1.认证组件
1.1 局部认证
1.首先写两个接口,一个查询单个一个查询所有,我们利用视图扩展类和视图子类写在一个视图类上:
views.py:
from rest_framework.viewsets import ViewSetMixin
from rest_framework.generics import ListAPIView
from rest_framework.mixins import RetrieveModelMixin
class BookView(ViewSetMixin,ListAPIView,RetrieveModelMixin):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
# ViewSetMixin:负责自动生成路由
# ListAPIView:继承扩展类ListModelMixin,里面有list方法
# RetrieveModelMixin:里面有retrieve方法
serializer.py:
from rest_framework import serializers
from .models import Book
class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = Book
fields = ['name','price','publish','authors','publish_detail','author_detail']
extra_kwargs = {
'name':{'max_length':8},
'price': {'max_length': 8},
'publish_detail':{'read_only':True},
'author_detail':{'read_only':True},
'publish':{'write_only':True},
'authors':{'write_only':True}
}
models.py:
class User(models.Model):
username = models.CharField(max_length=32)
password = models.CharField(max_length=32)
class UserToken(models.Model):
token = models.CharField(max_length=64)
user = models.OneToOneField(to='User',on_delete=models.CASCADE)
"""
写在两个视图类上按照以下写法:
"""
views.py:
class BookView(ViewSetMixin,ListAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
class BookDetailView(ViewSetMixin,RetrieveAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
# RetrieveAPIView继承RetrieveModelMixin和GenericAPIView,GenericAPIView中有queryset和serializer_class方法,所以继承RetrieveAPIView不继承RetrieveModelMixin。
models.py、serializer.py和之前一样
2.接下来我们想在查询单个图书接口上加上认证组件:
1.写一个认证类,继承BaseAuthentication
2.重写authenticate方法,拿到请求的数据(GET请求请求体当中不能携带数据,一般选用在请求头和地址栏当中携带数据),用该数据在数据库UserToken表中查找
3.如果认证成功则返回两个值:用户对象和随机字符串token。认证失败则抛出异常AuthenticationFailed。
4.局部使用:
class BookDetailView(ViewSetMixin,RetrieveAPIView): authentication_classes = [LoginAuth]
3.代码:
authenticate.py:
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
from rest_framework.exceptions import AuthenticationFailed
from .models import UserToken
class LoginAuth(BaseAuthentication):
def authenticate(self, request):
token = request.query_params.get('token')
if token:
user_token = UserToken.objects.filter(token=token).first()
if user_token:
return user_token.user,token
else:
raise AuthenticationFailed('token认证失败')
else:
raise AuthenticationFailed('token未上传')
views.py:
class BookDetailView(ViewSetMixin,RetrieveAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
authentication_classes = [LoginAuth]
"""
authentication_classes是在:RetrieveAPIView>>>GenericAPIView>>>APIView中,在APIView中完成了三大认证。
"""
serializer.py和models.py中代码未变
1.2 全局认证
在setting.py中设置:
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': ['app01.authenticate.LoginAuth']
}
此时我们发现即使是登陆也需要上传uuid字符串,不符合逻辑,需要在登陆类免除登录设置:
views.py:
class UserView(ViewSet):
# 局部解除全局限制
authentication_classes = []
@action(methods=['POST'],detail=False,url_path='login',url_name='login')
def login(self,request):
username = request.data.get('username')
password = request.data.get('password')
user_obj = User.objects.filter(username=username,password=password).first()
if user_obj:
token = str(uuid.uuid4())
UserToken.objects.update_or_create(user=user_obj,defaults={'token':token})
return Response({'code':100,'msg':'登陆成功','token':token})
else:
return Response({'code':101,'msg':'用户名或密码错误'})
class BookView(ViewSetMixin,ListAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
class BookDetailView(ViewSetMixin,RetrieveAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
2.权限组件
2.1 局部权限
1.在某些软件上即使登陆成功,也不能访问,因为没有权限。这是由于在user表中增加了一个字段,用来区分是普通用户还是管理员(会员)。
2.步骤:
1 写一个权限类,继承BasePermission
2 重写has_permission方法,在该方法在中实现权限认证,在这方法中,request.user就是当前登录用户
3 如果有权限,返回True
4 没有权限,返回False,定制返回的中文: self.message='中文'
5 局部使用和全局使用
3.代码:
models.py:
class User(models.Model):
username = models.CharField(max_length=32)
password = models.CharField(max_length=32)
user_type = models.IntegerField(choices=((1,'超级会员'),(2,'普通用户')),default=2)
permissions.py:
from rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission
class MyPermission(BasePermission):
def has_permission(self, request, view):
if request.user.user_type == 1:
return True
else:
# self.message是定制的中文提示
self.message = '您是%s,无权访问' % request.user.get_user_type_display()
# get_字段名_display()可以拿到字段中choice中的注释
return False
views.py:
class BookDetailView(ViewSetMixin,RetrieveAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
authentication_classes = [LoginAuth]
permission_classes = [MyPermission]
2.2 全局权限
如果很多视图类都要执行该权限,可以在设置中设置全局权限,并且可以对指定的视图类免除该权限:
settings.py:
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': ['app01.permissions.MyPermission']
}
views.py:
class BookDetailView(ViewSetMixin,RetrieveAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
authentication_classes = [LoginAuth]
# 局部禁用
permission_classes = []
permissions.py同上
"""
如果我们用原生的认证和权限,完成该功能:只有登录的用户并且上传token需要配合原生的认证类和权限类使用:
from rest_framework_jwt.authentication import JSONWebTokenAuthentication
from rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated
class CarModelView(ModelViewSet):
queryset = CarMode.objects.all()
serializer_class = CarModelSerializer
authentication_classes = [JSONWebTokenAuthentication] # 校验token有没有传
permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated] # 校验是否登陆
"""
3.频率组件
3.1 局部频率限制
1.方法:
1.写一个频率类,继承SimpleRateThrottle
2.重写get_cache_key方法,返回什么,就以什么做限制(一般以用户ip地址和id做限制)
3.配置一个类属性:scope = 'zkz'
4.在配置文件中配置:m:每分钟;h:每小时;d:每天
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
'zkz': '3/m',
}
}
2.代码:
throttling.py:
from rest_framework.throttling import SimpleRateThrottle
class MyThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
scope = 'zkz'
def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
# 拿到客户端的ip地址
# print(request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR')) # 127.0.0.1 本机访问是127.0.0.1
return request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR')
"""
从地址栏取数据:request.query_params.get('token')
从原生django的cookie中取:request.COOKIE.get('sessioned')
get请求从请求头中取:request.META.get('HTTP_TOKEN')(前端的请求头键是token,经过了包装)
"""
views.py:
class BookDetailView(ViewSetMixin,RetrieveAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
authentication_classes = [LoginAuth]
permission_classes = [MyPermission]
throttle_classes = [MyThrottle]
settings.py:
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
'zkz': '3/m',
}
}
3.2 全局频率限制
settings.py:
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
'zkz': '3/m',
},
'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES':
['app01.throttling.MyThrottle'],
}
视图类中如果不需要频率限制只需要修改:throttle_classes = []
4.过滤
4.1 过滤
只有查询所有才有过滤
方式一:必须要继承GenericAPIView及其子类:
from rest_framework.filters import SearchFilter
class BookView(ViewSetMixin,ListAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
filter_backends = [SearchFilter]
search_fields=['name']
访问的路由要修改成:?search=xxx
eg:?search=三:表示name字段中带有san自的数据对象都可以被筛选出来
"""
search_fields也可以上传多个字段,多个字段内如果都有待匹配的字段,都可以匹配得到:
search_fields=['name','price']
"""
方式二:
利用django-filter模块:可以多个条件同时匹配:
views.py:
from django_filters.rest_framework import DjangoFilterBackend
class BookView(ViewSetMixin, ListAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
filter_backends = [DjangoFilterBackend]
filterset_fields = ['name', 'price']
方式三:利用自定义过滤器:自定义一个py文件:filter.py,在里面编写过去条件,返回值是queryset
filter.py:
from rest_framework.filters import BaseFilterBackend
class MyFilter(BaseFilterBackend):
def filter_queryset(self, request, queryset, view):
# 可以自定义大于或者小于
price = request.query_params.get('price__gt',None)
if price:
return queryset.filter(price__gt=price)
else:
return queryset
views.py:
class BookView(ViewSetMixin, ListAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
filter_backends = [MyFilter] # 可以定制多个,从左往右排
5.排序
from rest_framework.filters import OrderingFilter
class BookView(ViewSetMixin, ListAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
# 可以先过滤在排序,也可以先排序在过滤,也可以只排序或过滤
filter_backends = [MyFilter,OrderingFilter]
ordering_fields = ['price']
# 路由:http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/books/?ordering=price:升序
#http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/books/?ordering=-price:降序
"""
也可以按照多个字段排序:
ordering_fields = ['id','price']
路由:http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/books/?ordering=price,-id:按照价格升序,按照id降序
"""
6.分页
方式一:自定义一个分页类:
mypage.py:
from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination
class MyPage(PageNumberPagination):
page_size = 2 # 每页显示2条
page_query_param = 'page' # page=10:查询第10页的数据
page_size_query_param = 'size' # page=10&size=5:查询10页每页显示5条
max_page_size = 5 # 每页最大显示条数
views.py:
class BookView(ViewSetMixin, ListAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
filter_backends = [MyFilter,OrderingFilter]
ordering_fields = ['id','price']
# pagination_class只能选一种,所以不能加列表
pagination_class = MyPage
方式二:
LimitOffset
class CommonLimitOffsetPagination(LimitOffsetPagination):
default_limit = 3 # 每页显示2条
limit_query_param = 'limit' # limit=3 取3条
offset_query_param = 'offset' # offset=1 从第一个位置开始,取limit条
max_limit = 5
# offset=3&limit=2 0 1 2 3 4 5
方式三:
class CommonCursorPagination(CursorPagination):
cursor_query_param = 'cursor' # 查询参数
page_size = 2 # 每页多少条
ordering = 'id' # 排序字段
# 配置在视图类上即可
class BookView(ViewSetMixin, ListAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
permission_classes = []
authentication_classes = []
throttle_classes = []
# 之前的东西一样用 ,内置的分页类不能直接使用,需要继承,定制一些参数后才能使用
# pagination_class = PageNumberPagination
#基本分页方式(基本是这种,网页端):http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/books/?page=2&size=3
# pagination_class = LimitOffsetPagination
# 偏移分页 http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/books/?limit=4&offset=1
# 从第一条开始,取4条
pagination_class = CommonCursorPagination
# 游标分页,只能下一页,上一页,不能跳到中间,但它的效率最高,大数据量分页,使用这种较好
标签:排序,py,queryset,token,objects,权限,class,serializer,drf
From: https://www.cnblogs.com/ERROR404Notfound/p/17099902.html