【Swift底层进阶--018：高阶函数】

​​Swift​​​是一门面向协议的语言，开发中我们已经充分享受到面向协议编程的便利，但​​Swift​​​相比​​OC​​还有一个更重要的优势，那就是对函数式编程提供了强大的支持。

其中​​Swift​​提供的高阶函数，常常用来作用于​​Array​​、​​Set​​、​​Dictionary​​中的每一个元素，它的本质也是函数，具有以下有两个特点：

• 接受函数或者是闭包作为参数
• 返回值是一个函数或者是闭包

map函数

​​map​​函数作用于​​Collection​​中的每一个元素，然后返回一个新的​​Collection​​

假设一个​​String​​类型的​​Array​​，要求将集合中的每一个元素都转为小写。常规代码会这样写：

let strings = ["HANK", "CAT", "Kody", "COOCI"]
var newStrings = [String]()

for ele in strings{
    newStrings.append(ele.lowercased())
}

还可以使用​​map​​函数替代常规写法：

let strings = ["HANK", "CAT", "Kody", "COOCI"]
var newStrings = strings.map{ $0.lowercased() }
print(newStrings)

//输出以下内容
//["hank", "cat", "kody", "cooci"]

• ​​map​​函数可以对数组中的每一个元素做一次处理，如同遍历的作用
• ​​map​​函数接受一个闭包作为参数， 然后它会遍历整个数组，并对数组中每一个元素执行闭包中定义的操作。 相当于对数组中的所有元素做了一个映射
• ​​map​​函数可以对一个集合类型的所有元素做一个映射操作
• ​​map​​函数不会修改实例值， 而是新建一个拷贝

查看​​map​​函数的定义：

public func map<T>(_ transform: (Output) -> T) -> Just<T>

在源码中打开​​Sequence.swift​​文件，找到​​map​​函数的定义，它其实是​​Sequence​​协议的扩展

/// - Parameter transform: A mapping closure. `transform` accepts an
 ///   element of this sequence as its parameter and returns a transformed
 ///   value of the same or of a different type.
 /// - Returns: An array containing the transformed elements of this
 ///   sequence.
 ///
 /// - Complexity: O(*n*), where *n* is the length of the sequence.
 @inlinable
 public func map<T>(
   _ transform: (Element) throws -> T
 ) rethrows -> [T] {
   let initialCapacity = underestimatedCount
   var result = ContiguousArray<T>()
   result.reserveCapacity(initialCapacity)

   var iterator = self.makeIterator()

   // Add elements up to the initial capacity without checking for regrowth.
   for _ in 0..<initialCapacity {
     result.append(try transform(iterator.next()!))
   }
   // Add remaining elements, if any.
   while let element = iterator.next() {
     result.append(try transform(element))
   }
   return Array(result)
 }

上述源码，可以看出​​map​​函数本质是创建新的数组，对集合内的每个元素进行​​transform​​操作（闭包表达式），然后返回新数组

flatMap函数

先来看一下​​flatMap​​函数的定义:

public func flatMap<ElementOfResult>(_ transform: (Element) throws -> ElementOfResult?) rethrows -> [ElementOfResult]

打开​​SequenceAlgorithms.swift​​文件，找到​​flatMap​​函数的定义：

/// - Parameter transform: A closure that accepts an element of this
  ///   sequence as its argument and returns a sequence or collection.
  /// - Returns: The resulting flattened array.
  ///
  /// - Complexity: O(*m* + *n*), where *n* is the length of this sequence
  ///   and *m* is the length of the result.
  @inlinable
  public func flatMap<SegmentOfResult: Sequence>(
    _ transform: (Element) throws -> SegmentOfResult
  ) rethrows -> [SegmentOfResult.Element] {
    var result: [SegmentOfResult.Element] = []
    for element in self {
      result.append(contentsOf: try transform(element))
    }
    return result
  }

上述源码，​​flatMap​​函数中的闭包参数，同样是​​Sequence​​类型，但其返回类型为​​SegmentOfResult​​

在函数体的泛型定义中，​​SegmentOfResult​​的类型其实就是​​Sequence​​。 而​​flatMap​​函数返回的类型是​​SegmentOfResult.Element​​的数组

从函数的返回值来看，与​​map​​函数的区别在于​​flatMap​​函数会将​​Sequence​​中的元素进行“压平”，返回的类型会是​​Sequence​​中元素类型的数组，而​​map​​函数返回的是闭包返回类型​​T​​的数组

相比较​​map​​函数来说，​​flatMap​​函数最主要的两个作用一个是“压平”，一个是过滤​​nil​​值

案例1

二维数组“压平”

let nums = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]

var result1 = nums.map{$0}
var result2 = nums.flatMap{$0}

print("map：\(result1)")
print("flatMap：\(result2)")

//输出以下内容
//map：[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
//flatMap：[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

上述代码，使用​​map​​函数输出的还是二维数组，但使用​​flatMap​​函数变成一维数组

案例2

过滤​​nil​​值

let strings = ["HANK", "CAT", "Kody", "COOCI", nil]

var result1 = strings.map{$0}
var result2 = strings.flatMap{$0}

print("map：\(result1)")
print("flatMap：\(result2)")

//输出以下内容
//map：[Optional("HANK"), Optional("CAT"), Optional("Kody"), Optional("COOCI"), nil]
//flatMap：["HANK", "CAT", "Kody", "COOCI"]

上述代码，使用​​map​​函数，数组内元素变为​​Optional​​类型，同时​​nil​​值也被保留。使用​​flatMap​​函数，会把数组内元素进行​​Optional​​解包，并且过滤​​nil​​值

let number: String? = String(20)
let restult = number.map{Int($0)}

上述代码，​​number​​为​​String​​可选类型，使用​​map​​函数将其转为​​Int​​类型，此时​​restult​​类型变为两层可选类型，使用时需要解包两次

let number: String? = String(20)
let restult = number.flatMap{Int($0)}

同样的代码，使用​​flatMap​​函数，​​restult​​依然保持为可选类型

打开​​Optional.swift​​文件，找到​​map​​函数的定义：

/// - Parameter transform: A closure that takes the unwrapped value
  ///   of the instance.
  /// - Returns: The result of the given closure. If this instance is `nil`,
  ///   returns `nil`.
  @inlinable
  public func map<U>(
    _ transform: (Wrapped) throws -> U
  ) rethrows -> U? {
    switch self {
    case .some(let y):
      return .some(try transform(y))
    case .none:
      return .none
    }
  }

上述源码，当进入​​case .some​​的代码分支，返回时又进行了​​.some()​​的调用，增加了一层可选

找到​​flatMap​​函数的定义：

/// - Parameter transform: A closure that takes the unwrapped value
  ///   of the instance.  
  /// - Returns: The result of the given closure. If this instance is `nil`,
  ///   returns `nil`.
  @inlinable
  public func flatMap<U>(
    _ transform: (Wrapped) throws -> U?
  ) rethrows -> U? {
    switch self {
    case .some(let y):
      return try transform(y)
    case .none:
      return .none
    }
  }

上述源码，当进入​​case .some​​的代码分支，直接进行​​transform​​操作，将结果返回

• ​​flatMap​​函数依然会遍历数组的元素，并对这些元素执行闭包中定义的操作
• 与​​map​​函数不同的是，它对最终的结果进行了所谓的“压平”操作。多维数组​​flatMap​​之后，变成一维数组
• ​​flatMap​​函数返回后，数组的元素会过滤​​nil​​值，同时它会把​​Optional​​解包

compactMap函数

序列可选类型，在​​Swift 4.1​​之后，应该将​​flatMap​​替换为​​compactMap​​

打开​​SequenceAlgorithms.swift​​文件，找到​​compactMap​​函数的定义：

/// - Parameter transform: A closure that accepts an element of this
  ///   sequence as its argument and returns an optional value.
  /// - Returns: An array of the non-`nil` results of calling `transform`
  ///   with each element of the sequence.
  ///
  /// - Complexity: O(*m* + *n*), where *n* is the length of this sequence
  ///   and *m* is the length of the result.
  @inlinable // protocol-only
  public func compactMap<ElementOfResult>(
    _ transform: (Element) throws -> ElementOfResult?
  ) rethrows -> [ElementOfResult] {
    return try _compactMap(transform)
  }

  // The implementation of flatMap accepting a closure with an optional result.
  // Factored out into a separate functions in order to be used in multiple
  // overloads.
  @inlinable // protocol-only
  @inline(__always)
  public func _compactMap<ElementOfResult>(
    _ transform: (Element) throws -> ElementOfResult?
  ) rethrows -> [ElementOfResult] {
    var result: [ElementOfResult] = []
    for element in self {
      if let newElement = try transform(element) {
        result.append(newElement)
      }
    }
    return result
  }
}

上述源码，在​​_compactMap​​方法内，遍历元素过程中做了可选值绑定操作，然后进行​​append​​

let strings = ["HANK", "CAT", "Kody", "COOCI", nil]
var result = strings.compactMap{$0}
print(result)

//输出以下内容
//["HANK", "CAT", "Kody", "COOCI"]

上述代码，使用​​compactMap​​函数将​​nil​​值过滤

• 当转换闭包返回可选值并且期望得到的结果为非可选值的序列时，使用​​compactMap​​函数
• 当对于序列中元素，转换闭包返回的是序列或者集合时，而期望得到的结果是一维数组，使用​​flatMap​​函数

filter函数

​​filter​​函数用于过滤元素，筛选出集合中满足某种条件的元素

let nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
let result = nums.filter{ $0 % 2 != 0 }
print(result)

//输出以下结果：
//[1, 3, 5]

上述代码，使用​​filter函数​​找到数组元素中的奇数

打开​​Sequence.swift​​文件，找到​​filter​​函数的定义：

/// - Parameter isIncluded: A closure that takes an element of the
  ///   sequence as its argument and returns a Boolean value indicating
  ///   whether the element should be included in the returned array.
  /// - Returns: An array of the elements that `isIncluded` allowed.
  ///
  /// - Complexity: O(*n*), where *n* is the length of the sequence.
  @inlinable
  public __consuming func filter(
    _ isIncluded: (Element) throws -> Bool
  ) rethrows -> [Element] {
    return try _filter(isIncluded)
  }

  @_transparent
  public func _filter(
    _ isIncluded: (Element) throws -> Bool
  ) rethrows -> [Element] {

    var result = ContiguousArray<Element>()

    var iterator = self.makeIterator()

    while let element = iterator.next() {
      if try isIncluded(element) {
        result.append(element)
      }
    }

    return Array(result)
  }

• ​​filter​​函数将闭包表达式作为参数
• 调用​​ContiguousArray<Element>()​​声明一个空集合
• 使用​​self.makeIterator()​​生成一个迭代器
• 通过​​while​​遍历元素
• 将​​isIncluded​​（闭包表达式）作为判断条件，将符合条件的元素加入到集合中
• 返回新数组

forEach函数

对于集合类型的元素，不必每次都通过​​for​​循环来做遍历，​​Sequence​​中同样提供了高阶函数以供使用：

let nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

nums.forEach {
    print($0)
}

上述代码，通过​​forEach​​函数遍历数组元素进行打印

打开​​Sequence.swift​​文件，找到​​forEach​​函数的定义：

/// Using the `forEach` method is distinct from a `for`-`in` loop in two
  /// important ways:
  ///
  /// 1. You cannot use a `break` or `continue` statement to exit the current
  ///    call of the `body` closure or skip subsequent calls.
  /// 2. Using the `return` statement in the `body` closure will exit only from
  ///    the current call to `body`, not from any outer scope, and won't skip
  ///    subsequent calls.
  ///
  /// - Parameter body: A closure that takes an element of the sequence as a
  ///   parameter.
  @_semantics("sequence.forEach")
  @inlinable
  public func forEach(
    _ body: (Element) throws -> Void
  ) rethrows {
    for element in self {
      try body(element)
    }
  }
}

上述源码，​​forEach​​函数的本质还是使用​​for...in​​循环，执行闭包表达式

如果想获取当前元素的​​index​​，可以使用​​enumerated​​函数

let nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

nums.enumerated().forEach {
    print("index：\($0)，emelent：\($1)")
}

//输出以下结果：
//index：0，emelent：1
//index：1，emelent：2
//index：2，emelent：3
//index：3，emelent：4
//index：4，emelent：5

上述代码，可以同时输出​​index​​和​​emelent​​

找到​​emelent​​函数的定义，返回一个​​EnumeratedSequence​​类型

@inlinable public func enumerated() -> EnumeratedSequence<Array<Element>>

打开​​Algorithm.swift​​文件，找到​​EnumeratedSequence​​定义：

@frozen
public struct EnumeratedSequence<Base: Sequence> {
  @usableFromInline
  internal var _base: Base

  /// Construct from a `Base` sequence.
  @inlinable
  internal init(_base: Base) {
    self._base = _base
  }
}

​​EnumeratedSequence​​是一个接收​​Sequence​​类型的结构体

extension EnumeratedSequence {
  @frozen
  public struct Iterator {
    @usableFromInline
    internal var _base: Base.Iterator
    @usableFromInline
    internal var _count: Int

    /// Construct from a `Base` iterator.
    @inlinable
    internal init(_base: Base.Iterator) {
      self._base = _base
      self._count = 0
    }
  }
}

​​Iterator​​是​​EnumeratedSequence​​内部用到的迭代器，​​_count​​就是​​index​​

extension EnumeratedSequence.Iterator: IteratorProtocol, Sequence {
  /// The type of element returned by `next()`.
  public typealias Element = (offset: Int, element: Base.Element)

  /// Advances to the next element and returns it, or `nil` if no next element
  /// exists.
  ///
  /// Once `nil` has been returned, all subsequent calls return `nil`.
  @inlinable
  public mutating func next() -> Element? {
    guard let b = _base.next() else { return nil }
    let result = (offset: _count, element: b)
    _count += 1 
    return result
  }
}

​​next​​用来生成元素，返回一个元组类型。所以我们可以使用​​$0​​获取​​index​​，使用​​$1​​获取​​emelent​​

reduce函数

• ​​reduce​​函数可以对数组的元素进行计算
• ​​reduce​​函数可以将数组元素组合计算为一个值，并且会接受一个初始值，这个初始值的类型可以和数组元素类型不同
• 将数组元素合并成字符串，元素之间可以指定分隔符号

let nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
let result = nums.reduce(10, +)
print(result)

//输出以下结果：
//25

上述代码，使用​​reduce​​函数将数组内元素和初始值​​10​​，通过闭包表达式进行求和

打开​​SequenceAlgorithms.swift​​文件，找到​​reduce​​函数的定义：

/// - Parameters:
  ///   - initialResult: The value to use as the initial accumulating value.
  ///     `initialResult` is passed to `nextPartialResult` the first time the
  ///     closure is executed.
  ///   - nextPartialResult: A closure that combines an accumulating value and
  ///     an element of the sequence into a new accumulating value, to be used
  ///     in the next call of the `nextPartialResult` closure or returned to
  ///     the caller.
  /// - Returns: The final accumulated value. If the sequence has no elements,
  ///   the result is `initialResult`.
  ///
  /// - Complexity: O(*n*), where *n* is the length of the sequence.
  @inlinable
  public func reduce<Result>(
    _ initialResult: Result,
    _ nextPartialResult:
      (_ partialResult: Result, Element) throws -> Result
  ) rethrows -> Result {
    var accumulator = initialResult
    for element in self {
      accumulator = try nextPartialResult(accumulator, element)
    }
    return accumulator
  }

• ​​initialResult​​：初始值
• ​​nextPartialResult​​：闭包表达式
• ​​accumulator​​：累加器

遍历集合，将累加器和元素传入闭包表达式进行指定操作，将结果重新赋值给累加器，最后将累加器返回

案例1

对集合内每个元素进行​​*2​​操作

func customMap(collection: [Int], transform: (Int) -> Int) -> [Int]{
    return collection.reduce([Int]()){
        var arr: [Int] = $0
        arr.append(transform($1))
        return arr
    }
}

let nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
let result = customMap(collection: nums){
    $0 * 2
}

print(result)

//输出以下结果：
//[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

上述代码，定义​​customMap​​方法

• 方法内部使用​​reduce​​函数，初始值为空数组
• 闭包表达式内部将​​$0​​空数组赋值给​​arr​​变量
• 将​​$1​​元素传入​​transform​​闭包表达式
• 将执行结果​​append​​到​​arr​​数组并进行返回

也可以通过​​reduce​​函数直接实现上述需求，由于传入的集合是可变数组，需要使用​​reduce(into:)​​方法，否则编译报错

编译报错

let nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

let result = nums.reduce(into: [Int]()){
    $0.append($1 * 2)
}

print(result)

//输出以下结果：
//[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

上述代码，使用​​reduce(into:)​​方法，也可以实现同样的效果

案例2

找出数组当中的最大值

let result = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].reduce(0){
    return $0 < $1 ? $1 : $0
}

print(result)

//输出以下结果：
//5

上述代码，要想找到最大值，一定会进行比较，这里的逻辑是通过累加器和元素进行比较

• 累加器初始传入​​0​​
• 闭包表达式内，使用累加器和元素值比较
• 如果累加器小于元素值，将元素值赋值给累加器
• 循环往复，最终返回的累加器就是数组内元素的最大值

案例3

找到数组内奇数，再找到距离它最近的​​2​​的​​n​​次方数，最后计算出总和

extension FixedWidthInteger {
    @inlinable
    func nextPowerOf2() -> Self {
        guard self != 0 else {
            return 1
        }
        return 1 << (Self.bitWidth - (self - 1).leadingZeroBitCount)
    }
}

let result = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].filter{
    $0 % 2 != 0
}.map{
    $0.nextPowerOf2()
}.reduce(0){
    $0 + $1
}

print(result)

//输出以下结果：
//13

• 使用​​filter​​方法筛选出数组内奇数
• 使用​​map​​方法将数组内元素依次通过​​nextPowerOf2​​方法，找到距离元素值最近的​​2​​的​​n​​次方数
• 使用​​reduce​​方法求和

案例4

逆序数组

let result = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].reduce([Int]()){
   return [$1] + $0
}

print(result)

//输出以下结果：
//[5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

• 累加器初始传入空数组
• 将元素包装成数组和累加器的数组相加，等同于两个数组元素合并
• 将合并后的数组赋值给累加器，直到所有元素合并完

LazySequence

假设我们有一个非常庞大的数组，想要通过​​map​​函数对每一个元素进行​​*2​​，这将是一个非常耗时的操作

let numbers = Array(1...100000)
let mapNumbers = numbers.map{ $0 * 2 }

合理的逻辑，应该使用懒加载，在元素被访问的时候进行​​*2​​操作。但这样做还能使用​​map​​函数吗？

答案当然是可以的，​​Swift​​提供了⼀个​​lazy​​关键字，它能实现这样的效果：

let numbers = Array(1...100000)
let mapNumbers = numbers.lazy.map{ $0 * 2 }

print(mapNumbers)

上述代码，直接输出​​mapNumbers​​，可以看到里面的元素没有发生任何变化

let numbers = Array(1...100000)
let mapNumbers = numbers.lazy.map{ $0 * 2 }

print(mapNumbers[0])
print(mapNumbers[1])
print(mapNumbers[2])

//输出以下结果：
//2
//4
//6

上述代码，当数组内指定元素被访问，这时该元素才会进行​​*2​​操作

通过上面的案例来看，当使⽤​​Lazy​​关键字后，得到的​​mapNumbers​​保留的还是原来的数据，只不过在访问指定元素时，才会执⾏对应的闭包操作，产⽣新值给我们

当使用​​lazy​​关键字后，返回的是一个​​LazySequence​​的结构体

查看​​lazy​​的定义：

@inlinable public var lazy: LazySequence<Array<Element>> { get }

打开​​LazySequence.swift​​文件，找到​​LazySequenceProtocol​​协议的定义：

public protocol LazySequenceProtocol: Sequence {
  /// A `Sequence` that can contain the same elements as this one,
  /// possibly with a simpler type.
  ///
  /// - See also: `elements`
  associatedtype Elements: Sequence = Self where Elements.Element == Element

  /// A sequence containing the same elements as this one, possibly with
  /// a simpler type.
  ///
  /// When implementing lazy operations, wrapping `elements` instead
  /// of `self` can prevent result types from growing an extra
  /// `LazySequence` layer.  For example,
  ///
  /// _prext_ example needed
  ///
  /// Note: this property need not be implemented by conforming types,
  /// it has a default implementation in a protocol extension that
  /// just returns `self`.
  var elements: Elements { get }
}

​​LazySequenceProtocol​​协议遵循了​​Sequence​​协议

找到​​lazy​​的定义：

extension Sequence {
  /// A sequence containing the same elements as this sequence,
  /// but on which some operations, such as `map` and `filter`, are
  /// implemented lazily.
  @inlinable // protocol-only
  public var lazy: LazySequence<Self> {
    return LazySequence(_base: self)
  }
}

​​lazy​​是一个计算属性，返回一个​​LazySequence​​对象

@frozen // lazy-performance
public struct LazySequence<Base: Sequence> {
  @usableFromInline
  internal var _base: Base

  /// Creates a sequence that has the same elements as `base`, but on
  /// which some operations such as `map` and `filter` are implemented
  /// lazily.
  @inlinable // lazy-performance
  internal init(_base: Base) {
    self._base = _base
  }
}

​​LazySequence​​初始化的时候，保留了当前的集合

extension LazySequence: Sequence {
  public typealias Element = Base.Element
  public typealias Iterator = Base.Iterator

  @inlinable
  public __consuming func makeIterator() -> Iterator {
    return _base.makeIterator()
  }
  
  @inlinable // lazy-performance
  public var underestimatedCount: Int {
    return _base.underestimatedCount
  }

  @inlinable // lazy-performance
  @discardableResult
  public __consuming func _copyContents(
    initializing buf: UnsafeMutableBufferPointer<Element>
  ) -> (Iterator, UnsafeMutableBufferPointer<Element>.Index) {
    return _base._copyContents(initializing: buf)
  }

  @inlinable // lazy-performance
  public func _customContainsEquatableElement(_ element: Element) -> Bool? { 
    return _base._customContainsEquatableElement(element)
  }
  
  @inlinable // generic-performance
  public __consuming func _copyToContiguousArray() -> ContiguousArray<Element> {
    return _base._copyToContiguousArray()
  }
}

• ​​LazySequence​​扩展，遵循​​Sequence​​协议
• ​​makeIterator()​​方法创建迭代器

打开​​Map.swift​​文件，找到在​​LazySequenceProtocol​​扩展中实现的​​map​​函数

extension LazySequenceProtocol {
  /// Returns a `LazyMapSequence` over this `Sequence`.  The elements of
  /// the result are computed lazily, each time they are read, by
  /// calling `transform` function on a base element.
  @inlinable
  public func map<U>(
    _ transform: @escaping (Element) -> U
  ) -> LazyMapSequence<Elements, U> {
    return LazyMapSequence(_base: elements, transform: transform)
  }
}

• ​​LazySequenceProtocol​​扩展，实现​​map​​函数
• 返回一个​​LazyMapSequence​​对象

/// A `Sequence` whose elements consist of those in a `Base`
/// `Sequence` passed through a transform function returning `Element`.
/// These elements are computed lazily, each time they're read, by
/// calling the transform function on a base element.
@frozen
public struct LazyMapSequence<Base: Sequence, Element> {

  public typealias Elements = LazyMapSequence

  @usableFromInline
  internal var _base: Base
  @usableFromInline
  internal let _transform: (Base.Element) -> Element

  /// Creates an instance with elements `transform(x)` for each element
  /// `x` of base.
  @inlinable
  internal init(_base: Base, transform: @escaping (Base.Element) -> Element) {
    self._base = _base
    self._transform = transform
  }
}

​​LazyMapSequence​​初始化的时候，保存了当前集合和​​transform​​闭包表达式

extension LazyMapSequence.Iterator: IteratorProtocol, Sequence {
  /// Advances to the next element and returns it, or `nil` if no next element
  /// exists.
  ///
  /// Once `nil` has been returned, all subsequent calls return `nil`.
  ///
  /// - Precondition: `next()` has not been applied to a copy of `self`
  ///   since the copy was made.
  @inlinable
  public mutating func next() -> Element? {
    return _base.next().map(_transform)
  }
}

当访问指定元素时，会调用​​next()​​方法，然后对元素进行​​transform​​操作

所以​​Lazy​​的本质，其实就是保存当前集合和对应的操作，然后在访问具体元素的时候，执⾏对应的操作