Linux进程间通信
1、匿名管道：pipe
2、命名管道：fifo
3、内存映射：mmap
4、信号
进程是程序运行资源分配的最小单位。每个进程各自有不同的用户地址空间，任何一个进程的全局变量在另一个进程中都看不到，所以进程之间要交换数据必须通过内核，在内核中开辟一块缓冲区，进程1把数据从用户空间拷到内核缓冲区，进程2再从内核缓冲区把数据读走，内核提供的这种机制称为进程间通信。
1、匿名管道：pipe
pipe只能用于有血缘关系的进程进行单向通信。调用 pipe 函数时在内核中开辟一块缓冲区（称为管道）用于通信，它有一个读端一个写端，然后通过 fd 参数传出给用户程序两个文件描述符， fd[0] 指向管道的读端， fd[1] 指向管道的写端。支持多端读或多端写，但不支持一端同时读写。看图会更加直观一点：
那么在使用pipe通信的时候可能会遇到以下的几种情况：
1. 当读管道时，如果管道中没有数据，则会阻塞，直到管道另一端写入数据。
2. 当写管道时，如果管道中已经满了，则会阻塞，直到管道另一端读出数据(可见读出数据时，管道中将不会保留该数据)。
3. 当管道写端关闭时，读端读完管道内的数据时，如果再次去读没有数据的管道会返回0，相当于读到了EOF。
4. 当管道读端关闭时，如果写端在写入数据时，产生SIGPIPE信号，写进程默认情况下会终止进程。
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define oops(m,x) { perror(m); exit(x); }
int main(int ac, char **av)
{
int thepipe[2],
newfd,
pid;
if ( ac != 3 ){
fprintf(stderr, "usage: pipe cmd1 cmd2\n");
exit(1);
}
if ( pipe( thepipe ) == -1 )
oops("Cannot get a pipe", 1);
if ( (pid = fork()) == -1 )
oops("Cannot fork", 2);
if ( pid > 0 ){
close(thepipe[1]);
if ( dup2(thepipe[0], 0) == -1 )
oops("could not redirect stdin",3);
close(thepipe[0]);
execlp( av[2], av[2], NULL);
oops(av[2], 4);
}
close(thepipe[0]);
if ( dup2(thepipe[1], 1) == -1 )
oops("could not redirect stdout", 4);
close(thepipe[1]);
execlp( av[1], av[1], NULL);
oops(av[1], 5);
}
#include <stdio.h>
main( int ac, char *av[] )
{
int i;
printf("Number of args: %d, Args are:\n", ac);
for(i=0;i<ac;i++)
printf("args[%d] %s\n", i, av[i]);
fprintf(stderr,"This message is sent to stderr.\n");
}
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main()
{
int len, i, apipe[2];
char buf[BUFSIZ];
if ( pipe ( apipe ) == -1 ){
perror("could not make pipe");
exit(1);
}
printf("Got a pipe! It is file descriptors: { %d %d }\n",
apipe[0], apipe[1]);
while ( fgets(buf, BUFSIZ, stdin) ){
len = strlen( buf );
if ( write( apipe[1], buf, len) != len ){
perror("writing to pipe");
break;
}
for ( i = 0 ; i<len ; i++ )
buf[i] = 'X' ;
len = read( apipe[0], buf, BUFSIZ ) ;
if ( len == -1 ){
perror("reading from pipe");
break;
}
if ( write( 1 , buf, len ) != len ){
perror("writing to stdout");
break;
}
}
}
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define CHILD_MESS "I want a cookie\n"
#define PAR_MESS "testing..\n"
#define oops(m,x) { perror(m); exit(x); }
main()
{
int pipefd[2];
int len;
char buf[BUFSIZ];
int read_len;
if ( pipe( pipefd ) == -1 )
oops("cannot get a pipe", 1);
switch( fork() ){
case -1:
oops("cannot fork", 2);
case 0:
len = strlen(CHILD_MESS);
while ( 1 ){
if (write( pipefd[1], CHILD_MESS, len) != len )
oops("write", 3);
sleep(5);
}
default:
len = strlen( PAR_MESS );
while ( 1 ){
if ( write( pipefd[1], PAR_MESS, len)!=len )
oops("write", 4);
sleep(1);
read_len = read( pipefd[0], buf, BUFSIZ );
if ( read_len <= 0 )
break;
write( 1 , buf, read_len );
}
}
}
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
int main()
{
int fd ;
char line[100];
fgets( line, 100, stdin ); printf("%s", line );
fgets( line, 100, stdin ); printf("%s", line );
fgets( line, 100, stdin ); printf("%s", line );
close(0);
fd = open("/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY);
if ( fd != 0 ){
fprintf(stderr,"Could not open data as fd 0\n");
exit(1);
}
fgets( line, 100, stdin ); printf("%s", line );
fgets( line, 100, stdin ); printf("%s", line );
fgets( line, 100, stdin ); printf("%s", line );
}
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
//#define CLOSE_DUP
//#define USE_DUP2
main()
{
int fd ;
int newfd;
char line[100];
fgets( line, 100, stdin ); printf("%s", line );
fgets( line, 100, stdin ); printf("%s", line );
fgets( line, 100, stdin ); printf("%s", line );
fd = open("data", O_RDONLY);
#ifdef CLOSE_DUP
close(0);
newfd = dup(fd);
#else
newfd = dup2(fd,0);
#endif
if ( newfd != 0 ){
fprintf(stderr,"Could not duplicate fd to 0\n");
exit(1);
}
close(fd);
fgets( line, 100, stdin ); printf("%s", line );
fgets( line, 100, stdin ); printf("%s", line );
fgets( line, 100, stdin ); printf("%s", line );
}
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main()
{
int pid ;
int fd;
printf("About to run who into a file\n");
if( (pid = fork() ) == -1 ){
perror("fork"); exit(1);
}
if ( pid == 0 ){
close(1); /* close, */
fd = creat( "userlist", 0644 ); /* then open */
execlp( "who", "who", NULL ); /* and run */
perror("execlp");
exit(1);
}
if ( pid != 0 ){
wait(NULL);
printf("Done running who. results in userlist\n");
}
return 0;
}
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main()
{
int pid ;
int fd;
printf("About to run who into a file\n");
if( (pid = fork() ) == -1 ){
perror("fork"); exit(1);
}
if ( pid == 0 ){
close(1); /* close, */
fd = creat( "userlist", 0644 ); /* then open */
execlp( "who", "who", NULL ); /* and run */
perror("execlp");
exit(1);
}
if ( pid != 0 ){
wait(NULL);
printf("Done running who. results in userlist\n");
}
return 0;
}
