大家都知道,Mybatis内置参数,形如#{xxx}的,均采用了sql预编译的形式,大致知道mybatis底层使用PreparedStatement,过程是先将带有占位符(即”?”)的sql模板发送至mysql服务器,由服务器对此无参数的sql进行编译后,将编译结果缓存,然后直接执行带有真实参数的sql。如果你的基本结论也是如此,那你就大错特错了。
- mysql是否默认开启了预编译功能?
mysql是否支持预编译有两层意思:
db是否支持预编译
连接数据库的url是否指定了需要预编译,比如:jdbc:mysql://127.0.0.1:3306/user?useServerPrepStmts=true,useServerPrepStmts=true是非常非常重要的参数。如果不配置PreparedStatement 实际是个假的 PreparedStatement
SELECT VERSION(); // 5.6.24-log SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE '%prepare%'; //Com_stmt_prepare 4 代表被执行预编译次数 //开启server日志 SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '%general_log%'; SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'log_output'; SET GLOBAL general_log = ON; SET GLOBAL log_output='table'; TRUNCATE TABLE mysql.general_log; SELECT * FROM mysql.general_log; // 有Prepare命令
注意:mysql预编译功能有版本要求,包括server版本和mysql.jar包版本。以前的版本默认useServerPrepStmts=true,5.0.5以后的版本默认useServerPrepStmts=false
- 预编译缓存是服务端还是客户端缓存?
开启缓存:useServerPrepStmts=true&cachePrepStmts=true,设置了useServerPrepStmts=true,虽然可以一次编译,多次执行
它可以提高性能,但缓存是针对连接的,即每个连接的缓存都是独立的,并且缓存主要是由mysql-connector-java.jar实现的。
当手动调用prepareStatement.close()时PrepareStatement对象只会将关闭状态置为关闭,并不会向mysql发送关闭请求,prepareStatement对象会被缓存起来,等下次使用的时候直接从缓存中取出来使用。没有开启缓存,则会向mysql发送closeStmt的请求。
- 开启预编译性能更高?
也就是说预编译比非预编译更好?其实不然,不行自己可试试看。
public class PreparedStatement_test { private String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/batch"; private String sql = "SELECT * FROM export_request WHERE id = ?"; private int maxTimes = 100000; @Test public void go_driver() throws SQLException, ClassNotFoundException { Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"); Connection conn = (Connection) DriverManager.getConnection(url, "root", "123456"); // PreparedStatement Stopwatch stopwatch = Stopwatch.createStarted(); for (int i = 0; i < maxTimes; i++) { PreparedStatement stmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql); stmt.setLong(1, Math.abs(new Random().nextLong())); // execute stmt.executeQuery(); } System.out.println("go_driver:" + stopwatch); } @Test public void go_setPre() throws SQLException, ClassNotFoundException { Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"); Connection conn = (Connection) DriverManager.getConnection(url + "?useServerPrepStmts=true", "root", "123456"); // PreparedStatement Stopwatch stopwatch = Stopwatch.createStarted(); for (int i = 0; i < maxTimes; i++) { PreparedStatement stmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql); stmt.setLong(1, Math.abs(new Random().nextLong())); // execute stmt.executeQuery(); } System.out.println("go_setPre:" + stopwatch); } @Test public void go_setPreCache() throws SQLException, ClassNotFoundException { Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"); Connection conn = (Connection) DriverManager.getConnection(url + "?useServerPrepStmts=true&cachePrepStmts=true", "root", "123456"); // PreparedStatement PreparedStatement stmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql); stmt.setLong(1, Math.abs(new Random().nextLong())); // execute stmt.executeQuery(); stmt.close();//非常重要的,一定要调用才会缓存 Stopwatch stopwatch = Stopwatch.createStarted(); for (int i = 0; i < maxTimes; i++) { stmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql); stmt.setLong(1, Math.abs(new Random().nextLong())); // execute stmt.executeQuery(); } System.out.println("go_setPreCache:" + stopwatch); } }
基准为10w次单线程:
非预编译::23.78 s
预编译:41.86 s
预编译缓存:20.55 s
经过实践测试,对于频繁适用的语句,使用预编译+缓存确实能够得到可观的提升,但对于不频繁适用的语句,服务端编译会增加额外的round-trip。开发实践中要视情况而定。
- 从源码中验证
预编译原理(connection -> prepareStatement )
预编译:JDBC42ServerPreparedStatement(需将对应占位符)
非预编译:JDBC42PreparedStatement(完整的SQL)
//com.mysql.jdbc.ConnectionImpl中的代码片段 /** * JDBC 2.0 Same as prepareStatement() above, but allows the default result * set type and result set concurrency type to be overridden. * * @param sql * the SQL query containing place holders * @param resultSetType * a result set type, see ResultSet.TYPE_XXX * @param resultSetConcurrency * a concurrency type, see ResultSet.CONCUR_XXX * @return a new PreparedStatement object containing the pre-compiled SQL * statement * @exception SQLException * if a database-access error occurs. */ public java.sql.PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql, int resultSetType, int resultSetConcurrency) throws SQLException { synchronized (getConnectionMutex()) { checkClosed(); // // FIXME: Create warnings if can't create results of the given type or concurrency //当Client开启 useServerPreparedStmts 并且Server支持 ServerPrepare PreparedStatement pStmt = null; boolean canServerPrepare = true; String nativeSql = getProcessEscapeCodesForPrepStmts() ? nativeSQL(sql) : sql; if (this.useServerPreparedStmts && getEmulateUnsupportedPstmts()) { canServerPrepare = canHandleAsServerPreparedStatement(nativeSql); } if (this.useServerPreparedStmts && canServerPrepare) {// 从缓存中获取 pStmt if (this.getCachePreparedStatements()) { synchronized (this.serverSideStatementCache) { pStmt = (com.mysql.jdbc.ServerPreparedStatement) this.serverSideStatementCache .remove(makePreparedStatementCacheKey(this.database, sql)); if (pStmt != null) { ((com.mysql.jdbc.ServerPreparedStatement) pStmt).setClosed(false); pStmt.clearParameters();// 清理上次留下的参数 } if (pStmt == null) { try {// 向Server提交 SQL 预编译,实例是JDBC42ServerPreparedStatement pStmt = ServerPreparedStatement.getInstance(getMultiHostSafeProxy(), nativeSql, this.database, resultSetType, resultSetConcurrency); if (sql.length() < getPreparedStatementCacheSqlLimit()) { ((com.mysql.jdbc.ServerPreparedStatement) pStmt).isCached = true; } pStmt.setResultSetType(resultSetType); pStmt.setResultSetConcurrency(resultSetConcurrency); } catch (SQLException sqlEx) { // Punt, if necessary if (getEmulateUnsupportedPstmts()) { pStmt = (PreparedStatement) clientPrepareStatement(nativeSql, resultSetType, resultSetConcurrency, false); if (sql.length() < getPreparedStatementCacheSqlLimit()) { this.serverSideStatementCheckCache.put(sql, Boolean.FALSE); } } else { throw sqlEx; } } } } } else { try { // 向Server提交 SQL 预编译。 pStmt = ServerPreparedStatement.getInstance(getMultiHostSafeProxy(), nativeSql, this.database, resultSetType, resultSetConcurrency); pStmt.setResultSetType(resultSetType); pStmt.setResultSetConcurrency(resultSetConcurrency); } catch (SQLException sqlEx) { // Punt, if necessary if (getEmulateUnsupportedPstmts()) { pStmt = (PreparedStatement) clientPrepareStatement(nativeSql, resultSetType, resultSetConcurrency, false); } else { throw sqlEx; } } } } else {// Server不支持 ServerPrepare,实例是JDBC42PreparedStatement pStmt = (PreparedStatement) clientPrepareStatement(nativeSql, resultSetType, resultSetConcurrency, false); } return pStmt; } }
JDBC42ServerPreparedStatement->close,缓存
//com.mysql.jdbc.ServerPreparedStatement中选取代码 @Override public void close() throws SQLException { MySQLConnection locallyScopedConn = this.connection; if (locallyScopedConn == null) { return; // already closed } synchronized (locallyScopedConn.getConnectionMutex()) { if (this.isCached && isPoolable() && !this.isClosed) { clearParameters();// 若开启缓存,则只会将状态位设为已关闭,并且刷新缓存 this.isClosed = true; this.connection.recachePreparedStatement(this); return; } //没有开启缓存,则会向mysql发送closeStmt的请求 realClose(true, true); } } public void recachePreparedStatement(ServerPreparedStatement pstmt) throws SQLException { synchronized (getConnectionMutex()) { if (getCachePreparedStatements() && pstmt.isPoolable()) { synchronized (this.serverSideStatementCache) { Object oldServerPrepStmt = this.serverSideStatementCache.put(makePreparedStatementCacheKey(pstmt.currentCatalog, pstmt.originalSql), pstmt); if (oldServerPrepStmt != null) {// 将sql语句作为key,reparedStatement对象作为value存放到缓存中 ((ServerPreparedStatement) oldServerPrepStmt).isCached = false; ((ServerPreparedStatement) oldServerPrepStmt).realClose(true, true); } } } } }
- 总结
预编译显式开启(在url中指定useServerPrepStmts=true),否则PreparedStatement不会向mysql发送预编译(Prepare命令)的请求;
每次向mysql发送预编译请求,不管之前有没有执行过此SQL语句,只要请求的命令是Prepare或Query,mysql就会重新编译一次SQL语句,并返回此链接当前唯一的Statement ID,后续执行SQL语句的时候,程序只需拿着Statement ID和参数就可以了;
当预编译的SQL语句有语法错误,则mysql的响应会携带错误信息,但此错误信息JDBC感知不到(或者说mysql-connetor-java.jar包里的实现将其忽略掉了),此时还会继续往下执行代码,当执行到executeXxx()方法时,由于没有Statement ID(所以就会将拼接完整的SQL语句值已经将占位符(?)替换掉再次发给mysql请求执行,此时mysql响应有语法错误,这时JDBC就会抛出语法错误异常),所以检查语法那一步实在mysql-server中做的(通过抓包可以看到);
PreparedStatement对性能的提高是利用缓存实现的,需要显式开启(在url中指定cachePrepStmts=true),此缓存是mysql-connetor-java.jar包里实现的(非mysql-server中的缓存),缓存的key是完整的sql语句,value是PreparedStatement对象。放入缓存是PreparedStatement.close()触发的,所以只要缓存PreparedStatement对象没有关闭,你不管调用多少次connection.prapareStatement(sql)对相同的sql语句进行预编译,都会将预编译的请求发给mysql,mysql也会对每一个sql语句不管是否相同进行预编译,并生成一个唯一的Statement ID并返回;
缓存是针对链接的,每个链接都是独立的,不共享缓存
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原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/alex_xfboy/article/details/83901351