nova中各个组件之间的交互是通过“消息队列”来实现的，其中一种实现方法就是使用RabbitMQ，对RabbitMQ的使用，官方文档上有一个非常好的Get Started，由浅及深，结合例子，很容易理解。现在对RabbitMQ的理解，就是利用它可以非常灵活的定制自己想要实现的消息收发机制。
其中，有这样几个角色：producer, consumer, exchange, queue
producer是消息发送者，consumer是消息接受者，中间要通过exchange和queue。producer将消息发送给exchange，exchange决定消息的路由，即决定要将消息发送给哪个queue，然后consumer从queue中取出消息，进行处理，大致流程如下图：
这几个角色当中，我觉得最关键的是这个exchange，它有3种类型：direct, topic, fanout。其中，功能最强大的就是topic，用它完全可以实现direct和fanout的功能。
direct是单条件的路由，即在exchange判断要将消息发送给哪个queue时，判断的依据只能是一个条件;
fanout是广播式的路由，即将消息发送给所有的queue;
topic是多条件的路由，转发消息时，依据的条件是多个，所以只使用topic就可以实现direct和fanout的功能。
上面所说的“条件”，反映到程序中，就是routing_key，这个routing_key出现在两个地方：
1. 每一个发送的消息都有一个routing_key，表示发送的是一个什么样的消息；
2. 每一个queue要和exchange绑定，绑定的时候要提供一个routing_key，表示这个queue想要接收什么样的消息。
这样，exchange就可以根据routing_key，来将消息发送到合适的queue中。
基本的思路就这些吧，下面来看一下官方文档上的那由浅及深的六个例子：
（我很喜欢这种风格的文档，整体由浅及深，适合初学者，其次文章没有大量的生僻词汇，而且例子+图片，比较容易懂，更好的是文章还带点小小的幽默，不由得让人汇心一笑，感觉老外做事就是认真细腻，希望自己也能养成这样的风格）
1. Hello World
最简单的情况，发一个消息，接收，打印出来这个消息。
send.py：
#!/usr/bin/env python
import pika
# 1. Establish a connection with RabbitMQ server.
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
'localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()
# 2. Create a queue to which the message will be delivered, let's name it 'hello'
channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')
# 3. Use a default exchange identified by an empty string, which allows us to specify
# exactly to which queue the message should go. The queue name needs to be specified
# in the routing_key parameter:
channel.basic_publish(exchange='',
routing_key='hello',
body='Hello World!')
print " [x] Sent 'Hello World!'"
# 4. Close the connection
connection.close()recv.py：
#!/usr/bin/env python
import pika
# 1. Establish a connection with RabbitMQ server
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
host='localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()
# 2. Make sure that the queue exists,run the command as many times as we like, and only one will be created.
channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')
print ' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C'
# 3. Define a callback function.Whenever we receive a message,
# this callback function is called by the Pika library.
def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
print " [x] Received %r" % (body,)
# 4. Subscribe the callback function to a queue.
# Tell RabbitMQ that this particular callback function should receive messages from our hello queue.
channel.basic_consume(callback,
queue='hello',
no_ack=True)
# 5. Enter a never-ending loop that waits for data and runs callbacks whenever necessary.
channel.start_consuming()
2. 多个consumer
这个例子跟第一个例子基本上一样，只是启动了多个consumer，并且模拟真实情况，即发送的消息使得consumer在短时间内不能完成工作。在这种情况下，多个consumer是如何协调工作的呢？其实，这些都是可以在程序中进行控制的。
send.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
import pika
import sys
# 1. Establish a connection with RabbitMQ server.
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
'localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()
# 2. Create a queue to which the message will be delivered, let's name it 'hello'
# 'durable=True' makes the queue persistent
channel.queue_declare(queue='task_queue',durable=True)
message=' '.join(sys.argv[1:]) or "Hello World!"
# 3. Use a default exchange identified by an empty string, which allows us to specify
# exactly to which queue the message should go. The queue name needs to be specified
# in the routing_key parameter:
channel.basic_publish(exchange='',
routing_key='task_queue',
body=message,
properties=pika.BasicProperties(
delivery_mode = 2, # make message persistent
))
print " [x] Sent %r" % (message,)
# 4. Close the connection
connection.close()
recv.py:
#!/usr/bin/env python
import pika
import time
# 1. Establish a connection with RabbitMQ server
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
host='localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()
# 2. Make sure that the queue exists,run the command as many times as we like, and only one will be created.
# 'durable=True' makes the queue persistent
channel.queue_declare(queue='task_queue',durable=True)
print ' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C'
# 3. Define a callback function.Whenever we receive a message,
# this callback function is called by the Pika library.
#
# Send a ack to tell rabbitmq a task is done, then it can release the message.
# If a worker dies, rabbitmq fail to receive the ack, it will redeliver the message to another worker.
# Remember to write the last line code, or rabbitmq will eat more and more memory.
def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
print " [x] Received %r" % (body,)
time.sleep(body.count('.'))
print "[x] Done"
ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag)
# Fair dispatch: Tell rabbitmq not give a worker more than one messages at a time
channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)
# 4. Subscribe the callback function to a queue.
# Tell RabbitMQ that this particular callback function should receive messages from our hello queue.
channel.basic_consume(callback,
queue='task_queue',
no_ack=False)# turn on the (ack)onwledgment, default is False
# 5. Enter a never-ending loop that waits for data and runs callbacks whenever necessary.
channel.start_consuming()
3. fanout exchange的例子：
send.py:
#!/usr/bin/env python
import pika
import sys
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
host='localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()
# declare a exchange, type is fanout(means broadcast),named 'logs'.
# exchange is used to receive messages form producer, and send messages to queue.
# there are four exchange types: direct, topic, headers and fanout
channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs',
type='fanout')
message = ' '.join(sys.argv[1:]) or "info: Hello World!"
channel.basic_publish(exchange='logs',
routing_key='', #routing_key is '', because 'fanout' exchange will ignore its value.
body=message)
print " [x] Sent %r" % (message,)
connection.close()
recv.py:
#!/usr/bin/env python
import pika
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
host='localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()
# if a exchange named 'logs' have not declared yet, then declare one,
# or just use the existed exchange.
channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs',
type='fanout')
# declare a temporary queue with a random name
# 'exclusive=True' flag will delete the queue when the consumer dies.
result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True)
queue_name = result.method.queue
# bind the queue to the exchange, to tell the exchange to send messages to our queue.
channel.queue_bind(exchange='logs',
queue=queue_name)
print ' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C'
def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
print " [x] %r" % (body,)
channel.basic_consume(callback,
queue=queue_name,
no_ack=True)
channel.start_consuming()
4. direct exchange的例子：
需要注意，一个queue是可以和同一个exchange多次绑定的，每次绑定要用不同的routing_key
send.py:
#!/usr/bin/env python
import pika
import sys
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
host='localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()
# declare a exchange, type is direct, named 'logs'.
channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs',
type='direct')
severity = sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else 'info'
message = ' '.join(sys.argv[2:]) or 'Hello World!'
# a message is sent to the direct exchange with a routing_key.
# a message is identified by the routing_key.
channel.basic_publish(exchange='direct_logs',
routing_key=severity,
body=message)
print " [x] Sent %r:%r" % (severity, message)
connection.close()
recv.py:
#!/usr/bin/env python
import pika
import sys
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
host='localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()
# declare a direct exchange named 'direct_logs'
channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs',
type='direct')
result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True)
queue_name = result.method.queue
severities = sys.argv[1:]
if not severities:
print >> sys.stderr, "Usage: %s [info] [warning] [error]" % \
(sys.argv[0],)
sys.exit(1)
# Bind the queue to the direct exchange,
# 'routing_key' flag tells the direct exchange which kind of message it wants to receive.
# A queue can bind multiple times to the same direct exchange with different routing_keys,
# which means it wants to receive several kinds of messages.
for severity in severities:
channel.queue_bind(exchange='direct_logs',
queue=queue_name,
routing_key=severity)
print ' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C'
def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
print " [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body,)
channel.basic_consume(callback,
queue=queue_name,
no_ack=True)
channel.start_consuming()
5. topic exchange的例子
这里的routing_key可以使用一种类似正则表达式的形式，但是特殊字符只能是“*”和“#”，“*”代表一个单词，“#”代表0个或是多个单词。这样发送过来的消息如果符合某个queue的routing_key定义的规则，那么就会转发给这个queue。如下图示例：
send.py:
#!/usr/bin/env python
import pika
import sys
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
host='localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()
# declare a exchange, type is topic, named 'topic_logs'.
# topic exchange allows to do routing based on multiple criteria.
channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_logs',
type='topic')
severity = sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else 'anonymous.info'
message = ' '.join(sys.argv[2:]) or 'Hello World!'
# a message is sent to the topic exchange with a routing_key.
# a message is identified by the routing_key.
# the topic routing_key can be like 'topic.host','topic.topic1.topic3', etc
# also can use '*'(one word) and '#'(zero or more words) to substitute word(s).
channel.basic_publish(exchange='topic_logs',
routing_key=severity,
body=message)
print " [x] Sent %r:%r" % (severity, message)
connection.close()
recv.py:
#!/usr/bin/env python
import pika
import sys
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
host='localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()
# declare a topic exchange named 'topic_logs'
channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_logs',
type='topic')
result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True)
queue_name = result.method.queue
binding_keys = sys.argv[1:]
if not binding_keys:
print >> sys.stderr, "Usage: %s [binding_key]..." % (sys.argv[0],)
sys.exit(1)
# Bind the queue to the topic exchange,
# 'routing_key' flag tells the topic exchange which kind of message it wants to receive.
# A queue can bind multiple times to the same direct exchange with different routing_keys,
# which means it wants to receive several kinds of messages.
for binding_key in binding_keys:
channel.queue_bind(exchange='topic_logs',
queue=queue_name,
routing_key=binding_key)
print ' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C'
def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
print " [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body,)
channel.basic_consume(callback,
queue=queue_name,
no_ack=True)
channel.start_consuming()
6. PRC(Remote Procedure Call，远程过程调用)
目前对这个的理解就是发送一个消息，然后还要得到一个结果，即消息要走一个来回。如下图所示：
client.py:
#!/usr/bin/env python
import pika
import uuid
class FibonacciRpcClient(object):
def __init__(self):
self.connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
host='localhost'))
self.channel = self.connection.channel()
result = self.channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True)
self.callback_queue = result.method.queue
self.channel.basic_consume(self.on_response, no_ack=True,
queue=self.callback_queue)
def on_response(self, ch, method, props, body):
if self.corr_id == props.correlation_id:
self.response = body
def call(self, n):
self.response = None
self.corr_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
self.channel.basic_publish(exchange='',
routing_key='rpc_queue',
properties=pika.BasicProperties(
reply_to = self.callback_queue,
correlation_id = self.corr_id,
),
body=str(n))
while self.response is None:
self.connection.process_data_events()
return int(self.response)
fibonacci_rpc = FibonacciRpcClient()
print " [x] Requesting fib(30)"
response = fibonacci_rpc.call(30)
print " [.] Got %r" % (response,)
server.py:
#!/usr/bin/env python
import pika
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
host='localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()
channel.queue_declare(queue='rpc_queue')
def fib(n):
if n == 0:
return 0
elif n == 1:
return 1
else:
return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)
def on_request(ch, method, props, body):
n = int(body)
print " [.] fib(%s)" % (n,)
response = fib(n)
ch.basic_publish(exchange='',
routing_key=props.reply_to,
properties=pika.BasicProperties(correlation_id = \
props.correlation_id),
body=str(response))
ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag)
channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)
channel.basic_consume(on_request, queue='rpc_queue')
print " [x] Awaiting RPC requests"
channel.start_consuming()
几个RabbitMQ相关的命令：
1. 查看RabbitMQ中有多少个queue，以及每个queue中有多少个消息：
$ sudo rabbitmqctl list_queues
2. 查看RabbitMQ中exchange的情况：
$ sudo rabbitmqctl list_exchanges
3. 查看RabbitMQ中exchange和queue绑定情况：
$ sudo rabbitmqctl list_bindings
4. 启动/停止RabbitMQ:
$ sudo invoke-rc.d rabbitmq-server stop/start/etc.