[Rust] Traits

Example 1:

trait AppendBar {
    fn append_bar(self) -> Self;
}

impl AppendBar for String {
    fn append_bar(mut self) -> Self {
        self.push_str("Bar");
        return self;
    }
}

fn main() {
    let s = String::from("Foo");
    let s = s.append_bar();
    println!("s: {}", s);
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn is_foo_bar() {
        assert_eq!(String::from("Foo").append_bar(), String::from("FooBar"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn is_bar_bar() {
        assert_eq!(
            String::from("").append_bar().append_bar(),
            String::from("BarBar")
        );
    }
}

Example 2

trait AppendBar {
    fn append_bar(self) -> Self;
}

// TODO: Implement trait `AppendBar` for a vector of strings.
impl AppendBar for Vec<String> {
    fn append_bar(mut self) -> Self {
        self.push(String::from("Bar"));
        self
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn is_vec_pop_eq_bar() {
        let mut foo = vec![String::from("Foo")].append_bar();
        assert_eq!(foo.pop().unwrap(), String::from("Bar"));
        assert_eq!(foo.pop().unwrap(), String::from("Foo"));
    }
}

Example 3: Default traits

pub trait Licensed {
    fn licensing_info(&self) -> String {
        "Some information".to_string()
    }
}

struct SomeSoftware {
    version_number: i32,
}

struct OtherSoftware {
    version_number: String,
}

impl Licensed for SomeSoftware {} // Don't edit this line
impl Licensed for OtherSoftware {} // Don't edit this line

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn is_licensing_info_the_same() {
        let licensing_info = String::from("Some information");
        let some_software = SomeSoftware { version_number: 1 };
        let other_software = OtherSoftware {
            version_number: "v2.0.0".to_string(),
        };
        assert_eq!(some_software.licensing_info(), licensing_info);
        assert_eq!(other_software.licensing_info(), licensing_info);
    }
}

Example 4: Dynmaic traits

pub trait Licensed {
    fn licensing_info(&self) -> String {
        "some information".to_string()
    }
}

struct SomeSoftware {}

struct OtherSoftware {}

impl Licensed for SomeSoftware {}
impl Licensed for OtherSoftware {}

// YOU MAY ONLY CHANGE THE NEXT LINE
fn compare_license_types(software: &dyn Licensed, software_two: &dyn Licensed) -> bool {
    software.licensing_info() == software_two.licensing_info()
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn compare_license_information() {
        let some_software = SomeSoftware {};
        let other_software = OtherSoftware {};

        assert!(compare_license_types(&some_software, &other_software));
    }

    #[test]
    fn compare_license_information_backwards() {
        let some_software = SomeSoftware {};
        let other_software = OtherSoftware {};

        assert!(compare_license_types(&other_software, &some_software));
    }
}

Example 5: Combine traits

pub trait SomeTrait {
    fn some_function(&self) -> bool {
        true
    }
}

pub trait OtherTrait {
    fn other_function(&self) -> bool {
        true
    }
}

// Define a new trait that requires both SomeTrait and OtherTrait
pub trait CombinedTrait: SomeTrait + OtherTrait {}

// Now, implement CombinedTrait for any struct that implements both SomeTrait and OtherTrait.
impl CombinedTrait for SomeStruct {}
impl CombinedTrait for OtherStruct {}

struct SomeStruct {}
struct OtherStruct {}

impl SomeTrait for SomeStruct {}
impl OtherTrait for SomeStruct {}
impl SomeTrait for OtherStruct {}
impl OtherTrait for OtherStruct {}

// Adjust the function to accept a reference to any object that implements CombinedTrait
fn some_func(item: &dyn CombinedTrait) -> bool {
    item.some_function() && item.other_function()
}

fn main() {
    some_func(&SomeStruct {});
    some_func(&OtherStruct {});
}