一、基本使用
import time
import threading
import sqlalchemy
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.engine.base import Engine
# 第一步生成一个engine对象
engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://root:[email protected]:3306/flask?charset=utf8",
max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
pool_size=5, # 连接池大小
pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
)
# 第二步:创建连接(执行原生sql)
conn = engine.raw_connection()
# 第三步:获取游标对象
cursor = conn.cursor()
# 第四步:具体操作
cursor.execute('select * from boy')
res=cursor.fetchall()
print(res)
# 比pymysql优势在,有数据库连接池
二、orm操作
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from models import User # pycharm报错,不会影响我们
# 1 制作engine
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:[email protected]:3306/aaa", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
# 2 制造一个 session 类(会话)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) # 得到一个类
# 3 得到一个session对象
session=Session() # 得到一个session对象
# conn=Session()
# 4 创建一个对象
obj1 = User(name="lqz")
# 5 把对象通过add放入
session.add(obj1)
# 6 提交
session.commit()
三、线程安全
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from models import User # pycharm报错,不会影响我们
from sqlalchemy.orm import scoped_session
# 1 制作engine
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:[email protected]:3306/aaa", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
# 2 制造一个 session 类(会话)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) # 得到一个类
# 3 得到一个session对象(线程安全的session)
#现在的session已经不是session对象了
#为什么线程安全,还是用的local
session = scoped_session(Session)
# session=Session()
# 4 创建一个对象
obj1 = User(name="2008")
# 5 把对象通过add放入
session.add(obj1)
# session.aaa()
# 6 提交
session.commit()
session.close()
# 类不继承Session类,但是有该类的所有方法(通过反射,一个个放进去)
# scoped_session.add------->instrument(name)--->do函数内存地址---》现在假设我要这么用:session.add()--->do()
# scoped_session.close----->instrument(name)--->do函数内存地址
四、orm增删查改操作
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from models import User,Person,Hobby
from sqlalchemy.orm import scoped_session
from sqlalchemy.sql import text
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:[email protected]:3306/aaa", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
# session = scoped_session(Session)
session=Session()
####1 新增多个对象
# obj=User(name='xxx')
# obj2=User(name='yyyy')
# obj3=User(name='zzz')
#新增同样对象
# session.add_all([obj,obj2,obj3])
#新增不同对象
# session.add_all([Person(name='lqz'),Hobby()])
####2 简单删除(查到删除)
# res=session.query(User).filter_by(name='2008').delete()
# res=session.query(User).filter(User.id>=2).delete()
# # 影响1行
# print(res)
#### 3 修改
# res=session.query(User).filter_by(id=1).update({User.name:'ccc'})
# res=session.query(User).filter_by(id=1).update({'name':'ccc'})
# session.query(User).filter(User.id > 0).update({User.name: User.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False) # 如果要把它转成字符串相加
# session.query(User).filter(User.id > 0).update({"age": User.age + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate") ## 如果要把它转成数字相加
####4 基本查询操作
# res=session.query(User).all()
# print(type(res))
# res=session.query(User).first()
# print(res)
#filter传的是表达式,filter_by传的是参数
# res=session.query(User).filter(User.id==1).all()
# res=session.query(User).filter(User.id>=1).all()
# res=session.query(User).filter(User.id<1).all()
# res=session.query(User).filter_by(name='ccc099').all()
#了解
# res = session.query(User).from_statement(text("SELECT * FROM users where name=:name")).params(name='ccc099').all()
# print(res)
session.commit()
# 并没有真正关闭连接,而是放回池中
session.close()
五、其他高级操作
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from models import User,Person,Hobby
from sqlalchemy.sql import text
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:[email protected]:3306/aaa", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session=Session()
# 1 查询名字为lqz的所有user对象
# ret = session.query(User).filter_by(name='ccc099').all()
# 2 表达式,and条件连接
# ret = session.query(User).filter(User.id > 1, User.name == 'egon').all()
# 查找id在1和10之间,并且name=egon的对象
# ret = session.query(User).filter(User.id.between(1, 10), User.name == 'egon').all()
# in条件(class_,因为这是关键字,不能直接用)
# ret = session.query(User).filter(User.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
# 取反 ~
ret = session.query(User).filter(~User.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
#二次筛选
# select *
# ret = session.query(User).filter(User.id.in_(session.query(User.id).filter_by(name='egon'))).all()
# # select name,id 。。。。
# ret = session.query(User.id,User.name).filter(User.id.in_(session.query(User.id).filter_by(name='egon'))).all()
'''
SELECT users.id AS users_id, users.name AS users_name
FROM users
WHERE users.id IN (SELECT users.id AS users_id
FROM users
WHERE users.name = %(name_1)s)
'''
#
from sqlalchemy import and_, or_
#or_包裹的都是or条件,and_包裹的都是and条件
#查询id>3并且name=egon的人
# ret = session.query(User).filter(and_(User.id > 3, User.name == 'egon')).all()
# 查询id大于2或者name=ccc099的数据
# ret = session.query(User).filter(or_(User.id > 2, User.name == 'ccc099')).all()
# ret = session.query(User).filter(
# or_(
# User.id < 2,
# and_(User.name == 'egon', User.id > 3),
# User.extra != ""
# )).all()
# print(ret)
'''
select *from user where id<2 or (name=egon and id >3) or extra !=''
'''
# 通配符,以e开头,不以e开头
# ret = session.query(User).filter(User.name.like('e%')).all()
# ret = session.query(User).filter(~User.name.like('e%')).all()
# 限制,用于分页,区间 limit
# 前闭后开区间,1能取到,3取不到
ret = session.query(User)[1:3]
'''
select * from users limit 1,2;
'''
# 排序,根据name降序排列(从大到小)
# ret = session.query(User).order_by(User.name.desc()).all()
# ret = session.query(User).order_by(User.name.asc()).all()
#第一个条件降序排序后,再按第二个条件升序排
# ret = session.query(User).order_by(User.id.asc(),User.name.desc()).all()
# ret = session.query(User).order_by(User.name.desc(),User.id.asc()).all()
# 分组
from sqlalchemy.sql import func
# ret = session.query(User).group_by(User.name).all()
#分组之后取最大id,id之和,最小id
# sql 分组之后,要查询的字段只能有分组字段和聚合函数
# ret = session.query(
# func.max(User.id),
# func.sum(User.id),
# func.min(User.id),
# User.name).group_by(User.name).all()
# '''
# select max(id),sum(id),min(id) from user group by name;
#
# '''
# for obj in ret:
# print(obj[0],'----',obj[1],'-----',obj[2],'-----',obj[3])
# print(ret)
#haviing筛选
# ret = session.query(
# func.max(User.id),
# func.sum(User.id),
# func.min(User.id)).group_by(User.name).having(func.min(User.id) >2).all()
'''
select max(id),sum(id),min(id) from user group by name having min(id)>2;
'''
print(ret)
session.commit()
session.close()
六、 多表操作
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from models import User,Person,Hobby,Boy,Girl,Boy2Girl
from sqlalchemy.sql import text
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:[email protected]:3306/aaa", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session=Session()
### 1 一对多插入数据
# obj=Hobby(caption='足球')
# session.add(obj)
# p=Person(name='张三',hobby_id=2)
# session.add(p)
### 2 方式二(默认情况传对象有问题)
###### Person表中要加 hobby = relationship('Hobby', backref='pers')
# p=Person(name='李四',hobby=Hobby(caption='美女'))
# 等同于
# p=Person(name='李四2')
# p.hobby=Hobby(caption='美女2')
# session.add(p)
## 3 方式三,通过反向操作
# hb = Hobby(caption='人妖')
# hb.pers = [Person(name='文飞'), Person(name='博雅')]
# session.add(hb)
#### 4 查询(查询:基于连表的查询,基于对象的跨表查询)
### 4.1 基于对象的跨表查询(子查询,两次查询)
# 正查
# p=session.query(Person).filter_by(name='张三').first()
# print(p)
# print(p.hobby.caption)
# 反查
# h=session.query(Hobby).filter_by(caption='人妖').first()
# print(h.pers)
### 4.2 基于连表的跨表查(查一次)
# 默认根据外键连表
# isouter=True 左外连,表示Person left join Hobby,没有右连接,反过来即可
# 不写 inner join
# person_list=session.query(Person,Hobby).join(Hobby,isouter=True).all()
# print(person_list)
# print(person_list)
# for row in person_list:
# print(row[0].name,row[1].caption)
# '''
# select * from person left join hobby on person.hobby_id=hobby.id
# '''
#
# ret = session.query(Person, Hobby).filter(Person.hobby_id == Hobby.id)
# print(ret)
# '''
# select * from user,hobby where user.id=favor.nid;
#
# '''
#join表,默认是inner join
# ret = session.query(Person).join(Hobby)
# # ret = session.query(Hobby).join(Person,isouter=True)
# '''
# SELECT *
# FROM person INNER JOIN hobby ON hobby.id = person.hobby_id
# '''
# print(ret)
# 指定连表字段(从来没用过)
# ret = session.query(Person).join(Hobby,Person.nid==Hobby.id, isouter=True)
# # ret = session.query(Person).join(Hobby,Person.hobby_id==Hobby.id, isouter=True).all()
# print(ret)
'''
SELECT *
FROM person LEFT OUTER JOIN hobby ON person.nid = hobby.id
'''
# print(ret)
# 组合(了解)UNION 操作符用于合并两个或多个 SELECT 语句的结果集
# union和union all的区别?
# q1 = session.query(User.name).filter(User.id > 2) # 6条数据
# q2 = session.query(User.name).filter(User.id < 8) # 2条数据
# q1 = session.query(User.id,User.name).filter(User.id > 2) # 6条数据
# q2 = session.query(User.id,User.name).filter(User.id < 8) # 2条数据
# ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()
# ret1 = q1.union(q2).all()
# print(ret)
# print(ret1)
#
# q1 = session.query(User.name).filter(User.id > 2)
# q2 = session.query(Hobby.caption).filter(Hobby.nid < 2)
# ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()
#### 多对多
# session.add_all([
# Boy(hostname='霍建华'),
# Boy(hostname='胡歌'),
# Girl(name='刘亦菲'),
# Girl(name='林心如'),
# ])
# session.add_all([
# Boy2Girl(girl_id=1, boy_id=1),
# Boy2Girl(girl_id=2, boy_id=1)
# ])
##### 要有girls = relationship('Girl', secondary='boy2girl', backref='boys')
# girl = Girl(name='张娜拉')
# girl.boys = [Boy(hostname='张铁林'),Boy(hostname='费玉清')]
# session.add(girl)
# boy=Boy(hostname='蔡徐坤')
# boy.girls=[Girl(name='谢娜'),Girl(name='巧碧螺')]
# session.add(boy)
# session.commit()
# 基于对象的跨表查
# girl=session.query(Girl).filter_by(id=3).first()
# print(girl.boys)
#### 基于连表的跨表查询
# 查询蔡徐坤约过的所有妹子
'''
select girl.name from girl,boy,Boy2Girl where boy.id=Boy2Girl.boy_id and girl.id=Boy2Girl.girl_id where boy.name='蔡徐坤'
'''
# ret=session.query(Girl.name).filter(Boy.id==Boy2Girl.boy_id,Girl.id==Boy2Girl.girl_id,Boy.hostname=='蔡徐坤').all()
'''
select girl.name from girl inner join Boy2Girl on girl.id=Boy2Girl.girl_id inner join boy on boy.id=Boy2Girl.boy_id where boy.hostname='蔡徐坤'
'''
# ret=session.query(Girl.name).join(Boy2Girl).join(Boy).filter(Boy.hostname=='蔡徐坤').all()
ret=session.query(Girl.name).join(Boy2Girl).join(Boy).filter_by(hostname='蔡徐坤').all()
print(ret)
### 执行原生sql(用的最多的)
### django中orm如何执行原生sql
#
# cursor = session.execute('insert into users(name) values(:value)',params={"value":'xxx'})
# print(cursor.lastrowid)
# session.commit()
session.close()
六、一对多、多对多、创建及删除表
# 创建一个个类(继承谁?字段怎么写)
import datetime
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
# 字段和字段属性
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Text, ForeignKey, DateTime, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
# 制造了一个类,作为所有模型类的基类
Base = declarative_base()
class User(Base):
__tablename__ = 'users' # 数据库表名称(固定写法),如果不写,默认以类名小写作为表的名字
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) # id 主键
# mysql中主键自动建索引:聚簇索引
# 其他建建的索引叫:辅助索引
name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=False) # name列,索引,不可为空
# email = Column(String(32), unique=True) # 唯一
# #datetime.datetime.now不能加括号,加了括号,以后永远是当前时间
# ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now) # default默认值
# extra = Column(Text, nullable=True)
#类似于djagno的 Meta
# __table_args__ = (
# UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'), #联合唯一
# Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'email'), #索引
# )
def __str__(self):
return self.name
def __repr__(self):
# python是强类型语言
return self.name+str(self.id)
# 一对多关系
# 一个Hobby可以有很多人喜欢
# 一个人只能由一个Hobby
class Hobby(Base):
__tablename__ = 'hobby'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
caption = Column(String(50), default='篮球')
class Person(Base):
__tablename__ = 'person'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
# hobby指的是tablename而不是类名,uselist=False
# 一对多的关系,关联字段写在多的一方
hobby_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("hobby.id")) # 默认可以为空
# 跟数据库无关,不会新增字段,只用于快速链表操作
# 类名,backref用于反向查询
hobby = relationship('Hobby', backref='pers')
# 多对多关系
# 实实在在存在的表
class Boy2Girl(Base):
__tablename__ = 'boy2girl'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True) # autoincrement自增,默认是True
girl_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('girl.id'))
boy_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('boy.id'))
class Girl(Base):
__tablename__ = 'girl'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
class Boy(Base):
__tablename__ = 'boy'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
# 与生成表结构无关,仅用于查询方便,放在哪个单表中都可以
# secondary 通过哪个表建关联,跟django中的through一模一样
girls = relationship('Girl', secondary='boy2girl', backref='boys')
# 创建表
def create_table():
# 创建engine对象
engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://root:[email protected]:3306/aaa?charset=utf8",
max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
pool_size=5, # 连接池大小
pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
)
# 通过engine对象创建表
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
# 删除表
def drop_table():
# 创建engine对象
engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://root:[email protected]:3306/aaa?charset=utf8",
max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
pool_size=5, # 连接池大小
pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
)
# 通过engine对象删除所有表
Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
if __name__ == '__main__':
create_table() # 原来已经存在user表,再执行一次不会有问题
# drop_table()
# 创建库?手动创建库
# 问题,sqlachemy支持修改字段吗?不支持
标签:教程,sqlalchemy,name,ret,session,User,简单,query,id
From: https://www.cnblogs.com/leilijian/p/17663659.html