Move Zeroes 移动零、Expression Add Operators 表达式增加操作符

1.Move Zeroes 移动零

Given an array nums, write a function to move all 0's to the end of it while maintaining the relative order of the non-zero elements.

For example, given nums = [0, 1, 0, 3, 12], after calling your function, nums should be [1, 3, 12, 0, 0].

Note:

1. You must do this in-place without making a copy of the array.
2. Minimize the total number of operations.

class Solution {
public:
    void moveZeroes(vector<int>& nums) {
 
        int k = 0; // nums中, [0...k)的元素均为非0元素
 
        // 遍历到第i个元素后,保证[0...i]中所有非0元素
        // 都按照顺序排列在[0...k)中
        for(int i = 0 ; i < nums.size() ; i ++)
            if(nums[i])
                nums[k++] = nums[i];
 
        // 将nums剩余的位置放置为0
        for(int i = k ; i < nums.size() ; i ++)
            nums[i] = 0;
    }
};

2.Expression Add Operators 表达式增加操作符

Given a string that contains only digits 0-9 and a target value, return all possibilities to add operators +, -, or * between the digits so they evaluate to the target value.

Examples: 

"123", 6 -> ["1+2+3", "1*2*3"] 
"232", 8 -> ["2*3+2", "2+3*2"]
"00", 0 -> ["0+0", "0-0", "0*0"]
"3456237490", 9191 -> []

Credits:
Special thanks to @davidtan1890 for adding this problem and creating all test cases.

这道题给了我们一个只由数字组成的字符串，让我们再其中添加+,-或*号来形成一个表达式，该表达式的计算和为给定了target值，让我们找出所有符合要求的表达式来。题目中给的几个例子其实并不好，很容易让人误以为是必须拆成个位数字，其实不是的，比如"123", 15能返回"12+3"，说明连着的数字也可以。如果非要在过往的题中找一道相似的题，我觉得跟Combination Sum II 组合之和之二，Target Sum 目标和很类似。不过这道题要更复杂麻烦一些。还是用递归来解题，我们需要两个变量diff和curNum，一个用来记录将要变化的值，另一个是当前运算后的值，而且它们都需要用long long型的，因为字符串转为int型很容易溢出，所以我们用长整型。对于加和减，diff就是即将要加上的数和即将要减去的数的负值，而对于乘来说稍有些复杂，此时的diff应该是上一次的变化的diff乘以即将要乘上的数，有点不好理解，那我们来举个例子，比如2+3*2，即将要运算到乘以2的时候，上次循环的curNum = 5, diff = 3, 而如果我们要算这个乘2的时候，新的变化值diff应为3*2=6，而我们要把之前+3操作的结果去掉，再加上新的diff，即(5-3)+6=8，即为新表达式2+3*2的值，有点难理解，大家自己一步一步推算吧。

class Solution {
public:
    vector<string> addOperators(string num, int target) {
        vector<string> res;
        addOperatorsDFS(num, target, 0, 0, "", res);
        return res;
    }
    void addOperatorsDFS(string num, int target, long long diff, long long curNum, string out, vector<string> &res) {
        if (num.size() == 0 && curNum == target) {
            res.push_back(out);
        }
        for (int i = 1; i <= num.size(); ++i) {
            string cur = num.substr(0, i);
            if (cur.size() > 1 && cur[0] == '0') return;
            string next = num.substr(i);
            if (out.size() > 0) {
                addOperatorsDFS(next, target, stoll(cur), curNum + stoll(cur), out + "+" + cur, res);
                addOperatorsDFS(next, target, -stoll(cur), curNum - stoll(cur), out + "-" + cur, res);
                addOperatorsDFS(next, target, diff * stoll(cur), (curNum - diff) + diff * stoll(cur), out + "*" + cur, res);
            } else {
                addOperatorsDFS(next, target, stoll(cur), stoll(cur), cur, res);
            }
        }
    }
};