深度学习--RNN实战与存在问题

时间序列预测

import  numpy as np
import  torch
import  torch.nn as nn
import  torch.optim as optim
from    matplotlib import pyplot as plt

#数量
num_time_steps = 50
#输入的维度
input_size = 1
#隐藏层大小
hidden_size = 16
#输出的维度
output_size = 1
#学习率
lr=0.01



class Net(nn.Module):

    def __init__(self, ):
        super(Net, self).__init__()

        #直接使用RNN类来构建
        self.rnn = nn.RNN(
            input_size=input_size,
            hidden_size=hidden_size,
            num_layers=1,
            batch_first=True,
        )
        for p in self.rnn.parameters():
          nn.init.normal_(p, mean=0.0, std=0.001)

        self.linear = nn.Linear(hidden_size, output_size)

    def forward(self, x, hidden_prev):

       out, hidden_prev = self.rnn(x, hidden_prev)
       # [b, seq, h]
       out = out.view(-1, hidden_size)
       out = self.linear(out)
       out = out.unsqueeze(dim=0)
       return out, hidden_prev




model = Net()
criterion = nn.MSELoss()
optimizer = optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr)

hidden_prev = torch.zeros(1, 1, hidden_size)

for iter in range(6000):
    start = np.random.randint(3, size=1)[0]
    time_steps = np.linspace(start, start + 10, num_time_steps)
    data = np.sin(time_steps)
    data = data.reshape(num_time_steps, 1)
    x = torch.tensor(data[:-1]).float().view(1, num_time_steps - 1, 1)
    y = torch.tensor(data[1:]).float().view(1, num_time_steps - 1, 1)

    output, hidden_prev = model(x, hidden_prev)
    hidden_prev = hidden_prev.detach()

    loss = criterion(output, y)
    model.zero_grad()
    loss.backward()
    # for p in model.parameters():
    #     print(p.grad.norm())
    # torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(p, 10)
    optimizer.step()

    if iter % 100 == 0:
        print("Iteration: {} loss {}".format(iter, loss.item()))

start = np.random.randint(3, size=1)[0]
time_steps = np.linspace(start, start + 10, num_time_steps)
data = np.sin(time_steps)
data = data.reshape(num_time_steps, 1)
x = torch.tensor(data[:-1]).float().view(1, num_time_steps - 1, 1)
y = torch.tensor(data[1:]).float().view(1, num_time_steps - 1, 1)

predictions = []
input = x[:, 0, :]
for _ in range(x.shape[1]):
  input = input.view(1, 1, 1)
  (pred, hidden_prev) = model(input, hidden_prev)
  input = pred
  predictions.append(pred.detach().numpy().ravel()[0])

x = x.data.numpy().ravel()
y = y.data.numpy()
plt.scatter(time_steps[:-1], x.ravel(), s=90)
plt.plot(time_steps[:-1], x.ravel())

plt.scatter(time_steps[1:], predictions)
plt.show()

梯度弥散和梯度爆炸

梯度弥散：通俗来讲就是梯度消失，导数为0

梯度爆炸：在反向传播的过程中，出现了一个很大的导数，在参数更新时，脱离了合理区域。