1. 前言
关于双网卡绑定,前前后后踩过不少的坑,虽然这是 RHCE 中的一道题,但是在实践中碰到问题也够喝一壶的。
在实践中,虚拟机、物理机都做过,但是不尽相同,大部分的坑也集中在这里,本文长期更新关于网卡绑定中遇到的问题及处理方法。
现在的服务器默认都配备 4 张 千兆网卡,在生产环境中,无论遇到多大的困难,都必须做到双网卡绑定(至少要实现主备模式),最基本的主备这是基本原则。因此在前期的规划,网络设备(交换机)是必须要考虑到的。
2. 概念
概念性的东西的最容易遗忘的,这里得反复强调:
链路聚合最常见的三种模式:
- mode0(平衡负载模式):两张网卡同时均衡工作,且自动备援,但是需要在与服务器本地网卡相连的交换机设备上进行端口聚合来支持绑定技术。
- mode1(自动备援模式):1张网卡工作,在工作网卡故障时,第二张网卡替换故障网卡,单纯的主备模式。
- mode6(平衡负载模式):两张网卡均衡工作,且自动备援,无需交换机设备提供辅助支持。
以上三种模式,最推荐的当然是 mode6 技能负载均衡又能主备切换,最最重要的是不用浪费时间去联系网络工程师。记住上面三种常见模式就够用了。
3. 实践#
3.1 虚拟机网卡绑定
环境介绍:
虚拟化软件:VMware® Workstation 15 Pro
虚拟机操作系统:CentOS Linux release 7.7.1908 (Core)
在 Centos 7 中有两种技术来实现网卡绑定:teaming 和 bonding ,下面通过三种方式来实现网卡绑定:
3.1.1 手动配置,使用 bond 技术#
查看物理网卡及连接状态
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[[email protected] ~] #nmcli dev
DEVICE TYPE STATE CONNECTION
eth0 ethernet connected System eth0
eth1 ethernet connected Wired connection 1
eth2 ethernet connected Wired connection 2
lo loopback unmanaged --
[[email protected] ~] #nmcli con
NAME UUID TYPE DEVICE
System eth0 078df8ff-b848-4c23-b212-3213a74bc5d5 ethernet eth0
Wired connection 1 24d053c5-d908-3e0d-9e61-4d92efcd6f3b ethernet eth1
Wired connection 2 b4cea59c-59ea-3b6c-a343-e2578ede5034 ethernet eth2
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通过上面的命令得知:该主机有3张网卡,1张本地回环lo 且 三张物理网卡都处于连接中,查看网卡配置文件:
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[[email protected] ~] #ll /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 259 Mar 30 19:21 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 254 Mar 29 2019 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-lo
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查看配置网卡配置文件却只有 eth0 的, eth1 和 eth2 没有。这里可以通过新建连接来生成配置文件,比自己手动编写方便太多了,建议使用。
首先通过连接名 ‘Wired connection 1’ ‘Wired connection 2’ 删除连接
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[[email protected] ~] #nmcli con
NAME UUID TYPE DEVICE
System eth0 078df8ff-b848-4c23-b212-3213a74bc5d5 ethernet eth0
Wired connection 1 24d053c5-d908-3e0d-9e61-4d92efcd6f3b ethernet eth1
Wired connection 2 b4cea59c-59ea-3b6c-a343-e2578ede5034 ethernet eth2
[[email protected] ~] #nmcli con del 'Wired connection 1' 'Wired connection 2'
Connection 'Wired connection 1' (24d053c5-d908-3e0d-9e61-4d92efcd6f3b) successfully deleted.
Connection 'Wired connection 2' (b4cea59c-59ea-3b6c-a343-e2578ede5034) successfully deleted.
[[email protected] ~] #nmcli con
NAME UUID TYPE DEVICE
System eth0 078df8ff-b848-4c23-b212-3213a74bc5d5 ethernet eth0
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然后在通过物理网卡 eth1 和 eth2 重建连接
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[[email protected] ~] #nmcli con
NAME UUID TYPE DEVICE
System eth0 078df8ff-b848-4c23-b212-3213a74bc5d5 ethernet eth0
[[email protected] ~] #nmcli con add type ethernet ifname eth1 con-name eth1
Connection 'eth1' (8c47d2f2-1373-425e-b6e2-fa5e6b9eb8f6) successfully added.
[[email protected] ~] #nmcli con add type ethernet ifname eth2 con-name eth2
Connection 'eth2' (5d8dc9b0-3b4f-4c6d-919b-a7754d86b1f8) successfully added.
[[email protected] ~] #nmcli con
NAME UUID TYPE DEVICE
System eth0 078df8ff-b848-4c23-b212-3213a74bc5d5 ethernet eth0
eth1 8c47d2f2-1373-425e-b6e2-fa5e6b9eb8f6 ethernet eth1
eth2 5d8dc9b0-3b4f-4c6d-919b-a7754d86b1f8 ethernet eth2
[[email protected] ~] #ll /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 259 Mar 30 19:21 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 278 May 21 22:58 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 278 May 21 22:58 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 254 Mar 29 2019 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-lo
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新建网卡连接命令:
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nmcli con add type ethernet ifname eth2 con-name eth2
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ifname : 物理网卡名,通过 nmcli dev 查看
con-name:网卡配置文件名,逻辑网卡名
通过上面的配置已得到三张网卡的配置文件,接下来进行配置文件的修改实现网卡绑定
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----------------------eth1----------------------
[[email protected] /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts ] #vim ifcfg-eth1
TYPE=Ethernet
PROXY_METHOD=none
BROWSER_ONLY=no
BOOTPROTO=none
DEFROUTE= yes
IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no
NAME=eth1
UUID=8c47d2f2-1373-425e-b6e2-fa5e6b9eb8f6
DEVICE=eth1
ONBOOT= yes
MASTER=bond6
SLAVE= yes
----------------------eth2----------------------
[[email protected] /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts ] #vim ifcfg-eth2
TYPE=Ethernet
PROXY_METHOD=none
BROWSER_ONLY=no
BOOTPROTO=none
DEFROUTE= yes
IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no
NAME=eth2
UUID=5d8dc9b0-3b4f-4c6d-919b-a7754d86b1f8
DEVICE=eth2
ONBOOT= yes
MASTER=bond6
SLAVE= yes
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修改及添加的部分用黄(和谐)色标注,新增 ifcfg-bond6 配置文件如下:
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[[email protected] /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts ] #vim ifcfg-bond6
TYPE=Bond
BOOTPROTO=none
DEVICE=bond6
ONBOOT= yes
IPADDR=192.168.1.100
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
GATEWAY=192.168.1.1
DNS1=114.114.114.114
BONDING_OPTS= 'miimon=100 mode=6 fail_over_mac=1'
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这里需要特别注意的地方:BONDING_OPTS='miimon=100 mode=6 fail_over_mac=1' ,如果是虚拟机,fail_over_mac=1 是必须要带上的,否则vmware会出现告警信息,配置起来能正常用,但是在进行准备切换时,是无法进行的。切记!
vmware 出现这样的提示基本可以确定 fail_over_mac 没有生效,所配置的网卡也无法做到故障切换。
注意:在vmware 虚拟机环境中,常用的三种方式(mode-0 mode-1 mode-6) 只有 mode 1 实现了故障切换。
mode 1 - ifcfg-bond6 配置如下:
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[[email protected] /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts ] #vim ifcfg-bond6
TYPE=Bond
BOOTPROTO=none
DEVICE=bond6
ONBOOT= yes
IPADDR=192.168.1.100
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
GATEWAY=192.168.1.1
DNS1=114.114.114.114
BONDING_OPTS= "miimon=100 mode=1 fail_over_mac=1"
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bond 配置文件中可以通过 mode = 模式号 来进行切换,这里修改为 mode-1 模式,查看配置信息:
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[[email protected] /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts ] #cat /proc/net/bonding/bond6
Ethernet Channel Bonding Driver: v3.7.1 (April 27, 2011)
Bonding Mode: fault-tolerance (active-backup) (fail_over_mac active)
Primary Slave: None
Currently Active Slave: eth1
MII Status: up
MII Polling Interval (ms): 100
Up Delay (ms): 0
Down Delay (ms): 0
Slave Interface: eth1
MII Status: up
Speed: 1000 Mbps
Duplex: full
Link Failure Count: 0
Permanent HW addr: 00:0c:29:f4:f4:0f
Slave queue ID: 0
Slave Interface: eth2
MII Status: up
Speed: 1000 Mbps
Duplex: full
Link Failure Count: 0
Permanent HW addr: 00:0c:29:f4:f4:19
Slave queue ID: 0
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[[email protected] /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts ] #ethtool bond6
Settings for bond6:
Supported ports: [ ]
Supported link modes: Not reported
Supported pause frame use: No
Supports auto-negotiation: No
Supported FEC modes: Not reported
Advertised link modes: Not reported
Advertised pause frame use: No
Advertised auto-negotiation: No
Advertised FEC modes: Not reported
Speed: 1000Mb /s
Duplex: Full
Port: Other
PHYAD: 0
Transceiver: internal
Auto-negotiation: off
Link detected: yes
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可以看到橙色部分:
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Bonding Mode: fault-tolerance (active-backup) (fail_over_mac active) 说明这里 fail_over_mac 生效了。
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Currently Active Slave: eth1 当前活动的网卡是第一张网卡,也就是当第一张网卡 down,就会切换到 eth2
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进行网卡故障切换,虚拟机可以通过 ifdown / ifup 来实现
3.1.2 通过 nmcli 命令实现网卡绑定,使用技术:bonding
网卡信息及连接状态如下:
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[[email protected] ~] #nmcli dev
DEVICE TYPE STATE CONNECTION
eth0 ethernet connected System eth0
eth1 ethernet disconnected --
eth2 ethernet disconnected --
lo loopback unmanaged --
[[email protected] ~] #nmcli con
NAME UUID TYPE DEVICE
System eth0 078df8ff-b848-4c23-b212-3213a74bc5d5 ethernet eth0
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目前只有 eth0 网卡连接网络
通过nmcli 创建 bond1
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[[email protected] ~] #nmcli
con add type bond ifname bond1 con-name bond1 mode 1 ipv4.method manual
ipv4.address 192.168.1.100/24 ipv4.gateway 192.168.1.1 ipv4.dns
114.114.114.114
Connection 'bond1' (f922008c-75b1-4f5e-a27d-d3e054acde0d) successfully added.
[[email protected] ~] #nmcli con add type bond-slave ifname eth1 con-name bond1-port1 master bond1
Connection 'bond1-port1' (06489850-82d7-4827-bb16-13d5abb84c58) successfully added.
[[email protected] ~] #nmcli con add type bond-slave ifname eth2 con-name bond1-port2 master bond1
Connection 'bond1-port2' (80f43a85-32cc-4302-b0f1-8cb87e9e3e17) successfully added.
[[email protected] ~] #ll /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 399 May 21 23:50 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-bond1
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 119 May 21 23:50 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-bond1-port1
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 119 May 21 23:50 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-bond1-port2
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 259 Mar 30 19:21 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 254 Mar 29 2019 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-lo
[[email protected] ~] #nmcli con
NAME UUID TYPE DEVICE
System eth0 078df8ff-b848-4c23-b212-3213a74bc5d5 ethernet eth0
bond1 f922008c-75b1-4f5e-a27d-d3e054acde0d bond bond1
bond1-port2 80f43a85-32cc-4302-b0f1-8cb87e9e3e17 ethernet eth2
bond1-port1 06489850-82d7-4827-bb16-13d5abb84c58 ethernet --
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创建 bond1 并将 两张物理网卡添加到 bond1 , 查看配置文件已经生成。
注意:在虚拟机环境中一定要加上 fail_over_mac = 1
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sed -i '/BONDING_OPTS/d' ifcfg-bond1
echo 'BONDING_OPTS="miimon=100 mode=1 fail_over_mac=1"' >> ifcfg-bond1
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重启网络
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[[email protected] /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts ] #systemctl restart network
[[email protected] /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts ] #cat /proc/net/bonding/bond1
Ethernet Channel Bonding Driver: v3.7.1 (April 27, 2011)
Bonding Mode: fault-tolerance (active-backup) (fail_over_mac active)
Primary Slave: None
Currently Active Slave: eth1
MII Status: up
MII Polling Interval (ms): 100
Up Delay (ms): 0
Down Delay (ms): 0
Slave Interface: eth1
MII Status: up
Speed: 1000 Mbps
Duplex: full
Link Failure Count: 0
Permanent HW addr: 00:0c:29:f4:f4:0f
Slave queue ID: 0
Slave Interface: eth2
MII Status: up
Speed: 1000 Mbps
Duplex: full
Link Failure Count: 0
Permanent HW addr: 00:0c:29:f4:f4:19
Slave queue ID: 0
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成功实现了虚拟机装网卡绑定,测试和前一种方式一样。
3.1.3 通过 nmcli 命令实现网卡绑定,使用技术:team [ 在Centos 7 之后的版本推荐使用这种方式 ]
网卡信息及连接状态如下:
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[[email protected] ~] #nmcli dev
DEVICE TYPE STATE CONNECTION
eth0 ethernet connected System eth0
eth1 ethernet disconnected --
eth2 ethernet disconnected --
lo loopback unmanaged --
[[email protected] ~] #nmcli con
NAME UUID TYPE DEVICE
System eth0 078df8ff-b848-4c23-b212-3213a74bc5d5 ethernet eth0
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目前只有eth0 建立连接,通过nmcli 添加 team1
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[[email protected] ~] #nmcli
con add type team ifname team1 con-name team1 config
'{"runner":{"name":"activebackup", "hwaddr_policy":"by_active"}}'
\ipv4.method manual ipv4.address 192.168.1.100/24 ipv4.gateway
192.168.1.1 ipv4.dns 114.114.114.114
Connection 'team1' (25434d73-0224-47e1-80f4-bbb3faae53fe) successfully added.
[[email protected] ~] #nmcli con add type team-slave ifname eth1 con-name team1-port1 master team1
Connection 'team1-port1' (c9e216c2-7668-487b-b6cd-e67631b8a3f9) successfully added.
[[email protected] ~] #nmcli con add type team-slave ifname eth2 con-name team1-port2 master team1
Connection 'team1-port2' (cf8d3150-b3e0-433c-8c4e-ba4feaa4bd6d) successfully added.
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配置完毕,在虚拟机环境中一定要注意:"hwaddr_policy":"by_active" 这个参数意义和 fail_over_mac =1 是一致的,在虚拟机环境中必须添加上,否则网卡高可用失败。
查看网卡连接状态和绑定状态:
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[[email protected] ~] #nmcli con
NAME UUID TYPE DEVICE
System eth0 078df8ff-b848-4c23-b212-3213a74bc5d5 ethernet eth0
team1 25434d73-0224-47e1-80f4-bbb3faae53fe team team1
team1-port1 c9e216c2-7668-487b-b6cd-e67631b8a3f9 ethernet eth1
team1-port2 cf8d3150-b3e0-433c-8c4e-ba4feaa4bd6d ethernet eth2
[[email protected] ~] #teamdctl team1 st
setup:
runner: activebackup
ports:
eth1
link watches:
link summary: up
instance[link_watch_0]:
name: ethtool
link: up
down count: 0
eth2
link watches:
link summary: up
instance[link_watch_0]:
name: ethtool
link: up
down count: 0
runner:
active port: eth1
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本次创建, 网卡直接建立了连接如果没有建立连接,也就是 nmcli con 查看 DEVICE 项没有物理网卡连接,则执行如下:
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[[email protected] ~] #nmcli con up team1-port1
Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/74 )
[[email protected] ~] #nmcli con up team1-port2
Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/75 )
[[email protected] ~] #nmcli con up team1
Connection successfully activated (master waiting for slaves) (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/76 )
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做完了如上配置,建议直接重启网卡查看是否有报错,或者无法连接的情况:
测试
直接通过 ifdown 掉正在使用的 eth1 网络仅仅延迟了不到1ms的时间就恢复了正常,现在查看网络绑定状态:
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[[email protected] ~] #teamdctl team1 st
setup:
runner: activebackup
ports:
eth2
link watches:
link summary: up
instance[link_watch_0]:
name: ethtool
link: up
down count: 0
runner:
active port: eth2
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活动网卡已经切换到 eth2 ,重启 eth1
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[[email protected] ~] #ifup eth1
Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/87 )
[[email protected] ~] #teamdctl team1 st
setup:
runner: activebackup
ports:
eth1
link watches:
link summary: up
instance[link_watch_0]:
name: ethtool
link: up
down count: 0
eth2
link watches:
link summary: up
instance[link_watch_0]:
name: ethtool
link: up
down count: 0
runner:
active port: eth2
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启动 eth1 以后,活动网卡依然是 eth2 ,而 eth1 则成为备用网卡。
3.1.4 总结
三种方式:
- 手动配置 - bonding
- nmcli 配置 - bonding
- nmcli 配置 - team
在 Centos 7 以后的版本建议使用 nmcli - team 的方式,简便,更易管理和查看。
在虚拟机的环境中,使用 bond 和 team 都只能实现 mode-1模式的故障切换。
- bond 虚拟机中必要参数: fail_over_mac=1
- team 虚拟机中必要参数:"hwaddr_policy":"by_active"