Oracle Spatial详解(空间数据库)

完全转自：http://www.cnblogs.com/frogbag/archive/2007/10/17/926870.html

Step1. 创建一张表，其中shape用来存放空间数据 
CREATE TABLE mylake (
    feature_id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,
    name VARCHAR2(32),
    shape MDSYS.SDO_GEOMETRY);

Step2. 在user_sdo_geom_metadata 表中插入新记录，用于描述空间字段
INSERT INTO user_sdo_geom_metadata VALUES (
    'mylake',    //---表名
    'shape',    //---字段名
    MDSYS.SDO_DIM_ARRAY(   
        MDSYS.SDO_DIM_ELEMENT('X', 0, 100, 0.05),    //---X维最小，最大值和容忍度。
        MDSYS.SDO_DIM_ELEMENT('Y', 0, 100, 0.05)    //---Y维最小，最大值和容忍度
    ),
    NULL    //---坐标系，缺省为笛卡尔坐标系
);

Step3. 创建空间索引 
CREATE INDEX mylake_idx ON mylake(shape) 
    INDEXTYPE IS MDSYS.SPATIAL_INDEX

Step4. 插入空间数据
Oracle Spatial用MDSYS.SDO_GEOMETRY来存储空间数据,定义为：CREATE TYPE sdo_geometry AS OBJECT (
    SDO_GTYPE NUMBER,
    SDO_SRID NUMBER,
    SDO_POINT SDO_POINT_TYPE,
    SDO_ELEM_INFO MDSYS.SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY,
    SDO_ORDINATES MDSYS.SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY);
SDO_GTYPE：用四个数字定义了所有的形状
            第一位:维数
            第二位:线性表示。用于3，4维数据，二维为0
            最后两位:

SDO_SRID：坐标系，NULL为笛卡尔坐标系。
SDO_POINT：Oracle Spatial也可定义单个的点，SDO_POINT的定义:
    CREATE TYPE sdo_point_type AS OBJECT (X NUMBER,Y NUMBER,Z NUMBER);
    如果是二维，Z为NULL。
SDO_ELEM_INFO：每三个值描述一个元素。
                第一个值：第一个顶点在SDO_ORDINATES_ARR开始位置
                第二个值：元素类型
                第三个值：顶点连接方式：1-通过直线连接，2-通过圆弧连接
    定义为
    CREATE TYPE sdo_elem_info_array AS VARRAY (1048576) of NUMBER;
SDO_ORDINATES：几何图形所有顶点列表。定义为
    CREATE TYPE sdo_ordinate_array AS VARRAY (1048576) of NUMBER;


FONT color=#003366>// 插入包含一个岛屿的湖泊
INSERT INTO mylake VALUES(
    10, 
    'Lake Calhoun', 
    MDSYS.SDO_GEOMETRY(
        2003,
        NULL,
        NULL,
        MDSYS.SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY(1,1003,1, 19,2003,1),
        MDSYS.SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY(0,0, 10,0, 10,10, 0,10, 0,0, 4,4, 6,4, 6,6, 4,6, 4,4)
    ));

// 插入两艘小船
INSERT INTO mylake VALUES(
    11, 
    'The Windswept', 
    MDSYS.SDO_GEOMETRY(
        2003,
        NULL,
        NULL,
        MDSYS.SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY(1,1003,1),
        MDSYS.SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY(2,2, 3,2, 3,2, 2,3, 2,2)
    )
);

INSERT INTO mylake VALUES(
    12, 
    'Blue Crest', 
    MDSYS.SDO_GEOMETRY(
        2003,
        NULL,
        NULL,
        MDSYS.SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY(1,1003,1),
        MDSYS.SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY(7,7, 8,7, 8,7, 7,8, 7,7)
    )
);

Step4. 查询
Oracle Spatial查询数据包括二个处理过程：
1.只通过索引查询候选项。通过函数SDO_FILTER实现：
SDO_FILTER(geometry1 MDSYS.SDO_GEOMETRY, geometry2 MDSYS.SDO_GEOMETRY, params VARCHAR2)
geometry1： 必须是被索引的几何数据
geometry2：不一定是表中的空间字段，也不要求被索引
params：Filter类型
        querytype=WINDOW：geometry2不要求来自表
        querytype=JOIN：geometry2必须来自表

SELECT name boat_name
FROM mylake t
WHERE feature_id = 12
AND SDO_FILTER(t.shape, mdsys.sdo_geometry(2003,NULL,NULL,
    mdsys.sdo_elem_info_array(1,1003,1),
    mdsys.sdo_ordinate_array(2,2, 5,2, 5,5, 2,5, 2,2)),
    'querytype=WINDOW') = 'TRUE'; 

2.再检查每个候选项是否和条件精确匹配。通过函数SDO_RELATE实现：
SDO_RELATE(geometry1 MDSYS.SDO_GEOMETRY, geometry2 MDSYS.SDO_GEOMETRY, params VARCHAR2)
params：masktype类型

• DISJOINT — the boundaries and interiors do not intersect
• TOUCH — the boundaries intersect but the interiors do not intersect
• OVERLAPBDYDISJOINT — the interior of one object intersects the boundary and interior of the other object, but the two boundaries do not intersect. This relationship occurs, for example, when a line originates outside a polygon and ends inside that polygon.
• OVERLAPBDYINTERSECT — the boundaries and interiors of the two objects intersect
• EQUAL — the two objects have the same boundary and interior
• CONTAINS — the interior and boundary of one object is completely contained in the interior of the other object
• COVERS — the interior of one object is completely contained in the interior of the other object and their boundaries intersect
• INSIDE — the opposite of CONTAINS. A INSIDE B implies B CONTAINS A.
• COVEREDBY — the opposite of COVERS. A COVEREDBY B implies B COVERS A.
• ON — the interior and boundary of one object is on the boundary of the other object (and the second object covers the first object). This relationship occurs, for example, when a line is on the boundary of a polygon.
• ANYINTERACT — the objects are non-disjoint.

  // 选择在定义矩形内的所有小船
SELECT name boat_name
FROM mylake t
WHERE feature_id = 12
AND SDO_FILTER(t.shape, mdsys.sdo_geometry(2003,NULL,NULL,
    mdsys.sdo_elem_info_array(1,1003,1),
    mdsys.sdo_ordinate_array(2,2, 5,2, 5,5, 2,5, 2,2)),
    'querytype=WINDOW') = 'TRUE'
AND SDO_RELATE(t.shape, mdsys.sdo_geometry(2003,NULL,NULL,
    mdsys.sdo_elem_info_array(1,1003,1),
    mdsys.sdo_ordinate_array(2,2, 5,2, 5,5, 2,5, 2,2)),
    'masktype=INSIDE querytype=WINDOW') = 'TRUE'

  // masktype可联合使用
  SELECT feature_id id
FROM mylake t
WHERE feature_id = 12
AND SDO_FILTER(t.shape, mdsys.sdo_geometry(2003,NULL,NULL,
    mdsys.sdo_elem_info_array(1,1003,1),
    mdsys.sdo_ordinate_array(2,2, 5,2, 5,5, 2,5, 2,2)),
    'querytype=WINDOW') = 'TRUE'
AND SDO_RELATE(t.shape, mdsys.sdo_geometry(2003,NULL,NULL,
    mdsys.sdo_elem_info_array(1,1003,1),
    mdsys.sdo_ordinate_array(2,2, 5,2, 5,5, 2,5, 2,2)),
    'masktype=INSIDE+TOUCH querytype=WINDOW') = 'TRUE'

  Oracle Spatial 提供的其他查询函数：


  Query	Description
  SDO_NN	Nearest neighbor
  SDO_SDO_WITHIN_DISTANCE	All geometries with a certain distance
  Functions	Description
  SDO_GEOM.SDO_MBR	The minimum bounding rectangle for a geometry
  SDO_GEOM.SDO_DISTANCE	The distance between two geometries
  SDO_GEOM.SDO_INTERSECTION	Provides the intersection point of two geometries