首页 > 其他分享 >Raid 独立磁盘冗余阵列

Raid 独立磁盘冗余阵列

时间：2023-06-18 15:55:04浏览次数：41  
标签：Raid centos 阵列 bytes dev localhost 512 root 冗余

Raid存储的实现

概念：

RAID （ Redundant Array of Independent Disks ）即独立磁盘冗余阵列，简称为「磁盘阵列」，其实就是用多个独立的磁盘组成在一起形成一个大的磁盘系统，从而实现比单块磁盘更好的存储性能和更高的可靠性。

种类：

Raid 0：至少需要两块硬盘，磁盘越多，读写速度越快，没有冗余。

Raid 1：只能用两块硬盘，两块硬盘的数据互为镜像(写慢，读快)，一块磁盘冗余。

Raid 5：至少需要3块硬盘，一块磁盘冗余。它是最通行的配置方式。具有奇偶校验的数据恢复功能的数据存贮方式。奇偶校验数据块分布于阵列里的各个硬盘中。

Raid 6：至少需要4块硬盘，2块磁盘冗余,硬盘的总数大于等于4即可。

Raid 10：至少需要4块硬盘，冗余一半的硬盘数量，但是硬盘的总数必须是大于或等于4的偶数（相当于每两块硬盘做一个Raid0，然后把各个Raid0做成一个Raid1）。

Raid 50：至少需要6块硬盘，磁盘的冗余相当于每三个硬盘做了一个Raid5，然后，每个Raid5又组合成了Raid0（Raid5中有一个硬盘冗余，即使坏了也不会破坏Raid0），所以，Raid50的磁盘的 冗余硬盘数量=磁盘总数÷3 。

Raid 60：至少需要8块硬盘

raid 0的创建

RAID0 是一种非常简单的的方式，它将多块磁盘组合在一起形成一个大容量的存储。当我们要写数据的时候，会将数据分为N份，以独立的方式实现N块磁盘的读写，那么这N份数据会同时并发的写到磁盘中，因此执行性能非常的高。RAID0 的读写性能理论上是单块磁盘的N倍（仅限理论，因为实际中磁盘的寻址时间也是性能占用的大头）

但RAID0的问题是，它并不提供数据校验或冗余备份，因此一旦某块磁盘损坏了，数据就直接丢失，无法恢复了。因此RAID0就不可能用于高要求的业务中，但可以用在对可靠性要求不高，对读写性能要求高的场景中。

添加4块硬盘，每块50G

  • 显示

    image-20230318132224453

  • 命令查看

    [root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0   200G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0     1G  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   199G  0 part 
  ├─centos-root 253:0    0    50G  0 lvm  /
  ├─centos-swap 253:1    0   7.9G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
  └─centos-home 253:2    0 141.1G  0 lvm  
sdb               8:16   0    50G  0 disk 
sdc               8:32   0    50G  0 disk 
sdd               8:48   0    50G  0 disk 
sde               8:64   0    50G  0 disk 
sr0              11:0    1   4.2G  0 rom

  • 下载mdadm命令

    #检索
[root@localhost ~]# yum provides *bin/mdadm
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.cqu.edu.cn
 * extras: mirrors.cqu.edu.cn
 * updates: mirrors.cqu.edu.cn
base                                                                                                          | 3.6 kB  00:00:00     
extras                                                                                                        | 2.9 kB  00:00:00     
updates                                                                                                       | 2.9 kB  00:00:00     
updates/7/x86_64/primary_db                                                                                   |  20 MB  00:00:07     
mdadm-4.1-6.el7.x86_64 : The mdadm program controls Linux md devices (software RAID arrays)
Repo        : base
Matched from:
Filename    : /usr/sbin/mdadm



updates/7/x86_64/filelists_db                                                                                 |  11 MB  00:00:04     
mdadm-4.1-7.el7_9.x86_64 : The mdadm program controls Linux md devices (software RAID arrays)
Repo        : updates
Matched from:
Filename    : /usr/sbin/mdadm



mdadm-4.1-8.el7_9.x86_64 : The mdadm program controls Linux md devices (software RAID arrays)
Repo        : updates
Matched from:
Filename    : /usr/sbin/mdadm



mdadm-4.1-9.el7_9.x86_64 : The mdadm program controls Linux md devices (software RAID arrays)
Repo        : updates
Matched from:
Filename    : /usr/sbin/mdadm

#安装
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install mdadm
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.cqu.edu.cn
 * extras: mirrors.cqu.edu.cn
 * updates: mirrors.cqu.edu.cn
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package mdadm.x86_64 0:4.1-9.el7_9 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: libreport-filesystem for package: mdadm-4.1-9.el7_9.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
......

  • 用两块磁盘创建raid 0

    [root@localhost ~]# mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level 0 --raid-device 2 /dev/sd{b,c}
mdadm: Fail to create md0 when using /sys/module/md_mod/parameters/new_array, fallback to creation via node
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.
[root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE  MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0   200G  0 disk  
├─sda1            8:1    0     1G  0 part  /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   199G  0 part  
  ├─centos-root 253:0    0    50G  0 lvm   /
  ├─centos-swap 253:1    0   7.9G  0 lvm   [SWAP]
  └─centos-home 253:2    0 141.1G  0 lvm   
sdb               8:16   0    50G  0 disk  
└─md0             9:0    0   100G  0 raid0 
sdc               8:32   0    50G  0 disk  
└─md0             9:0    0   100G  0 raid0 
sdd               8:48   0    50G  0 disk  
sde               8:64   0    50G  0 disk  
sr0              11:0    1   4.2G  0 rom

  • 格式化md0，并挂载

    #格式化
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/md0 
meta-data=/dev/md0               isize=512    agcount=16, agsize=1637248 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=26195968, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=128    swidth=256 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=12792, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=8 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0

#挂载
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /raid0
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/md0 /raid0
[root@localhost ~]# df -hT
Filesystem              Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root xfs        50G   14G   37G  28% /
devtmpfs                devtmpfs  3.8G     0  3.8G   0% /dev
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G   12M  3.8G   1% /run
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1               xfs      1014M  142M  873M  14% /boot
tmpfs                   tmpfs     781M     0  781M   0% /run/user/0
/dev/md0                xfs       100G   33M  100G   1% /raid0

  • 添加到开机自启动配置文件里面

    [root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/md0
/dev/md0: UUID="cc930653-5ab7-43a0-87e4-6906c3d1bd98" TYPE="xfs" 
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/fstab
/dev/mapper/centos-root /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=60defebd-6b85-43da-b5ce-1977bac72048 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
#/dev/mapper/centos-home /home                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
UUID=cc930653-5ab7-43a0-87e4-6906c3d1bd98    /raid0     xfs    defaults  0 0

raid 1的创建

RAID1 是磁盘阵列中单位成本最高的一种方式。因为它的原理是在往磁盘写数据的时候，将同一份数据无差别的写两份到磁盘，分别写到工作磁盘和镜像磁盘，那么它的实际空间使用率只有50%了，两块磁盘当做一块用，这是一种比较昂贵的方案。

RAID1其实与RAID0效果刚好相反。RAID1 这种写双份的做法，就给数据做了一个冗余备份。这样的话，任何一块磁盘损坏了，都可以再基于另外一块磁盘去恢复数据，数据的可靠性非常强，但性能就没那么好了。

  • 两块磁盘创建raid 1

    [root@localhost ~]# mdadm --create /dev/md1 --level 1 --raid-device 2 /dev/sd{e,f}
mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and
    may not be suitable as a boot device.  If you plan to
    store '/boot' on this device please ensure that
    your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use
    --metadata=0.90
mdadm: cannot open /dev/sdf: No such file or directory
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm --create /dev/md1 --level 1 --raid-device 2 /dev/sd{d,e}
mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and
    may not be suitable as a boot device.  If you plan to
    store '/boot' on this device please ensure that
    your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use
    --metadata=0.90
Continue creating array? y
mdadm: Fail to create md1 when using /sys/module/md_mod/parameters/new_array, fallback to creation via node
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md1 started.

  • 查看，并格式化挂载

    #查看
[root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE  MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0   200G  0 disk  
├─sda1            8:1    0     1G  0 part  /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   199G  0 part  
  ├─centos-root 253:0    0    50G  0 lvm   /
  ├─centos-swap 253:1    0   7.9G  0 lvm   [SWAP]
  └─centos-home 253:2    0 141.1G  0 lvm   
sdb               8:16   0    50G  0 disk  
└─md0             9:0    0   100G  0 raid0 
sdc               8:32   0    50G  0 disk  
└─md0             9:0    0   100G  0 raid0 
sdd               8:48   0    50G  0 disk  
└─md1             9:1    0    50G  0 raid1 
sde               8:64   0    50G  0 disk  
└─md1             9:1    0    50G  0 raid1 
sr0              11:0    1   4.2G  0 rom   

#格式化
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/md1
meta-data=/dev/md1               isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=3274688 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=13098752, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=6395, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0

#挂载
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /raid1
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/md1 /raid1
[root@localhost ~]# df -hT
Filesystem              Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root xfs        50G   14G   37G  28% /
devtmpfs                devtmpfs  3.8G     0  3.8G   0% /dev
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G   12M  3.8G   1% /run
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1               xfs      1014M  142M  873M  14% /boot
tmpfs                   tmpfs     781M     0  781M   0% /run/user/0
/dev/md1                xfs        50G   33M   50G   1% /raid1

  • 添加到开机自启动配置文件里

    [root@localhost ~]# umount /raid1
[root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/md1
/dev/md1: UUID="401222a9-5c23-47cb-936a-aa03101cbb1a" TYPE="xfs" 
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/fstab
/dev/mapper/centos-root /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=60defebd-6b85-43da-b5ce-1977bac72048 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
#/dev/mapper/centos-home /home                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
UUID=401222a9-5c23-47cb-936a-aa03101cbb1a     /raid1    xfs   defaults   0 0

raid 5的创建

RAID 5是目前用的最多的一种方式。因为 RAID5 是一种将 存储性能、数据安全、存储成本 兼顾的一种方案。RAID5模式中，不再需要用单独的磁盘写校验码了。它把校验码信息分布到各个磁盘上。例如，总共有N块磁盘，那么会将要写入的数据分成N份，并发的写入到N块磁盘中，同时还将数据的校验码信息也写入到这N块磁盘中（数据与对应的校验码信息必须得分开存储在不同的磁盘上）。一旦某一块磁盘损坏了，就可以用剩下的数据和对应的奇偶校验码信息去恢复损坏的数据。

RAID5校验位算法原理：P = D1 xor D2 xor D3 … xor Dn （D1,D2,D3 … Dn为数据块，P为校验，xor为异或运算）

RAID5的方式，最少需要三块磁盘来组建磁盘阵列，允许最多同时坏一块磁盘。如果有两块磁盘同时损坏了，那数据就无法恢复了。

添加3块硬盘，每块20G

  • 显示

    image-20230318132347534

  • 查看

    [root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0   200G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0     1G  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   199G  0 part 
  ├─centos-root 253:0    0    50G  0 lvm  /
  ├─centos-swap 253:1    0   7.9G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
  └─centos-home 253:2    0 141.1G  0 lvm  
sdb               8:16   0    20G  0 disk 
sdc               8:32   0    20G  0 disk 
sdd               8:48   0    20G  0 disk

  • 创建raid 5

    [root@localhost ~]# mdadm --create /dev/md5 --raid-device 3 /dev/sd{b,c,d}
mdadm: a RAID level is needed to create an array.
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm --create /dev/md5 --level 5 --raid-device 3 /dev/sd{b,c,d}
mdadm: Fail to create md5 when using /sys/module/md_mod/parameters/new_array, fallback to creation via node
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md5 started.
[root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE  MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0   200G  0 disk  
├─sda1            8:1    0     1G  0 part  /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   199G  0 part  
  ├─centos-root 253:0    0    50G  0 lvm   /
  ├─centos-swap 253:1    0   7.9G  0 lvm   [SWAP]
  └─centos-home 253:2    0 141.1G  0 lvm   
sdb               8:16   0    20G  0 disk  
└─md5             9:5    0    40G  0 raid5 
sdc               8:32   0    20G  0 disk  
└─md5             9:5    0    40G  0 raid5 
sdd               8:48   0    20G  0 disk  
└─md5             9:5    0    40G  0 raid5

  • 格式化挂载

    #格式化
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/md5
meta-data=/dev/md5               isize=512    agcount=16, agsize=654720 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=10475520, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=128    swidth=256 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=5120, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=8 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0

#挂载
[root@localhost ~]# df -hT
Filesystem              Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root xfs        50G   14G   37G  28% /
devtmpfs                devtmpfs  3.8G     0  3.8G   0% /dev
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G   12M  3.8G   1% /run
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1               xfs      1014M  142M  873M  14% /boot
tmpfs                   tmpfs     781M     0  781M   0% /run/user/0
/dev/md5                xfs        40G   33M   40G   1% /raid5

  • 添加到开机自启动配置文件里

    [root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/md5
/dev/md5: UUID="0d4231a6-6c05-4c89-a489-671cf062c966" TYPE="xfs" 
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/fstab
/dev/mapper/centos-root /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=60defebd-6b85-43da-b5ce-1977bac72048 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
#/dev/mapper/centos-home /home                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
UUID=0d4231a6-6c05-4c89-a489-671cf062c966    /raid5   xfs   defaults 0 0

raid 10的创建

RAID10兼备了RAID1和RAID0的有优点。首先基于RAID1模式将磁盘分为2份，当要写入数据的时候，将所有的数据在两份磁盘上同时写入，相当于写了双份数据，起到了数据保障的作用。且在每一份磁盘上又会基于RAID0技术讲数据分为N份并发的读写，这样也保障了数据的效率。

但也可以看出RAID10模式是有一半的磁盘空间用于存储冗余数据的，浪费的很严重，因此用的也不是很多。

添加4块硬盘，每块100G

  • 显示

    image-20230318132518146

  • 查看

    [root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0   200G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0     1G  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   199G  0 part 
  ├─centos-root 253:0    0    50G  0 lvm  /
  ├─centos-swap 253:1    0   7.9G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
  └─centos-home 253:2    0 141.1G  0 lvm  
sdb               8:16   0   100G  0 disk 
sdc               8:32   0   100G  0 disk 
sdd               8:48   0   100G  0 disk 
sde               8:64   0   100G  0 disk 
sr0              11:0    1   4.2G  0 rom

  • 创建raid 10

    [root@localhost ~]# mdadm --create /dev/md10 --level 10 --raid-device 4 /dev/sd{b,c,d,e}
mdadm: Fail to create md10 when using /sys/module/md_mod/parameters/new_array, fallback to creation via node
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md10 started.
[root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE   MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0   200G  0 disk   
├─sda1            8:1    0     1G  0 part   /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   199G  0 part   
  ├─centos-root 253:0    0    50G  0 lvm    /
  ├─centos-swap 253:1    0   7.9G  0 lvm    [SWAP]
  └─centos-home 253:2    0 141.1G  0 lvm    
sdb               8:16   0   100G  0 disk   
└─md10            9:10   0 199.9G  0 raid10 
sdc               8:32   0   100G  0 disk   
└─md10            9:10   0 199.9G  0 raid10 
sdd               8:48   0   100G  0 disk   
└─md10            9:10   0 199.9G  0 raid10 
sde               8:64   0   100G  0 disk   
└─md10            9:10   0 199.9G  0 raid10 
sr0              11:0    1   4.2G  0 rom

  • 磁盘格式化并挂载

    #格式化
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/md10
meta-data=/dev/md10              isize=512    agcount=16, agsize=3274624 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=52393984, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=128    swidth=256 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=25584, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=8 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0

#挂载
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /raid10
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/md10 /raid10
[root@localhost ~]# df -hT
Filesystem              Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root xfs        50G   14G   37G  28% /
devtmpfs                devtmpfs  3.8G     0  3.8G   0% /dev
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G   12M  3.8G   1% /run
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1               xfs      1014M  142M  873M  14% /boot
tmpfs                   tmpfs     781M     0  781M   0% /run/user/0
/dev/md10               xfs       200G   33M  200G   1% /raid10

  • 添加到开机自启动配置文件里

    [root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/md10
/dev/md10: UUID="c57bbd24-efc0-4521-a4d7-a870f012c430" TYPE="xfs" 
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/fstab
/dev/mapper/centos-root /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=60defebd-6b85-43da-b5ce-1977bac72048 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
#/dev/mapper/centos-home /home                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
UUID=c57bbd24-efc0-4521-a4d7-a870f012c430   /raid10    xfs   defaults  0 0

磁盘分区，格式化，挂载

分区

添加一块2T磁盘

image-20230318132553154

查看所有磁盘情况

  • 命令：

    [root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sdb: 2147.5 GB, 2147483648000 bytes, 4194304000 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/sda: 214.7 GB, 214748364800 bytes, 419430400 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x00097353

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *        2048     2099199     1048576   83  Linux
/dev/sda2         2099200   419430399   208665600   8e  Linux LVM

Disk /dev/mapper/centos-root: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes, 104857600 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/mapper/centos-swap: 8455 MB, 8455716864 bytes, 16515072 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/mapper/centos-home: 151.5 GB, 151523426304 bytes, 295944192 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

分区开始

  • 内容为1个primary分区,1个exetended分区,3个logical分区

    #创建主分区
Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 2147.5 GB, 2147483648000 bytes, 4194304000 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xb65bdaed

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): 
Using default response p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 
First sector (2048-4194303999, default 2048): 
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-4194303999, default 4194303999): +10G
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 10 GiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 2147.5 GB, 2147483648000 bytes, 4194304000 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xb65bdaed

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    20973567    10485760   83  Linux

#创建扩展分区
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): e
Partition number (2-4, default 2): 
First sector (20973568-4194303999, default 20973568): 
Using default value 20973568
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (20973568-4194303999, default 4194303999): 
Using default value 4194303999
Partition 2 of type Extended and of size 2 TiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 2147.5 GB, 2147483648000 bytes, 4194304000 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xb65bdaed

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    20973567    10485760   83  Linux
/dev/sdb2        20973568  4194303999  2086665216    5  Extended

#创建3个逻辑分区
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (1 primary, 1 extended, 2 free)
   l   logical (numbered from 5)
Select (default p): l
Adding logical partition 5
First sector (20975616-4194303999, default 20975616): 
Using default value 20975616
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (20975616-4194303999, default 4194303999): +20G
Partition 5 of type Linux and of size 20 GiB is set

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (1 primary, 1 extended, 2 free)
   l   logical (numbered from 5)
Select (default p): l
Adding logical partition 6
First sector (62920704-4194303999, default 62920704): 
Using default value 62920704
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (62920704-4194303999, default 4194303999): +30G
Partition 6 of type Linux and of size 30 GiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 2147.5 GB, 2147483648000 bytes, 4194304000 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x10285311

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    20973567    10485760   83  Linux
/dev/sdb2        20973568  4194303999  2086665216    5  Extended
/dev/sdb5        20975616    62918655    20971520   83  Linux
/dev/sdb6        62920704   125835263    31457280   83  Linux

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (1 primary, 1 extended, 2 free)
   l   logical (numbered from 5)
Select (default p): l
Adding logical partition 7
First sector (125837312-4194303999, default 125837312): 
Using default value 125837312
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (125837312-4194303999, default 4194303999): +50G
Partition 7 of type Linux and of size 50 GiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 2147.5 GB, 2147483648000 bytes, 4194304000 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x10285311

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    20973567    10485760   83  Linux
/dev/sdb2        20973568  4194303999  2086665216    5  Extended
/dev/sdb5        20975616    62918655    20971520   83  Linux
/dev/sdb6        62920704   125835263    31457280   83  Linux
/dev/sdb7       125837312   230694911    52428800   83  Linux

分区结束保存退出

  • 命令：

    #w保存退出
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

#刷新磁盘
[root@localhost ~]# partprobe 
Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system).  /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only.

  • 查看

    [root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0   200G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0     1G  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   199G  0 part 
  ├─centos-root 253:0    0    50G  0 lvm  /
  ├─centos-swap 253:1    0   7.9G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
  └─centos-home 253:2    0 141.1G  0 lvm  
sdb               8:16   0     2T  0 disk 
├─sdb1            8:17   0    10G  0 part 
├─sdb2            8:18   0     1K  0 part 
├─sdb5            8:21   0    20G  0 part 
├─sdb6            8:22   0    30G  0 part 
└─sdb7            8:23   0    50G  0 part 
sr0              11:0    1   4.2G  0 rom  

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sdb: 2147.5 GB, 2147483648000 bytes, 4194304000 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xe4f035bc

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    20973567    10485760   83  Linux
/dev/sdb2        20973568  4194303999  2086665216    5  Extended
/dev/sdb5        20975616    62918655    20971520   83  Linux
/dev/sdb6        62920704   125835263    31457280   83  Linux
/dev/sdb7       125837312   230694911    52428800   83  Linux

格式化与挂载

取分区的磁盘进行格式化

  • 命令：

    #设置/dev/sdb6的文件格式为xfs
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb6
meta-data=/dev/sdb6              isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=1966080 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=7864320, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=3840, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0

#将sdb6挂载到mnt文件夹
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sdb6 /mnt
[root@localhost ~]# df -hT
Filesystem              Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root xfs        50G   14G   37G  28% /
devtmpfs                devtmpfs  3.8G     0  3.8G   0% /dev
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G   12M  3.8G   1% /run
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1               xfs      1014M  142M  873M  14% /boot
tmpfs                   tmpfs     781M     0  781M   0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb6               xfs        30G   33M   30G   1% /mnt

#配置开机自启动挂载
[root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/sdb6
/dev/sdb6: UUID="57eb7bba-cc7a-4f6c-99bf-bccb067d266f" TYPE="xfs" 
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/fstab 
/dev/mapper/centos-root /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=60defebd-6b85-43da-b5ce-1977bac72048 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
#/dev/mapper/centos-home /home                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
UUID="57eb7bba-cc7a-4f6c-99bf-bccb067d266f"  /mnt  xfs  defaults 0 0

利用磁盘创建swap分区

  • 更改磁盘id为swap

    #更改/dev/sdb7的id为82
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1,2,5-7, default 7): 7
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# partprobe 
Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system).  /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only.
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sdb: 2147.5 GB, 2147483648000 bytes, 4194304000 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xe4f035bc

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    20973567    10485760   83  Linux
/dev/sdb2        20973568  4194303999  2086665216    5  Extended
/dev/sdb5        20975616    62918655    20971520   83  Linux
/dev/sdb6        62920704   125835263    31457280   83  Linux
/dev/sdb7       125837312   230694911    52428800   82  Linux swap / Solaris

  • 格式化

    [root@localhost ~]# mkswap /dev/sdb7
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 52428796 KiB
no label, UUID=a48e154b-4da3-4771-9e09-8a357aa6049b

  • 挂载到swap分区

    #查看swap分区有7G
[root@localhost ~]# free -h
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           7.6G        181M        7.2G         11M        295M        7.2G
Swap:          7.9G          0B        7.9G

#添加/dev/sdb7后
[root@localhost ~]# swapon /dev/sdb7
[root@localhost ~]# free -h
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           7.6G        221M        7.1G         11M        295M        7.1G
Swap:           57G          0B         57G

  • 实现自动挂载

    [root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/sdb7
/dev/sdb7: UUID="6c77c8f6-9b57-4def-9885-d92a45b7abe4" TYPE="swap" 
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/fstab 
/dev/mapper/centos-root /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=60defebd-6b85-43da-b5ce-1977bac72048 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
#/dev/mapper/centos-home /home                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
UUID="6c77c8f6-9b57-4def-9885-d92a45b7abe4"   swap  swap   defaults 0 0

标签：Raid,centos,阵列,bytes,dev,localhost,512,root,冗余
From： https://www.cnblogs.com/skyrainmom/p/17489224.html

相关文章

  • 多个物理磁盘挂载到同一目录的方法 (lvm 软raid)
    多个物理磁盘挂载到同一目录的方法(lvm软raid)背景公司里面的一台申威3231的机器因为这个机器的raid卡没有操作界面.所以只能够通过命令行方式创建raid自己这一块比较菜,想着先尝试使用lvm的方式进行软raid挂载,也验证一下性能.所以写一些这个文章简单的结论虽然lv......
  • 循环码的编码、译码与循环冗余校验
    本专栏包含信息论与编码的核心知识，按知识点组织，可作为教学或学习的参考。markdown版本已归档至【Github仓库：<https://github.com/timerring/information-theory>】或者【AIShareLab】回复信息论获取。循环码的编码循环码编码用硬件实现时,可用除法电路来实现。除法电路主要是......
  • HotSpare 9361Raid卡热备盘的设置过程
    HotSpare9361Raid卡热备盘的设置过程摘要公司最近一批服务器到位(去年生产)插满24盘位的960G的SSD的超融合服务器.(硬盘是镁光的!-_-!)想着Raid6虽然数据保护比较好,但是写入是在是太垃圾了.所以想可以增加两块热备的Raid5这样的话虽然比raid6还要多损失一块960G的容......
  • 【服务器数据恢复】5盘RAID5中的4块盘重建raid5导致原raid数据丢失的数据恢复案例
    服务器数据恢复环境：HP某型号服务器，5块硬盘组建了一组raid5磁盘阵列。服务器故障&分析：服务器在工作过程中，raid5磁盘阵列中的一块磁盘掉线，由于raid5的容错特点，raid阵列未受影响，工作人员也没有及时关注磁盘离线的问题。服务器继续运行一段时间后出现故障，管理员将现有的4块磁盘进行......
  • WDM波分复用技术：TFF(薄膜滤波) & AWG(阵列波导光栅)介绍
    WDM（WavelengthDivisionMultiplexing）技术是通过在光纤中传输多个不同波长的光信号来扩大光纤传输带宽并提高网络传输能力的一种技术，而TFF(薄膜滤波)和AWG（阵列波导光栅）则是两种常用的WDM技术。1.TFF技术TFF（Thin-filmfilter）技术是一种常用的WDM器件技术之一，也被称为薄膜滤波技......
  • m基于FPGA的CRC循环冗余校验系统verilog实现,包含testbench
    1.算法仿真效果本系统进行了两个平台的开发，分别是：Vivado2019.2Quartusii18.0+ModelSim-Altera6.6dStarterEdition其中Vivado2019.2仿真结果如下：Quartusii18.0+ModelSim-Altera6.6dStarterEdition的测试结果如下：对比matlab结果：2.算法涉及理论知识概要CRC（CyclicR......
  • m基于FPGA的CRC循环冗余校验系统verilog实现,包含testbench
    1.算法仿真效果本系统进行了两个平台的开发，分别是： Vivado2019.2 Quartusii18.0+ModelSim-Altera6.6d StarterEdition 其中Vivado2019.2仿真结果如下：   Quartusii18.0+ModelSim-Altera6.6d StarterEdition的测试结果如下：  对比matlab结果：  2......
  • 案例1：路由交换无冗余线路设计1
    JR-SW1:undoterminalmonitorsystem-viewsysnameJR-SW1 user-interfacecon0 idle-timeout00 quit undoinfo-centerenable vlanbatch11to12100200 interfaceEthernet0/0/1 portlink-typeaccess portdefaultvlan11 interfaceEt......
  • HotSpare 9361Raid卡热备盘的设置过程
    HotSpare9361Raid卡热备盘的设置过程摘要公司最近一批服务器到位(去年生产)插满24盘位的960G的SSD的超融合服务器.(硬盘是镁光的!-_-!)想着Raid6虽然数据保护比较好,但是写入是在是太垃圾了.所以想可以增加两块热备的Raid5这样的话虽然比raid6还要多损失一块960G......
  • 基于matlab实现任意阵列的常规波束形成
    ✅作者简介：热爱科研的Matlab仿真开发者，修心和技术同步精进，matlab项目合作可私信。......

赞助商

阅读排行

网站主页关于我们联系我们网站地图

本网站内容转载自其他媒体，侵权联系[admin##ips99.com]。

Copyright © 2020-2023 IPS99 版权所有 IPS99