（二）现在分词与过去分词的两大差别
1. 现在分词与过去分词的最大差别在语态上：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。
2. 现在分词与过去分词的第二大差别在时态上：现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成。
3. 把握主、被动关系的两个前提
1）弄清动词的确切含义。不少主、被动关系判断错误都是由于没弄清动词的确切含义造成的。
Wrong: Girls frighten snakes.
Right: Girls fear snakes./ Snakes frighten girls.
牢记: tire, disappoint, satisfy, terrify, interest, frighten, worry, excite, surprise, please, seat, puzzle, ect. 只能作及物动词，都有“使动”的特点，都含“使……”之义。
2）能熟练判断分词的逻辑主语。即明白与哪个词去构成主、被动关系。
分词的逻辑主语
逻辑主语就是与分词具有主、被动关系的名词或代词。它既可能是句子主语，又可能是句中宾语，或者是句中其它成分；它既可能是动作行为的发出者，也有可能是动作行为的承受者。那种认为逻辑主语就是动作行为的发出者的理解是片面的。
分词的逻辑主语的位置不是固定不变的, 而是“活”的——随着分词所作语法成分的不同，其逻辑主语位置也不同，所以确定逻辑主语前首先要确定分词的语法成分。
（1）作状语时
Seeing the teacher come in, all the students stood up.
the students是seeing的逻辑主语
Heated, the metal expands. the metal是 heated的逻辑主语
结论：分词作状语，其逻辑主语是句子主语。
（2）作宾补时
I saw him reading last night. him 是reading的逻辑主语
His wife found his hair dyed black. hair是 dyed的逻辑主语
结论：分词作宾补，其逻辑主语是句子宾语。
（3）作表语时
The film is moving. the film是 moving的逻辑主语
The visitors looked surprised.
the visitors是surprised的逻辑主语
结论：分词作表语，其逻辑主语是句子主语。
（4）作定语时
This is an interesting book. book是 interesting的逻辑主语
The moved children looked serious.
children是 moved的逻辑主语
结论：分词作定语，其逻辑主语是被修饰词（即中心词）。
（5）用于复合结构中时（即在独立主格中与with复合结构中）
With the task completed, we went out to take some fresh air.
the task是 completed的逻辑主语
It being Sunday, they had no classes. it 是being的逻辑主语
结论：分词用于复合结构，逻辑主语是复合结构中的逻辑主语
（三）确定分词的使用的具体步骤
（1）根据句子结构确定分词的语法成分
（2）找准逻辑主语
（3）判断主、被动关系
（4）选定现在或过去分词
1. There was a terrible noise ____ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
简析：根据语法分析可知，待选部分是修饰 noise 的定语短语；据常识“雷声随闪电之后到来”，自然A noise follows the sudden burst of light , noise与follow是主动关系。因此，该题应选B。
2. The Olympic Games, ____ in 776 B. C., didn’t include women until 1912.
A. first playing B. to be first played
C. first played D. to be playing
简析：根据语法分析可知，待选部分是一个作定语、修饰 The Olympic Games 的后置分词短语；The Olympic Games是动词 play 的承受者，且已完成 (in 776 B. C.)。因此，该题选C。
3. What’s the language ____ in Germany?
A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
简析：该题应选B。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句 which is spoken
4. Most of the people ____ to the party were famous scientists.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting
简析：该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句 who were invited
5. The first textbooks ____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written
简析：该题应选D。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句which were written
（四）分词作表语
共同点：分词作表语时，它起着形容词的作用。
不同点：分词作表语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作表语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。
1. The news sounds ____.
A. encouraging B. encouraged C. encourage D. to encourage
简析：根据语法分析可知， sounds 在此句中用作连系动词, 待选部分应作表语 ；The news 对于动词 encourage 来说应是主动关系，即消息鼓舞人心。因此，该题应选A。
2. —How did Bob do in the exams this time?
—Well, his father seems ____ with his results.
A. pleasing B. please C. pleased D. to please
简析：根据语法分析可知, seems 在此句中用作连系动词, 待选部分作表语。 再根据 his father 对于动词 please 来说应是被动关系, 即这个结果使他的父亲高兴。因此, 该题应选C。
3. —How did the audience receive the new play?
—They got very ____.
A . excite B . excited C . excitedly D . exciting
简析：该题应选B。测试他们被那出新戏所打动。
（五）分词作宾语补足语
共同点：分词在复合宾语中可作宾语补足语，对句子的宾语起补充或说明作用。
不同点：分词作宾语补足语时，句子的宾语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。
1. The next morning she found the man ____ in bed, dead.
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
简析：首先，根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作宾补, 补充说明宾语 the man; 再根据宾语 the man 对于动词 lie 来说应是主动关系, 且lie 这个动作与谓语动词 found 同时进行。因此, 该题应选A。
2. —Good morning. Can I help you?
—I’d like to have the package ____, madam.
A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed
简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分在句中应作宾补，补充说明宾语 the package; 再根据 the package 对于动词 weigh 来说, 只能是被动关系。因此，该题应选D。
3. He is not good at English, so it is not easy for him to make himself ______.
A. understand B. understanding C. understood D. understands
简析：该题应选C。himself是make的宾语，待选部分的逻辑主语。由于英语表达能力差，说出的英语别人难于听懂，也就不易被人理解。因此，这里用过去分词来表达这一被动含义。
4. If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the air ____ against your face.
A. moved B. moving C. moves D. to move
简析：该题应选B。测试使役动词后用现在分词作宾补表示宾语正发出的动作。
（六）分词作状语
共同点：分词作状语时，一般在句子中作时间、原因、方式或伴随等状语。
不同点：分词作状语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作状语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。
1. “Can’t you read?” Mary said ，____ to the notice.
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily
C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing
简析：该题应选A。测试现在分词作伴随状语，通过副词 angrily 进行干扰。若B 答案为 and pointed angrily 时也对。
2. ____ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not
C. Not having received D. Having not received
简析：该题应选C。 测试非谓语动词的否定式是在其前直接加 not 。若动作发生在主句动作之前时用非谓语的完成式。
3. The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, ____ that he had enjoyed his stay here.
A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added
简析：该题应选C。测试现在分词可以作补充说明的状语。
另外，分词作状语时，如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致时，需要独立主格结构或 with 复合结构来替代。(此时，也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语。)
例：The murderer was brought in, with his hands ____ behind his back.
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
简析：很显然，待选部分的逻辑主语是 his hands，而不是句子的主语 The murderer , 而 his hands 对于动词 tie 来说只能是被动关系。因此，该题应选D。
综上所述，现在分词与过去分词的根本区别是主、被动关系，正确认定逻辑主语是正确使用分词的关键。明白这一道理并不难，最重要的是要养成“分析句子成分——寻找逻辑主语——判断主被动关系”这一思维定势。
现在分词和过去分词的用法
1.分词在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。
Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Using what you know of word stems and word formations, you can make a guess at the meaning of a new word.
The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better.
He looked tired and depressed, visibly disturbed by the news of his mother's illness.
分词在句子中作状语，使用何种分词，要取决于分词与句子主语的关系：主谓关系用现在分词，动宾或被动关系用过去分词。
Not shaving enough hands, we turned to them for help.(we don't have enough hands).
Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handled our affairs better. (We are taught / teach us).
Inspired by the International, the working people of all countries have been fighting for their final liberation. (The working people were inspired / inspire the working people)
____ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge. (96,6)
A) Having believed B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed
意为：相信地球是平的，许多人担心哥伦布会从边上掉下去。许多人与相信之间是主谓关系，及分词与主语之间为主谓关系，因此，应用现在分词。
No matter how frequently__, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences. (95,6)
A) performing B) performed C) to be performed D) being performed
句中贝多芬的作品被反复表演，可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词。
____as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. (96,1)
A) Being published B) Published C) Publishing D) To be published
句中 as 引导的是让步状语从句，意为：他的作品尽管在被这样的时候出版，还是引起了关注，可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词。
2. “while (when, once, until, if , though 等连词)＋分词”结构
现在分词或过去分词作状语时，有时可以在分词前加 while，when, once, although, until, if 等连词。
When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work.
Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well.
Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.
3.分词作定语
分词作定语时，单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系)，过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。
We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.
This is really an exhausting day to all of us!
We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.
After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.
More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries.
The young sitting between my sister and my brother is my cousin Jack.
As early as 1649 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town ____50 households or more. (98,1)
A) having B) to have C) to have had D) having had
Town后面由分词做定语，而且town本身有50或以上人家，故town与分词间为主谓关系，应该用现在分词。
4. 分词作宾语补足语
4.1 现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance 等感官动词和 look at, listen to 等短语动词，以及 have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分。
On the top of the hill, we could see smoke rising from the chimneys in the village.
The little boy sat beside the railway line and watched the trains roaring by.
We should not leave him wondering what he should do.
I am sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.
I caught him dozing off in class.
4.2 过去分词可以在 allow, ask, consider, desire, expect, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, like, make, observe, order, permit, prefer, remember, request, require, see, urge 动词等后面作宾语补足语。
After my encounter with her, I found myself greatly shaken. You should keep her informed of what is going on here. The teacher expected the students well prepared for the examination.
4.2 在动词 see, hear, feel, watch, notice，perceive，observe, listen to, look at 后既可用现在分词做补语,也可用不定式做补语。用现在分词表示动作正在进行,用不定式表示的动作的全过程已经完成。
I saw Mr. White get off a bus.
I saw Mr. White looking into a shop window.
——Do you hear someone knocking at the door?
——Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.
5 .分词作表语分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质，而且主语多为物；过去分词表示主语的感受或状态，主语多为人。
The film “Pearl Harbor” is really exciting. I am excited about it.
His response to the question was quite disappointing. I felt disappointed at his response.
