链接文本中的单词（包含多个关键字） |
allinanchor:keyword1 keyword2 |
|
allintext: |
Restricts search to the body text of web pages (with multiple keywords) 将搜索限制为网页正文中的单词（包含多个关键字） |
allintext:keyword1 keyword2 |
|
allintitle: |
Restricts search to the titles only of web pages (with multiple keywords) 将搜索限制为仅网页标题中的单词（包含多个关键字） |
allintitle:keyword1 keyword2 |
|
allinurl: |
Restricts search to web page addresses (with multiple keywords) 将搜索限制为网页地址（包含多个关键字） |
inurl:keyword1 keyword2 |
|
filetype: |
Restricts search to files of a specified type 将搜索限制为指定类型的文件 |
filetype:extension |
|
inanchor: |
Restricts search to words in the link text on web pages 将搜索限制为网页链接文本中的单词 |
inanchor:keyword |
|
intext: |
Restricts search to the body text of web pages 将搜索限制为网页正文中的单词 |
intext:keyword |
|
intitle: |
Restricts search to the titles only of web pages 将搜索限制为仅网页标题中的单词 |
intitle:keyword |
|
inurl: |
Restricts search to web page addresses 将搜索限制为网页地址 |
inurl:keyword |
|
site: |
Restricts search to a specific domain or website 将搜索限制为特定域或网站 |
site:domain |
Tip #8: Search for Specific Facts 提示 #8：搜索具体事实
When you’re looking for hard facts, Google might be able to help. Yes, Google will always return a list of sites that match your specific query, but if you phrase your query correctly—and are searching for a fact that Google has pre-identified—you can get the precise information you need at the top of the search results page.
当你在寻找硬性事实时，谷歌可能会有所帮助。是的，谷歌总是会返回与您的具体查询匹配的网站列表，但如果您正确措辞查询，并且搜索的是谷歌已经预先识别的事实，您可以在搜索结果页面的顶部获得所需的精确信息。
What types of information are we talking about here? Fact-based information, such as birthdates, birthplaces, population, and so on. All you have to do is enter a query that states the fact you want to know. For example:
我们在这里谈论的是哪些类型的信息？基于事实的信息，例如出生日期、出生地点、人口等。您所需要做的只是输入一个陈述您想知道的事实的查询。例如：
- To find the population of San Francisco, enter population san Francisco.
- 要查找旧金山的人口，输入“population San Francisco”。
- To find where Mark Twain was born, enter birthplace mark twain.
- 要查找马克·吐温的出生地，输入“birthplace Mark Twain”。
- To find when President Bill Clinton was born, enter birthday bill clinton.
- 要查找比尔·克林顿总统的出生日期，输入“birthday Bill Clinton”。
- To find when Raymond Chandler died, enter die raymond chandler.
- 要查找雷蒙德·钱德勒的去世日期，输入“die Raymond Chandler”。
- To find who is the president of Germany, enter president germany.
- 要查找德国总统是谁，输入“president Germany”。
The answers to these questions are displayed at the top of your search results page. You get the precise answer to your question, according to the referenced website. Click the associated link to learn more from this source.
这些问题的答案会显示在搜索结果页面的顶部。根据引用的网站，您会得到问题的准确答案。点击相关链接，可以从该来源了解更多信息。
Tip #9: Search the Google Directory 提示 #9：搜索 Google 目录
Google indexes billions and billions of web pages in its search database—which more often than not produces an overwhelming number of search results. The quantity is there, but sometimes you’d rather have a few quality results.
谷歌在其搜索数据库中索引了数十亿个网页——这通常会产生大量的搜索结果。数量是有的，但有时你更希望得到少量的高质量结果。
When quality matters more than quantity, bypass the main Google search engine and use the Google Directory instead. The Google Directory is a relatively small database of web page listings, each of which is handpicked by a team of human editors. The listings in the Google Directory are then annotated and organized into relevant topic categories. You can browse the directory via category, or search for specific terms. 当质量比数量更重要时，可以绕过主要的谷歌搜索引擎，改用谷歌目录。谷歌目录是一个相对较小的网页列表数据库，每个网页都由一组人工编辑精选而出。谷歌目录中的列表会被注释并组织到相关的主题类别中。你可以通过类别浏览目录，或者搜索特定的术语。
The Google Directory is a useful alternative to searching the massive Google web page index. Google Directory results are more focused and of uniformly higher quality than what you find in the larger search index, and also help you to get a feel of what’s available in any given category. Plus, you get the advantage of browsing by category instead of searching, if that’s your style.
谷歌目录是搜索庞大谷歌网页索引的一个有用替代方案。谷歌目录的结果更集中且质量一致性更高，比你在较大搜索索引中找到的结果更好，并且还能帮助你了解任何给定类别中的可用内容。此外，如果你喜欢浏览而不是搜索，目录浏览方式也能让你受益。
To access the Google Directory, click the More link on the Google home page and then select Directory on the following page. Alternately, you can go directly to the Google Directory by entering directory.google.com in your web browser. 要访问谷歌目录，请点击谷歌首页上的“更多”链接，然后在随后的页面中选择“目录”。或者，你也可以在浏览器中直接输入 directory.google.com 以访问谷歌目录。
Tip #10: Use Google’s Other Specialized Searches
技巧 #10：使用谷歌的其他专业搜索功能
The Google Directory isn’t the only alternative Google offers to its main search engine. Depending on the type of search you’re doing, you may get better results by using one of Google’s more specialized search sites. These include:
谷歌目录并不是谷歌提供的唯一替代其主要搜索引擎的选项。根据你进行的搜索类型，使用谷歌的某些专业搜索网站可能会得到更好的结果。这些包括：- Froogle searches online shopping sites for the lowest prices on specific products.
- Froogle 搜索在线购物网站，寻找特定产品的最低价格。
- Google Answers is a paid service that directs your queries to a team of professional researchers—great for when you have more involved questions that you can’t answer with a simple search query.
- Google Answers 是一项付费服务，会将你的问题转交给一组专业研究人员处理——非常适合那些你无法通过简单搜索查询来解答的复杂问题。
- Google Apple Macintosh Search searches the main http://www.apple.com domain and other Apple-related sites.
- Google Apple Macintosh Search 搜索主要的
http://www.apple.com域名和其他与苹果相关的网站。 - Google Blog Search searches blogs and blog postings.
- Google Blog Search 搜索博客和博客文章。
- Google Book Search searches the full text of hundreds of thousands of fiction and non-fiction books.
- Google Book Search 搜索数十万本小说和非小说书籍的全文。
- Google BSD UNIX Search searches a variety of sites that specialize in the BSD version of the UNIX operating system.
- Google BSD UNIX Search 搜索各种专门介绍 BSD 版本 UNIX 操作系统的网站。
- Google Groups searches the UseNet archives for relevant articles and postings.
- Google Groups 搜索 UseNet 存档中的相关文章和帖子。
- Google Linux Search searches a variety of Linux-related sites.
- Google Linux Search 搜索各种与 Linux 相关的网站。
- Google Microsoft Search searches the main http://www.microsoft.com domain and other Microsoft-related sites.
- Google Microsoft Search 搜索主要的
http://www.microsoft.com域名和其他与微软相关的网站。 - Google News searches a variety of news sites for up-to-the-minute news headlines—as well as historical newspaper archives dating back two centuries.
- Google News 搜索各种新闻网站以获取即时新闻头条，同时也搜索追溯到两个世纪前的历史报纸档案。
- Google Scholar searches a database of scholarly journals, articles, papers, theses, and books, as well as select university and research libraries.
- Google Scholar 搜索学术期刊、文章、论文、学位论文和书籍的数据库，以及精选的大学和研究图书馆。
- Google U.S. Government Search searches a variety of U.S. government websites—which makes it the best place to search for official government forms, information, reports, and the like.
- Google U.S. Government Search 搜索各种美国政府网站——使其成为查找官方政府表格、信息、报告等的最佳地方。
- Google University Search searches a database of more than 600 university websites—great for finding course schedules, admission information, and the like.
- Google University Search 搜索包含超过600个大学网站的数据库——非常适合查找课程安排、入学信息等。