目录
3.查询各个department_id,job_id的平均工资
2.查询部门id为10,20,30,40这4个部门中最高工资比10000高的部门信息
一、常见聚合函数
1.AVG / SUM
只适用于数值类型的字段(或变量)
SELECT AVG(salary),SUM(salary),AVG(salary) * 107
FROM employees;
#如下的操作没有意义
SELECT SUM(last_name),AVG(last_name),SUM(hire_date)
FROM employees;
2.MAX / MIN
适用于数值类型、字符串类型、日期时间类型的字段(或变量)
SELECT MAX(salary),MIN(salary)
FROM employees;
SELECT MAX(last_name),MIN(last_name),MAX(hire_date),MIN(hire_date)
FROM employees;
3.COUNT
如果计算表中有多少条记录,如何实现?
方式1:COUNT(*)
方式2:COUNT(1)
方式3:COUNT(具体字段) : 不一定对!
作用1:计算指定字段在查询结构中出现的个数(不包含NULL值的)
SELECT COUNT(employee_id),COUNT(salary),COUNT(2 * salary),COUNT(1),COUNT(2),COUNT(*)
FROM employees ;
SELECT *
FROM employees;
注意:计算指定字段出现的个数时,是不计算NULL值的。
SELECT COUNT(commission_pct)
FROM employees;
SELECT commission_pct
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL;
公式:AVG = SUM / COUNT
SELECT AVG(salary),SUM(salary)/COUNT(salary),
AVG(commission_pct),SUM(commission_pct)/COUNT(commission_pct),
SUM(commission_pct) / 107
FROM employees;
需求:查询公司中平均奖金率
#错误的!
SELECT AVG(commission_pct)
FROM employees;
#正确的:
SELECT SUM(commission_pct) / COUNT(IFNULL(commission_pct,0)),
AVG(IFNULL(commission_pct,0))
FROM employees;
如何需要统计表中的记录数,使用COUNT(*)、COUNT(1)、COUNT(具体字段) 哪个效率更高呢?
如果使用的是MyISAM 存储引擎,则三者效率相同,都是O(1)
如果使用的是InnoDB 存储引擎,则三者效率:COUNT(*) = COUNT(1)> COUNT(字段)
其他:方差、标准差、中位数
二、GROUP BY 的使用
1.查询各个部门的平均工资,最高工资
#需求:查询各个部门的平均工资,最高工资
SELECT department_id,AVG(salary),SUM(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
2.查询各个job_id的平均工资
#需求:查询各个job_id的平均工资
SELECT job_id,AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id;
3.查询各个department_id,job_id的平均工资
#方式1:
SELECT department_id,job_id,AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id,job_id;
#方式2:
SELECT job_id,department_id,AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id,department_id;
#错误的!
SELECT department_id,job_id,AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;
结论1:SELECT中出现的非组函数的字段必须声明在GROUP BY 中。反之,GROUP BY中声明的字段可以不出现在SELECT中。
结论2:GROUP BY 声明在FROM后面、WHERE后面,ORDER BY 前面、LIMIT前面
结论3:MySQL中GROUP BY中使用WITH ROLLUP
SELECT department_id,AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id WITH ROLLUP;
4.查询各个部门的平均工资,按照平均工资升序排列
SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY avg_sal ASC;
#说明:当使用ROLLUP时,不能同时使用ORDER BY子句进行结果排序,即ROLLUP和ORDER BY是互相排斥的。
#错误的:
SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id WITH ROLLUP
ORDER BY avg_sal ASC;
三、HAVING的使用
作用:用来过滤数据的
1.查询各个部门中最高工资比10000高的部门信息
#错误的写法:
SELECT department_id,MAX(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE MAX(salary) > 10000
GROUP BY department_id;
如果过滤条件中使用了聚合函数,则必须使用HAVING来替换WHERE。否则,报错。
HAVING 必须声明在 GROUP BY 的后面。
开发中,我们使用HAVING的前提是SQL中使用了GROUP BY。
#正确的写法:
SELECT department_id,MAX(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MAX(salary) > 10000;
2.查询部门id为10,20,30,40这4个部门中最高工资比10000高的部门信息
#方式1:推荐,执行效率高于方式2.
SELECT department_id,MAX(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (10,20,30,40)
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MAX(salary) > 10000;
#方式2:
SELECT department_id,MAX(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MAX(salary) > 10000 AND department_id IN (10,20,30,40);
四、结论
1.小结
结论:当过滤条件中有聚合函数时,则此过滤条件必须声明在HAVING中。
当过滤条件中没有聚合函数时,则此过滤条件声明在WHERE中或HAVING中都可以。但是,建议
大家声明在WHERE中。
2.WHERE 与 HAVING 的对比
从适用范围上来讲,HAVING的适用范围更广。
如果过滤条件中没有聚合函数:这种情况下,WHERE的执行效率要高于HAVING
3.SQL底层执行原理
SELECT 语句的完整结构
sql92语法:
SELECT ....,....,....(存在聚合函数)
FROM ...,....,....
WHERE 多表的连接条件 AND 不包含聚合函数的过滤条件
GROUP BY ...,....
HAVING 包含聚合函数的过滤条件
ORDER BY ....,...(ASC / DESC )
LIMIT ...,....
sql99语法:
SELECT ....,....,....(存在聚合函数)
FROM ... (LEFT / RIGHT)JOIN ....ON 多表的连接条件
(LEFT / RIGHT)JOIN ... ON ....
WHERE 不包含聚合函数的过滤条件
GROUP BY ...,....
HAVING 包含聚合函数的过滤条件
ORDER BY ....,...(ASC / DESC )
LIMIT ...,....
4.SQL语句的执行过程:
FROM ...,...-> ON -> (LEFT/RIGNT JOIN) -> WHERE -> GROUP BY -> HAVING -> SELECT -> DISTINCT ->
ORDER BY -> LIMIT
标签:salary,聚合,函数,employees,MySQL,department,GROUP,id,SELECT From: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_47062560/article/details/142062048