一套简单的 Nginx 日志展示

采用架构 Nginx+Promtail+Loki+Grafana 做个简单的 Nginx 日志展示

本文无安装，简要点出配置需求。Nginx 用编译安装（本文不做叙述），Promtail 和 Loki 都选用二进制的方式进行安装，直接下载对应版本的二进制文件，解压后指定配置文件启动即可。

promtail 配置文件内容：

server:
  http_listen_port: 9080
  grpc_listen_port: 0

positions:
  filename: /tmp/positions.yaml

clients:
  - url: http://localhost:3100/loki/api/v1/push

scrape_configs:
- job_name: nginx
  pipeline_stages:
  - replace:
      expression: '(?:[0-9]{1,3}\.){3}([0-9]{1,3})'
      replace: '***'
  static_configs:
  - targets:
      - localhost
    labels:
      job: nginx_access_log
      host: expatsxxxxs
      agent: promtail
      __path__: /var/log/nginx/expatshxxxxs.access.log

日志收集工作完成后，在 Nginx 中需要修改日志格式，修改 Nginx 的日志格式为 Json 格式，配置如下：

log_format json_analytics escape=json '{'
                            '"msec": "$msec", ' # request unixtime in seconds with a milliseconds resolution
                            '"connection": "$connection", ' # connection serial number
                            '"connection_requests": "$connection_requests", ' # number of requests made in connection
                    '"pid": "$pid", ' # process pid
                    '"request_id": "$request_id", ' # the unique request id
                    '"request_length": "$request_length", ' # request length (including headers and body)
                    '"remote_addr": "$remote_addr", ' # client IP
                    '"remote_user": "$remote_user", ' # client HTTP username
                    '"remote_port": "$remote_port", ' # client port
                    '"time_local": "$time_local", '
                    '"time_iso8601": "$time_iso8601", ' # local time in the ISO 8601 standard format
                    '"request": "$request", ' # full path no arguments if the request
                    '"request_uri": "$request_uri", ' # full path and arguments if the request
                    '"args": "$args", ' # args
                    '"status": "$status", ' # response status code
                    '"body_bytes_sent": "$body_bytes_sent", ' # the number of body bytes exclude headers sent to a client
                    '"bytes_sent": "$bytes_sent", ' # the number of bytes sent to a client
                    '"http_referer": "$http_referer", ' # HTTP referer
                    '"http_user_agent": "$http_user_agent", ' # user agent
                    '"http_x_forwarded_for": "$http_x_forwarded_for", ' # http_x_forwarded_for
                    '"http_host": "$http_host", ' # the request Host: header
                    '"server_name": "$server_name", ' # the name of the vhost serving the request
                    '"request_time": "$request_time", ' # request processing time in seconds with msec resolution
                    '"upstream": "$upstream_addr", ' # upstream backend server for proxied requests
                    '"upstream_connect_time": "$upstream_connect_time", ' # upstream handshake time incl. TLS
                    '"upstream_header_time": "$upstream_header_time", ' # time spent receiving upstream headers
                    '"upstream_response_time": "$upstream_response_time", ' # time spend receiving upstream body
                    '"upstream_response_length": "$upstream_response_length", ' # upstream response length
                    '"upstream_cache_status": "$upstream_cache_status", ' # cache HIT/MISS where applicable
                    '"ssl_protocol": "$ssl_protocol", ' # TLS protocol
                    '"ssl_cipher": "$ssl_cipher", ' # TLS cipher
                    '"scheme": "$scheme", ' # http or https
                    '"request_method": "$request_method", ' # request method
                    '"server_protocol": "$server_protocol", ' # request protocol, like HTTP/1.1 or HTTP/2.0
                    '"pipe": "$pipe", ' # "p" if request was pipelined, "." otherwise
                    '"gzip_ratio": "$gzip_ratio", '
                    '"http_cf_ray": "$http_cf_ray",'
                    '"geoip_country_code": "$geoip_country_code"'
                    '}';

由于需要在 nginx 中添加 geoip 模块，所以我们要安装 geoip

yum -y install GeoIP GeoIP-data GeoIP-devel

重新编译 Nginx，通过 --with-http_geoip_module 添加 nginx 的 geoip 模块

编译完成后，在 objs 目录下生成新的 Nginx 可执行文件，替换原先的，通过 kill -USR2 信号，升级 Nginx。

此时配置的 log_format 不会再报错 geoip 指令找不到，配置完成后，配置网站的 access 日志，引用刚才配置的 json 格式的 log_format。

此时的日志格式已经转为 JSON 格式，接着安装 grafana，最快捷的方式，通过 docker 直接起一个

docker run -d -p 3000:3000 grafana/grafana

启动后，通过 admin/admin 默认用户名密码登录，登陆后提示重置密码，之后进入 grafana 界面直接添加数据源 loki

先通过 explore 查询，日志是否存入 loki

可以看到，日志已经存入 loki ，接着添加 Dashboard，通过 ID 导入

可以看到地图没展示，是因为缺少grafana-worldmap-panel插件，可以通过命令行安装

grafana-cli plugins install grafana-worldmap-panel

装好后重启Grafana，重新加载dashboard

这样一套简单的日志展示就搭建好了，适合小体量服务器。