目录
1、简单句的句型结构:
1-1、简单句
1-2、句子组织的5步骤:
2、否定句:
3、倒装句(就近原则):
4、一般疑问句:
5、特殊疑问句:
6、There be 句型:
7、祈使句:
8、冠词:
9、代词
9-1、人称代词:
9-2、指示代词:
9-3、反身代词:
10、介词
10-1、介词 prep
10-2、时间前是否加介词
11、副词
11-1、副词和形容词的区别:
11-2、频率副词:
11-3、地点副词:
11-4、方式副词:
11-5、adj.-- >adv之规则:
12、名词
12-1、名词所有格:
12-2、名词单数-复数的规则:
12-3、不可数名词
13、量词
14、动词
14-1、情态动词
14-1-1、Can:
14-1-2、must:
14-2、助动词(Do):
14-3、动词第三人称单数:
14-4、have
14-5、感官动词:
14-6、动词过去式的不规则变化:
15、现在进行时态
16、一般将来时态
17、一般现在时态
17-1、一般现在时态
17-2、一般现在时&现在进行时
18、一般过去时态:
18-1、一般过去时态:
18-1、There be 句型的过去式
1、简单句的句型结构:
1-1、简单句
- 句子结构:
主+谓
主+谓+宾
主+谓+宾+宾
主+谓+宾+宾补
主+系+表
- 典型句式:
She is beautiful.
主 系 表(表语指修饰主语的,系动词就是过渡连系作用);
I wash my hands.
主 谓 宾 (宾语是承受者,有动作作用于宾语的叫谓语) ;
They are busy .
主 系 表
He is running.(is是现在进行时的助动词)
主 谓
She is reading a book.
主 谓 宾
- 动词的分类:
She is beautiful. 连系动词
You must do it. 情态动词
I wash my hands. 实义动词
She is running. 助动词
1-2、句子组织的5步骤:
谁 ?—— 主语
干了什么 ?—— 谓语+宾语
如何干的 ?—— 方式状语
在哪儿干的 ?—— 地点状语
何时干的 ?—— 时间状语
- 他每天开心地在家等她。(He waits for her happily at home every day) .
谁 ? He
干了什么 ?waits for her
如何干的 ?happily
在哪儿干的 ?at home
何时干的 ?every day
- 我昨天忙碌地在商场买了很多鞋。(I bought many shoes busily in the mall yesterday).
谁 ? I
干了什么 ?bought many shoes
如何干的 ?busily
在哪儿干的 ?in the mall
何时干的 ?yesterday
- 他上周匆忙地离开了。(He left hurriedly last week)
谁 ? He
干了什么 ?left
如何干的 ?hurriedly
在哪儿干的 ?........
何时干的 ?last week
2、否定句:
功能:说不
构成:
- is not/am not/ are not
It is my name .--It is not my name.
She is pretty.--she is not pretty.
You are busy.--You are not busy.
I am listening .---I am not listening.
- Don't + v.
Do it ! /Don't do it !
Come in ! /Don't come in !
Don't smoke !
Don't drop it ! 别摔了
Don't do that ! 别这么做!
Don't put it there ! 别放在那儿!
Don't work ! 不要工作了!
- No+n.
Don't smoke !
No smoking !
No U turn 不准调头
No parking 不准停车
3、倒装句(就近原则):
are
你的雨伞和外套在这里。
's
这里是你的雨伞和外套。
4、一般疑问句:
功能:询问
构成:be 动词置于句前 be —— am , is , are
5、特殊疑问句:
- 特殊疑问词:
what、whose、how、who、which、where
- 语序
#1 特殊疑问词+be+名词
#2 特殊疑问词+名词+be+...
- 例句
what +be +名词
what +名词+be
what is your name? /what is your job?
what color/time/make/nationality is __?
whose+be +名词
whose+名词+be
whose is this shirt ?= whose shirt is this ?
whose is that phone?=whose phone is that?
How +be +名词
How are you ?
How is Sam ?
How is the weather?
who+be+名词
Who is that young man ? 那个年轻人是谁 ?
which +be+名词
which+名词+be
which is your book ?=which book is yours ? 哪一本是你的书 ?
where is/are +名词......?
where are you ? 你在哪儿?
6、There be 句型:
- 构成:There be(is,are)+地点
- 用法:
拥有 have
存在 There be .....
- 分类:
There is ...+ 单数名词
There are ....+ 复数名词
- 翻译:
There is one in my heart 那有一个人在我心里(错误)/ 我心里有一个人(正确,要根据汉语特点来翻译)
There is a cooker in the kitchen
There are two chairs in the kitchen
7、祈使句:
- 动词+... ( 没有主语,动词打头, 用来表示命令、请求、建议等 );
表示命令:动词原形+... come in./ shut the door./ open the window./ air the room.....
表示请求:please+动词原形+.... please give it to me.
表示建议:let's+动词原形+.... let's go,ok ?
- be+非动词(adj./prep./n./....)
Be careful !
Be happy !
Be good !
Be early !
Be here!
Be a good boy!
- 双宾语:give \show \take \teach .....
Give it to me.
give sth.to sb =give sb. sth.
the vase :sth(some thing). me:sb(somebody)..
You give the vase to me.
主 谓 宾 宾
You give me the vase.
主 谓 宾 宾
I give some money to him.=I give him some money.
I give a flower to my mother.=I give my mother a flower.
I give her a candy= I give a candy to her. 我给了她一个糖果。
I show my new car to him.= I show him my new car.
There we are= we are there. 就这么着吧!/就到这儿吧!
8、冠词:
- 概念:戴着名词头上的帽子,没有特殊情况不能摘帽子
- 包括:a/ an /the
- 意思:a/an 一个,一间,一台、
the 这,那,这些,那些
- 分类:
定冠词 the -- 确定的,知道的
不定冠词 a\an -- 不确定的、不知道的
There is a monk. 那儿有一个和尚。
The monk is jack. 那个和尚叫Jack.
总结:初次出现,不了解,不确定,用不定冠词a\an,再次出现,了解了,用定冠词the
- a/an 的区别
an + 元音发音开头的单词,其余用a
an egg、an orange、an hour
戴在名词头上的帽子,没有特殊情况不能宅帽子(特殊情况:国家、国籍、人名、城市名)。
I am from China / I like Beijing. / She is Japanese
9、代词
9-1、人称代词:
第..人称人称 |
| 主格 | 宾格 | 形容词性物主代词 | 名词性物主代词 | 中文意思 |
第一人称
| 单数 | I | me | my | mine | 我的 |
复数 | we | us | our | ours | 我们的 | |
第二人称
| 单数 | you | you | your | yours | 你的 |
复数 | you | you | your | yours | 你们的 | |
第三人称
| 单数 | he,she,it | him,her,it | his,her,its | his,hers,its | 他的,她的,它的 |
复数 | they | them | their | theirs | 他们的,她们的,它们的 |
9-2、指示代词:
- the和that,this的区别;
the是冠词只能用在名词前面修饰名词,不能单独使用;
this,that是指示代词,不仅限于修饰名词,且可以单独使用,如:I like this/that;
- these 这些
this 这个 — these 这些
that 那个 — those 那些
This is his watch / These are their watches
- Here用法:
Here is my ticket/my ticket is here(英语中重点先行,常用第一种句式,把here放前面);
9-3、反身代词:
- 反身代词
第一,第二人称:用物主代词+self
第三人称:用人称代词+self
| 我(们)自己 | 你(们)自己 | 他自己 | 她自己 | 它自己 |
单数 | myself | yourself | himself | herself | itself |
复数 | ourselves | yourselves | themselves |
- 英语中为什么有反身代词 ?何时用 ?
a、强调主语&宾语
himself
himself. 我见了奥巴马本人。
b、不言而喻的宾语
yourself. 好好照顾自己
yourself.
- 用法
a、介词+反身代词
by oneself 独自、依靠自己
I'm going to swim by myself.
He's going ti lean English by himself.
between oneself 私下
It's just between ourselves. 这是我们之间的秘密
b、动词+反身代词
enjoy oneself 玩的开心,过的愉快
They always enjoy themselves.
help oneself 随意
Help yourselves, please. (朋友到家做客,让他随意些的表达)
10、介词
10-1、介词 prep
- 介词:媒婆,连接两个词或者句子
- 包括:
on、in、
of 属于
near 靠近,旁边
off 离开
over 跨越,上方
between 两者之间
alone 沿着
in front of 前面
behind 后面
under 下面
across 穿过
is
The book on the desk . 在桌子上的那本书(介词短语)
—— 句子中使用介词时,别忘记动词,否则就不是句子,而是介词短语,且翻译也不同;
介词短语:
on the right
on the left
in the front of
因为这些方位词都是名词,只能借用一些固定的介词修饰,构成短语才能使用;
10-2、时间前是否加介词
- 需要加介词的情况:
at + 时间点
on + 天
in + 月、季、年
at
in winter and hot in
- 不需要加介词的情况:
today\ tomorrow\ yesterday\
this...\that...\next....\last.....
It's sunny today.
I'm going to meet some friends tomorrow.
He is going to go abroad next year.
11、副词
11-1、副词和形容词的区别:
- 形容词:修饰名词
a busy day,a pretty girl...
- 副词:修饰adj.\v.\adv.
a、修饰adj.
very tired. -I am so
too tired. - I am awfully
b、修饰 v.
I love you.
very much.
deeply.
- 副词的位置:通常情况,形前动后
very
well. 我游泳游的很好。
very much. 我非常爱你。
- hard 词性讨论:
hard work 艰苦的工作 adj.
work hard 努力地工作 adv
11-2、频率副词:
- never、seldom 、sometimes、often、usually、always
- 通常情、系后,实义前 (不是绝对的,具体也要看语境)
He can never sleep.
She is seldom ill.
He always loves her.
I can never remember.
I never can remember. 我永远也记不住。(表示语气坚决了)
11-3、地点副词:
- 表示地点的副词:
home/ there /here/ upstairs/ downstairs.....
stay here
go there
come upstairs
go downstairs
stay at home
11-4、方式副词:
- 功能
- 位置
- 种类
地点副词:here,there,home
频率副词:always,often,sometimes
时间副词:today,yesterday...
方式副词:slowly,suddenly,quickly ...
11-5、adj.-- >adv之规则:
1>.一般直接+ly,如 quickly
2>.辅+y结尾,变y为i+ly,如lazy-lazyily, happy-happily;
3>.以ll-结尾,直接+y,如fully.
4>.辅音+le,e变y,如able-ably,single-singly ;
5>.元音+e结尾,去e+ly, true-truly.
12、名词
12-1、名词所有格:
' s+名词 , 有生命的:
- Lucy 's friend lucy的朋友
- Lily's book Lily 的书.
- my mother's bag 我妈妈的包
- my father's watch 我爸爸的手表
- Jim and jack's room Jim和Jack的房间(房间属于二人共有)
- Jim's and Jack's rooms Jim和Jack的房间(有两间房,两人单独一个房间)
- The lady over there is Julia and Shelley's mother.
of , 无生命的:
- the photo of my school 我学校的照片
- the name of the song 这首歌的名字
- the color of my car 我的车的颜色
- the window of the room 这房间的窗户
12-2、名词单数-复数的规则:
- 以s、sh、x、ch结尾的+es /iz/
a bus —— buses
a box —— boxes
a brush —— brushes(刷子)
bench — benches
- 以f、fe结尾的变f,fe —— ves /vz/
a wife — wives
a shelf — shelves
a knife — knives (小刀)
a leaf — leaves (树叶)
- 土豆、西红柿、黑人、英雄 + es /z/
a potato - potatoes
a tomato - tomatoes
a Negro - Negroes
a hero - heroes
- 其他+ s \z\
a zoo - zoos
a radio - radios
a photo - photos
- 辅音字母+y结尾的名词,变y - i +es /iz/
a baby - babies
a lady - ladies
a fly - flies
- 通常以复数形式出现的词
jeans (牛仔裤)、pants (裤子)、shorts (短裤)、glasses
- 不规则变形:
man--men
woman--women
foot--feet
tooth--teeth
child--children
- 单复同形:
sheep--sheep,fish--fish
clothes
people
hair
12-3、不可数名词
- 概念:不可以数,不可以计算的名词;
a、液体状的东西:water\tea\coffee\milk\beer
b、物质名词:soap\gold\chocolate\tobacco
c、抽象名词:love\friendship\anger.....
d、无法计算:work\homework\rice\rain....
- 用法:
前面不可以加one、two、three....
前面不可以加a\an;
后面不可以加s,永远是单数
some milks
the beer\ the cheese \some rice -----正确的
- 与量词的搭配:
a piece of bread 一片面包
a loaf of bread 一个面包
a bar of soap 一条肥皂
a bottle of cola 一瓶可乐
a pound of 一磅的
a tin of cola 一罐可乐
a cup of
a box of
a spoon of suger 一勺糖
- Are there any +复数/ Is there any + 不可数
hammers
bread
milk
13、量词
- 量词:
a piece of..... 一片、一块的.....
a loaf of.... 一个、一条的.....
a bar of .... 一条、一块的....
a bottle of ... 一瓶的
a pound of 一磅的
a tin of ... 一罐的
a cup of
a box of
a spoon of
- some和any的用法区别:
some用在肯定句中;any用在否定、疑问句中
但在表请求、建议的疑问句中用some
Can you lend me some money ? 你可以借我点钱嘛?
Would you like to drink some tea ? 你想喝点茶嘛?
some +单数名词,“某一”
any +单数名词,“任一”
Some day,he can be some one. 某一天,他可能成为个人物
You can buy it in any supermarket. 你可以在任何一个超市买到
14、动词
15-1、情态动词
15-1-1、Can:
- 概念:表示情感、态度
must
Can
- 包括:can、must、may.....
- 用法:
can 不选人称:
can you help me ? are you ....?
can she do it ? Is she ..... ?
can we swim together ? are we ...?
can they ....? are they.... ?
can + 动词,且原形 :
help
do
swim
can they ....?
- 疑问句:情态动词提前
Can
Can
- 否定句:
can -- can't cannot
正式用语中不能使用can not,口语中可以使用,起加强语气的作用
must -- mustn't 禁止
语气稍弱时可以用don't need to 表不必;
may -- may not
14-1-2、must:
- a、疑问:Must I clean the room ? 我必须清扫屋子嘛?
- mustn't
mustn't 表绝对不可以,禁止,一般是权威人士,如医生,警察表达,
语气不那么强烈的可换成don't need to (不必,不需要);
14-2、助动词(Do):
如何区分用do还是be动词提问:
- be+形容词/名词/介词时,(用be动词提问:如一般疑问句当中)
Are they happy ?
Are they students ?
Are they on the subway ?
- Do+动词 ?
like
want
speak
eat
注意:在现在进行时态中属于特例,主语+is/am/are + doing;
You are eating breakfast./ Are you eating breakfast (这里是当有be动词优先选用be,没有才用助动词)
- Do you want any meat today ?
先看词性(动词 or 非动词):
Are you +非动词 ?
Do you +动词 ?
再看人称(三单 or 非三单 ):
Do you ......?
Does she \he\it..... ?
Does he study in Beijing ? 他在北京学习嘛?
Do you eat at home ? 你经常在家吃饭嘛?
注:Lily,Sam,Mr.Lee,his,mother,her uncle, this lady,that man,Beijing,the moon 都是第三人称单数形式
- 否定句中
be not +形容词/名词/介词....
They are not happy.
They are not students.
They ate not on the subway.
do not +动词
I don't speak English.
You don't often eat breakfast.
14-3、动词第三人称单数:
名词的复数 | 动词的第三人称 |
A.+s | A.+s |
a book--books | come--comes |
a bottle--bottles | make--makes |
a cat--cats | dust--dusts My mother dusts the table every day |
B. 辅音+y-ies | B. 辅音+y-ies |
a lady --ladies | study--studies My sister studies hard every day. |
a baby--babies | try--tries |
C. s/sh/ch/x/+es | C. s/sh/ch/x/+es |
a watch--watches | watch--watches My dog watches TV every night. |
a bus--buses | pass--passes |
a dish--dishes | wish--wishes |
D. o+es | D. o+es |
a potato--potatoes | go--goes |
a hero--heroes | do--does My father does the housework every day |
14-4、have
- 词性:实义动词
- 人称变化:
I / You/ We have....
has...
- 疑问句:
Do you have ..... ?
Does she/he/it have ....?
- 否定句:
don't .... /doesn't....
Do you have a girlfriend ? I don't have a girlfriend.
Does she have a boyfriend ? She doesn't have a boyfriend.
14-5、感官动词:
- look(看起来)、sound(听起来)、feel(感觉)、taste(尝起来)、smell(闻起来)
- 词性:半系动词,半实义动词
- 半实义动词:
a、人称&时态变化:
do-does、look-looks,sound-sounds,feel-feel,smell-smells,taste-tastes
He looks very busy. 他看起来很忙。
The bread smells yummy. 面包闻起来很香。
b、疑问句:
do/does
Do you cook ? 你做饭嘛?
Do you feel hot ? 你感觉热嘛?
Does the music sound beautiful? 音乐听起来美嘛 ?
c、否定句:
don't/doesn't
I don't cook. 我不做饭
I don't feel hot. 我感觉不热。
The music doesn't sound beautiful.
The bread doesn't smell yummy.
- 半系动词
listening to music carefully./ I eat my breakfast quickly.
look young./ It tastes
You look very hot 你像是很热。
I feel ill/sick. 我觉得不舒服。
The dish tastes good. 这道菜尝起来不错。
The song sounds familiar 这首歌听起来很熟悉。
good and sells well . good和well的区别??
14-6、动词过去式的不规则变化:
1>、cut - cut 切,割
let - let 让
put - put 放
cost - cost 花费,值
hurt - hurt 使... 伤痛
read - read 读
2>、fly - flew 飞
blow - blew 吹
draw - drew 画
grow - grew 生长
know - knew 知道
3>、begin - began 开始
drink - drank 喝
sing - sang 唱
swim - swam 游泳
4>、feel - felt 感到
keep - kept 保持
leave - left 离开
sleep - slept 睡
sweep - swept 扫
5>、catch - caught 抓
teach - taught 教
6>、meet - met 遇见
get - got 得到
sit - sat 坐
win - won 赢
7>、build - built 建造
send - sent 送,寄
spend - spent 花费
make - made 制造
hear - heard 听见
8>、情态动词的过去式
can - could 能
may - might 也许
must - must 必须
will - would 会
15、现在进行时态
- 现在进行时:此时此刻正在做的动作;
- 动词分词:
1、一般+ing;
2、以不发音的e结尾,去e+ing.(take—taking);
3、辅+元+辅(汉堡结构),双写辅音字母+ing(除opening、sharpening、listening.);
- 现在进行时态构成:
主语+am/is/are(助动词)+doing
- 现在进行时的一般疑问:
Is/am/are+主语+doing ?
What is she doing ? She is teaching.
Where is she teaching? She is teaching in the classroom.
What is she teaching ? She is teaching math.
16、一般将来时态
- 何时用?
预先计划和打算要做的事
- 固定结构:
主+is\am\are+going to
- 注意事项:
+ 动词原形
+ 地点名词
be + 非动词
- 例句:
swim
buy
Shanghai. 我们打算去上海。
be busy
be at home
be in Beijing .
- be going to 句型的疑问和否定:
疑问:be 提前
否定:be+not
Is
is not
17、一般现在时态
17-1、一般现在时态
- 何时用?
经常的状态;
习惯的动作
真理
- 结构
经常的状态;主语+is\am\are +非动词
习惯的动作;主语+v. (动词)
真理;主语+is\am\are,主语+v.
The earth is round.
The sun rises in the east.
- 动词?
主语+v.
主语为非三单+动词原形
主语为三单+动词s\es
注:非三单:第一,第二,第三人称复数(I ,we , you , they)
三单:第三人称单数,she,he ,it
My dog watches TV at night;
The student goes to school on foot.
Sam and eat together
- 疑问? Do+非三单,Does+三单
They drink beer every night.
Do they drink beer every night ?
He loves his girlfriend very much .
Does he love his girlfriend very much ?
- 否定? 非三单+don't,三单+doesn't
They drink beer every night.
They don't drink beer every night .
He loves his grilfriend very much .
He doesn't love his girlfriend very much.
17-2、一般现在时&现在进行时
- 功能不同
a、一般现在: 习惯的状态、经常的动作、真理;
b、现在进行: 此时此刻正在做、一段时间内做。
- 结构不同:
a、一般现在:主语+is\am\are,主语+v.
b、现在进行:主语+is\am\are+doing
- 时间状语不同
a、一般现在:every...always,usually,often,sometimes
b、现在进行:now,at the moment.....
I usually have lunch at 12:00,But I am having lunch now at 2:00.
—— 我通常12点吃饭,但今天都这会儿了,2点才吃;
He usually draws at 7:00, But he is drawing now today.
—— 他通常7点画画,但今天现在在画;
18、一般过去时态:
18-1、一般过去时态:
一般现在时态 | 一般过去时态 |
a、经常的状态: 主语+is\am\are | a、过去经常的状态: 主语+was\were |
b、习惯的动作: 主语+v. (动词) | b、过去习惯的动作: 主语+v.(did) |
c、真理 主语+is\am\are 主语+v.(动词) |
|
she is beautiful / she was beautiful.
He is a boy / He was a boy .
You are at home /you were at home.
I was in red 当时我穿着红色的衣服
My chin was in my left hand. 当时我左手托着腮帮。
- 动词过去式的变化:
1>、一般情况+ed,call-called,air-aired;
2>、以字母e结尾+d, live-lived,love-loved;
3>、以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i+ed, try--tried,study-studied;
4>、辅+元+辅(汉堡包结构),将辅音字母双写+ed,stop--stopped;
5>、特殊结构:go--went,make--made;
I studied in the US in 2010. 我2010年在美国学习;
The bus stopped just now. 公车刚刚停下来了。
They lived in New York two years ago. 他们两年前居住在纽约。
I aired the room this morning. 我上午给房间通风了。
I went to Xingjiang six years ago.
I made a snow man last winter.
- 一般过去时态:
疑问词:Did+动词?
否定句:Didn't +动词
I watched "Toy Story 3"last month. 我上个月看了玩具总动员3.
Did you watch "Toy Story 3"last month.
I didn't watch "Toy Story 3"last month.
I cleaned my room this morning.
Did you clean your room this morning.
I didn't clean my room this morning.
18-1、There be 句型的过去式
1、构成:There be(was,were )+地点
2、用法:拥有--have, 存在---there be....
3、分类:There was... + 单数名词
There were...+ 复数名词
4、使用:
guests
foreigners in Beijing during(在...期间)
There was a river here before. 从前这里有一条河。
5、疑问句:(was/were提前)
Was there a river here before?
Were there so many subway lines in Beijing? 以往北京也有这么多地铁线嘛?
litter on the pavement
6、否定句:(was/were+not)
There was not a river here before. 从前这里没有河.
标签:--,my,一册,语法,名词,介词,动词,英语,主语 From: https://blog.51cto.com/u_15699736/5971131