二.情态动词的基本用法
1. can (could)
1) 表示能力,could主要指过去时间。例如:
① Two eyes can see more than one. 两只眼比一只眼看得清。
② Could the girl read before she went to school? 这女孩上学前能识字吗?
2) 表示可能(理论上或是逻辑判断上)。例如:~,>_K
① He can’t (couldn’t) have enough money for a new car. 他不可能有足够的钱买新车。
② You mustn’t smoke while you’re walking around in the wood. You could start a fire. 在林子里走时勿吸烟,那样可能会引起火灾。
3) 表示允许。例如:
① Can I have a look at your new pen? 我可以看一看你的新钢笔吗?
② He asked whether he could take the book out of the reading—room. 他问他可不可以把书带出阅览室。
4) 表惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。例如:
① Where can (could) they have gone to? 他们会去哪儿了呢?
② How can you be so careless? 你怎么这么粗心?
5) 比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。例如:
① Can (Could) you lend me a hand? 帮我一把好吗?.
② I’m afraid we couldn’t give you an answer today. 恐怕我们今天不能给你答复。
2.may (might)
1) 表允许,might可以指过去时间,也可指现在时间,语气更委婉。例如:
① You may take whatever you like.你喜欢什么就拿什么。
② May (Might) I ask for a photo of your baby? 我可以要一张你宝宝的照片吗?
在回答以may引起的问句时,多避免用这个词,而用其它方式,如Yes, please. / Certainly. / Please don’t. / You’d better not. / No, you mustn’t.等,以免显得太严峻或不客气。
2) 表可能(事实上)。可以指过去时间,也可以指现在时间,但语气更加不肯定。例如:
① He may be at home. 他可能在家。\
② She may not know about it. 她可能不知道这件事。
must
1) 表示义务。意为“必须”(主观意志)。例如:
① We must do everything step by step. 我们一切都必须循序渐进地做。
② --Must we hand in our exercise books now?我们现在就要交练习本吗?
--No, you needn’t. / No, you don’t have to. 不必。
4) 表示揣测。意为“想必、准是、一定”等,只用于肯定句。例如:
① He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他准是病了。他的脸色苍白。
② She’s wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money. 她戴着钻石项链,一定很有钱。:
3.shall
1) 表征询意见,用于第一、第三人称疑问句。例如:
① Shall I get you some tea? 我给你点茶好吗?
② Shall the boy wait outside? 让那男孩在外面等吗?
2) 表说话人的意愿,有“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思,用于第二、第三人称陈述句。例如:
① You shall do as I say. 按我说的做。(命令)
② You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答复。(允诺)
③ He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. 有一天他会后悔的,我告诉你。(警告)
④ Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan. 什么也不能阻止我们执行这项计划。(决心)
4.will
1) 表意愿,用于各种人称陈述句。例如:
① I will do anything for you. 我愿为你做任何事。
② None is so blind as those who won’t see. 不愿看的人眼最瞎。
③ If you will read the book, I’ll lend it to you. 如果你愿意读这本书,我会把它借给你。
2) 表请求,用于疑问句。例如:
① Will you close the window? 请你把窗户关上好吗?
② Won’t you drink some more coffee? 再来一点咖啡好吗?
3) 表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。例如:
① Fish will die out of water. 鱼离开水就不能活。
② The door won’t open. 这门打不开。
5. should
1) 表义务。意为“应该”(某件事宜于做),用于各种人称。例如:
① You should be polite to your teachers. 你对老师应该有礼貌。
② You shouldn’t waste any time. 你不应该浪费时间。
2) 表推测,意为“想必一定、照说应该、估计”等。例如:
① The film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors. 这部新电影是一流演员主演的,估计拍得很好。
② They should be home by now. 照说他们现在应当已经到家了。
3)(表示不确定)万一。例如:
① If I should see him, I'll tell him. 万一我见到他,我就告诉他。
② If it should rain tomorrow, the sports meeting would be postponed. 万一明天下雨,比赛就延期举行。"
6. would
1) 表意愿。例如::
① They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed. 他们不让他进去因为他衣着破旧。
② I said I would do anything for you. 我说过我愿意为你做任何事。
2) 表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。例如:
① Would you mind cleaning the window? 请把窗户擦一下好吗?
② They wouldn’t have anything against it. 他们不会有什么反对意见。
3) 表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。例如::
Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help. 她每遇到麻烦都会向她求助。他告诉我盒子打不开了。
7.ought to
1) 表义务,意为“应该”(因责任、义务等该做),口气比should稍重。例如:
① You are his father. You ought to take care of him.你是他父亲,应当管他。
② You oughtn’t to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。
2) 表推测,暗含很大的可能,语气较弱。例如:
① Han Mei ought to know his telephone number. 韩梅该知道他的电话号码。
② There’s a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow. 今天有晚霞,明天应该是个好天。
8. used to
表示过去的习惯动作或状态,现在不复发生或存在。疑问式和否定式有两种。例如:i
① There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down. 街道拐角处过去有座楼房,现在拆了。
② I usedn’t (didn’t use) to smoke. 我过去不抽烟。j }F
③ Used you (Did you use) to go to school on foot? 你过去常步行去学校吗?
http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/30156094.html
情态动词所表达的可能性程度:must/can't should/shouldn't might/may (not)
另外两个"类情态词的形式:"need/needn't; have to/don't have to
最自然的虚拟状态:由should/would+原型时态(不含时间只含状态)
本质上是过去将来时:即,时间固定在过去将来,状态不同:一般、进行、完成、完成进行。
这时"虚拟语气"的产生往往是因为我们要表达"本来应该……"(而现在却还没有……)
(本来可以……,本来能……)
I should go! (… but I'm still here!) (一般)
I should be working now! (进行)
I should have practiced more (than I did)! (完成)
我应该多多练习!(言下之意,现在我练习得不多。)
I shouldn't dream away my time too much! (完成的否定)
(actually I did dream away my time too much!)
It shouldn't have been leaking for such a long time! (完成进行)
I may/might/could have finished! (完成)
一些常见的句型中,就会出现这种虚拟语气,而处于从句之中,should 常常被省略掉
o suggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan;
o demand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide;
o require, request;
o think, expect, believe, insist, suspect.
由于他们的含义中包含"建议,假设,应该"这类的含义,所以,由他们引起的从句中,就会包含有should+原型时态构成的虚拟语气。
这些动词(以及他们的名次形式,分词形式)引起的从句还有其他的变形:
主语从句,表语从句,同位语从句
It's suggested that…
My suggestion is that…
The only suggestion that...
The only suggestion I can give you now is that…
一些形容词引起的表语从句中,也会有同样的情况
important; necessary; essential
It's natural ; strange; incredible that
a pity; a shame; no wonder
由lest, for fear that, in case 引起的从句中多使用should
表达与事实相反
1. 与现在相反:使用[过去时]:
I wish I were not here! (一般现在一般过去)
Suppose we were not here.
He loved me as if I were his own son. (一般现在一般过去)
Hope I weren't always losing things! (现在进行过去进行)
If only/If I hadn't been there! (现在完成过去完成)
What if I hadn't been waiting right here! (现在完成进行过去完成进行)
常考句型:It's (high) time (that)…; would rather (that)…
这两个从句,只能表达对现在的看法,所以,从句中只有一般过去时。
2. 与过去相反:过去完成时;
How nice it is if I had past the test!
How nice it is if I had slept a little more this morning!
3. 与将来相反?将来的事情没有发生,所以只能推测。
If it rains tomorrow, we'll have to stay one day more.
不过,由于可以用be to表示将来;所以,虚拟语气中经常出现were to;也是CET-4的常考语法点。
虚拟条件句
o if 部分,做一个与事实相反的假设(所以只有一般过去和过去完成);
o 主句部分,这是表示基于这个假设的推测,一般使用情态动词would,少数情况下使用could/might/may。
o 注意:两个部分之间,是有逻辑关系,而在两部分的谓语动词时态上,没有必然的联系。
注意,虚拟条件句中的if可以省略,造成were/had提前,产生倒装。
隐含的非真实条件
What would you do with 50 thousand dollar?
How could I be happy without you?
除了条件状语从句之外,原因状语从句也会出现虚拟语气。
o 由in order that, so that引起的从句,肯定的时候可以使用may/might; can/could; 否定的时候,多用shouldn't;
o whoever, whatever, no matter what引起的从句中,多用may+
情态动词的基本用法及其区别
最近几年高考试题中常常借助语境来考查情态动词的基本用法及其区别,因此在平时学习时准确理解和掌握情态动词的基本用法十分重要。情态动词的用法复杂多变,在高考试题中,命题者常常利用语境和句子之间意义上的细微差别来考查学生对情态动词的理解和掌握。对于情态动词,除了要求考生能够准确掌握它们的基本用法外,还要充分利用高考试题所设置的语境来分析句子之间所体现的特殊关系。下面就近几年来高考试题中出现的情态动词的考点进行归纳分析,以便同学们复习掌握。
一、用“情态动词+have +done”结构表示对过去动作的推测,高考试题中常用过去时态或过去的时间状语给以暗示。情态动词的这一用法可以用 “对立统一”来概括。
1.当试题的前句和后句在动作和意义上相互补充说明,且整个句意在动作和时间上是一个整体时,我们可用“统一”关系来解决这样的试题。常见的结构有:
must have done:
表示对过去动作的肯定推测,常译作“一定做了……”,只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式为can’t/couldn’t have done
疑问式为Can/Could...have done?。
could /might have done:表示对过去发生的动作的可能性推测,常译作“可能做了……”。如:
1) My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he
_____ your lecture.
A. couldn’t have attended
B. needn’t have attended
C. mustn’t have attended
D. shouldn’t have attended
本题选A。
2) Jack ____ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me.
A. mustn’t have arrived
B. shouldn’t have arrived
C. can’t have arrived
D. need not have arrived (C)
2.当试题的前后句在动作和意义上构成转折关系时,常借助“but, however, instead”等词来表示过去的动作与客观事实不符,这时我们就可以用“对立”关系来解决这样的试题。这种结构常见的有:
should have done / ought to have done:表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做。
should not have done / ought not to have done:表示过去本不应该做某事但事实上却做了。
need have done:表示过去本来有必要去做某事,但事实上没有做。
need not have done:表示过去本来没有必要做某事,但事实上却做了。如:
3) I was really anxious about you. You _____ home without a word.
(NMET2001)
A. mustn’t leave B. shouldn’t have left
C. couldn’t have left D. needn’t leave
“本不应该离家出走却走了”,故本题选B。
4) I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I _____ for her.
(NMET’94)
A. had to write it out
B. must have written it out
C. should have written it out
D. ought to write it out
由句中的连词but可知前后句之间是对立关系,分析题意可知本题应选C。
二、考查情态动词基本用法之间的比较和辨析。最近几年高考试题中常借助具体的语境来考查考生对那些最常见的情态动词的基本用法的理解和掌握,因此在做这样的试题时应认真分析语境中所含的实际意义,并结合情态动词的基本含义和用法做出正确的选择。
5) —Is John coming by train?
—He should, but he ______ not. He likes driving his car.
A. must B. can C. need D. may
mustn’t 表示“禁止、不准”;cannot 表示“不可能”;need not 表示“不必要”;may not
表示“可能不”。分析语境可知本题应选D。
6) —I hear you’ve got a set of valuable Australian coins. ______ I have a look?
—Yes, certainly.
A. Do B. May C. Shall D. Should
分析语境可知这是在征求对方的许可,may表示“允许、可以”,语气比较委婉 shall常用于第一、三人称作主语的疑问句中,表示征求对方意见和指示,如果此空用shall,则意为“要(我)看一下吗?”,不符合上下文意思。故本题选B。
7) Mr Bush is on time for everything. How ____ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony?
A. can B. should C. may D. must
must be 表示肯定的猜测,只能用于肯定句中,由题意可知本题应选A。
8) —Are you coming to Jeff’s party?
—I’m not sure. I ____ go to the concert instead.
A. must B. would C. should D. might
由题意和下句中的 “I’m not sure”
可知这段对话中存在一种可能性推测,might可以用来表示一种比较委婉的可能性判断,故本题选D。又如: I should have been there, but I _____ not find the time.
A. would B. could C. might D. should
分析题意可知第二个分句表示过去的某种能力;C 项只表示语气上的可能性,与题意不符。故本题选B。
9) Johnny, you ____ play with the knife, you ____ hurt yourself.
A. won’t; can’t B. mustn’t; may
C. shouldn’t; must D. can’t; shouldn’t
mustn’t 表示“不可以;禁止”,分析题意可知第二个空表示某种可能性,故本题选B。
10) —Will you stay for lunch?
—Sorry, ______. My brother is coming to see me.
A. I mustn’t B. I can’t
C. I needn’t D. I won’t
分析题意可知因为“我弟弟要来看我”,所以“不能留下”,因此对别人的邀请或要求应给予礼貌的拒绝。A 项表示“禁止”;C项表示“不必要”;而D项表示“不会”,均不符合题意。故本题选B。又如:
—Could I borrow your dictionary?
—Yes, of course you _____.
A. might B. will C. can D. should (C)
11)—When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
—They _____ be ready by 1200.
A. can B. should C. might D. need
该题考查情态动词should的基本含义,分析句意可知本题应选B。又如:
12) The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ____ get out.(
A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to
该题考查了could和be able to的区别,二者都可表示过去时间的能力,但如果表示过去成功地做了某事只能使用was / were able to do,故本题选D。
13) —Shall I tell John about it ?
—No, you _____. I’ve told him already.
A. needn’t B. wouldn’t C. mustn’t D. shouldn’t
情态动词shall在试题中表示征询对方意见或请求指示。答句暗示 “没有必要了”,故本题选A
=====================
① would have to用于虚拟语气,用于主观情感不是很强烈 will have to用于将来时,与would have to比较,更显示主观性 have to用于现在时,用于客观必须要作的,相对于主观的must . 通过例子来帮助你理解: I have to go for my sister is waiting for me. 是因为别人等你的客观原因你需要走 I must have dinner for I am very hungry。 是因为你肚子饿的主观原因才去吃饭的。 以下情景是员工答复老板: I will do the job well. (双手握紧),自信而肯定地对老板说 I would do the job well. (低着头),缺少自信,似乎是应付地对老板说 ② would have to是"有必要去.."语气客气 will have to是"将会去做(必须)"语气带命令,用于上级对下级,老师对学生 have to是"应该去"用于自己对他人解释时说的
标签:would,may,could,从句,should,动词,must From: https://blog.51cto.com/u_16174476/6905869