在许多为了性能和效率的场景下,需要开发一些lock-free的算法和数据结构
atomic_flag
原子布尔类型,只支持 test-and-set 和 clear 操作
构造函数
atomic_flag()noexcept=default;
atomic_flag(const atomic_flag&)=delete;
只有默认构造函数,而不能从其他对象构造
atomic_flag
对象需要使用ATOMIC_FLAG_INIT
初始化,使其处于 clear 状态,否则是unspecified未指定的
创建10个线程用于计数,先完成计数任务的线程输出id
#include<iostream>
#include<thread>
#include<atomic>
#include<vector>
std::atomic<bool> ready(false);
std::atomic_flag winner=ATOMIC_FLAG_INIT;
void count1m(int id){
while(!ready){
std::this_thread::yield();
}
for(int i=0; i<10000; ++i){
// count
}
// 执行完后,该函数
if(!winner.test_and_set()){
std::cout<<"thread "<<id<<" first\n";
}
};
int main(){
std::vector<std::thread> ths;
std::cout<<"spawning 10 threads that count to 1 million..."<<std::endl;
for(int i=1; i<=10; ++i){
ths.push_back(std::thread(count1m, i));
}
ready= true;
for(auto& th:ths){
th.join();
}
return 0;
}
std::atomic_flag::test_and_set
函数原型如下:
bool test_and_set(memory_order sync=memory_order_seq_cst)volatile noexcept;
bool test_and_set(memory_order sync=memory_order_seq_cst)noexcept;
用于检查标志,若std::atomic_flag
之前被设置过,则返回true
,否则返回false
并设置标志
该操作为原子操作,可以指定的Memory Order如下
值 | 类型 |
---|---|
memory_order_relaxed | Relaxed |
memory_order_consume | Consume |
memory_order_acquire | Acquire |
memory_order_release | Release |
memory_order_acq_rel | Acquire/Release |
memory_order_seq_cst | Sequentially consistent |
#include<iostream>
#include<atomic>
#include<thread>
#include<vector>
#include<sstream>
std::atomic_flag lock_stream=ATOMIC_FLAG_INIT;
std::stringstream stream;
void append_number(int x){
while(lock_stream.test_and_set()){}
stream<<"thread "<<x<<'\n';
lock_stream.clear();
}
int main(){
std::vector<std::thread> ths;
for(int i=1; i<=10; ++i){
ths.push_back(std::thread(append_number,i));
}
for(auto& th:ths){
th.join();
}
std::cout<<stream.str()<<std::endl;
return 0;
}
std::atomic_flag::clear
清除对象标志,即设置为false
函数原型如下:
void clear(memory_order sync=memory_order_seq_cst)volatile noexcept;
void clear(memory_order sync=memory_order_seq_cst)noexcept;
该函数也可以指定Memory Order的值
std::atomic_flag
可以当作一个简单的自旋锁使用
#include<iostream>
#include<thread>
#include<vector>
#include<atomic>
std::atomic_flag lock= ATOMIC_FLAG_INIT;
void f(int n){
for(int cnt=0; cnt<100; ++i){
while(lock.test_and_set(std::memory_order_acquire))
; //spin
std::cout<<"output from thread "<<n<<'\n';
lock.clear(std::memory_order_release);
}
}
int main() {
std::vector<std::thread> ths;
for(int n=0; n<10; ++n){
ths.emplace_back(f,n);
}
for(auto& th:ths){
th.join();
}
return 0;
}
对std::atomic_flag
的加锁操作可以理解为lock.test_and_set(std::memory_order_acquire);
加锁操作时,返回false
表示加锁成功
因为此前lock
的标志为false
,调用test_and_set()
后标志为true
,说明某一线程获得了锁
对std::atomic_flag
的解锁操作相当于lock.test_and_set(std::memory_order_release);
atomic
原子类型atomic_flag
过于简单,下面介绍功能更完善的std::atomic
原子类型对象的特点:不同线程访问不会导致数据竞争data race问题
构造函数
std::atomic
是一个模板类
template<class T>
struct atomic;
template<>
struct atomic<integral>{};
template<class T>
struct atomic<T*>{};
标准库提供了对整型和指针类型的特化实现
默认构造函数
atomic()noexcept=default;
对象处于未初始化状态,需要使用atomic_init
进行初始化
初始化构造函数
constexpr atomic(T val)noexcept;
可用T
对象对atomic
进行初始化
拷贝构造函数
atomic(const atomic&)=delete;
被禁用,不可拷贝
#include<iostream>
#include<atomic>
#include<thread>
#include<vector>
std::atomic<bool> ready(false);
std::atomic_flag winner= ATOMIC_FLAG_INIT;
void do_count1m(int id){
while(!ready){
std::this_thread::yield();
}
for(volatile int i=0; i<1000000; ++i){
}
if(!winner.test_and_set()){
std::cout<<"thread "<<id<<" first\n";
}
}
int main(){
std::vector<std::thread> ths;
std::cout<<"spawning 10 threads that count to 1 million...\n";
for(int i=1; i<=10; ++i){
ths.push_back(std::thread(count1m,i));
}
ready= true;
for(auto& th:ths){
th.join();
}
return 0;
}
成员函数
赋值操作
std::atomic::operator=()
函数
copy (deleted)
atomic& operator=(const atomic&)=delete;
atomic& operator=(const atomic&)volatile=delete;
赋值运算是被禁用的
set value
T operator=(T val)noexcept;
T operator=(T val)volatile noexcept;
重载了赋值运算符,使得原子类型可以被类型为T
的变量赋值,类似于隐式转换
该操作是原子操作,内存序默认为顺序一致性std::memory_order_seq_cst
若需要使用其他内存序,可以使用std::atomic::store()
#include<iostream>
#include<atomic>
#include<thread>
std::atomic<int> foo=0;
void set_foo(int x){
foo=x;
}
void print_foo(){
while(foo==0){
std::this_thread::yield();
}
std::cout<<"foo:"<<foo<<std::endl;
}
int mian(){
std::thread first(print_foo);
std::thread second(set_foo, 10);
first.join();
second.join();
return 0;
}
常用成员函数
bool is_lock_free()const volatile noexcept;
bool is_lock_free()const noexcept;
判断对象是否有lock-free特性
若对象具有该特性,则多线程访问该对象时不会导致线程阻塞
void store(T val, memory_order sync=memory_order_seq_cst)volatile noexcept;
void store(T val, memory_order sync=memory_order_seq_cst)noexcept;
修改被封装的值,将val
复制给原子对象所封装的值,sync
指定内存序
值 | 类型 |
---|---|
memory_order_relaxed | Relaxed |
memory_order_release | Release |
memory_order_seq_cst | Sequentially consistent |
示例如下
#include<iostream>
#include<atomic>
#include<thread>
std::atomic<int> foo(0);
void set_foo(int x){
foo.store(x, std::memory_order_relaxed);
}
void print_foo(){
int x;
do{
x= foo.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
}while(x==0);
std::cout<<"foo:"<<x<<std::endl;
}
int main(){
std::thread first(print_foo);
std::thread second(set_foo, 10);
first.join();
second.join();
return 0;
}
T load(memory_order sync=memory_order_seq_cst)const volatile noexcept;
T load(memory_order sync=memory_order_seq_cst)const noexcept;
读取被封装的值,参数sync
设置内存序
值 | 类型 |
---|---|
memory_order_relaxed | Relaxed |
memory_order_consume | Consume |
memory_order_acquire | Acquire |
memory_order_seq_cst | Sequentially consistent |
示例如下
#include<iostream>
#include<atomic>
#include<thread>
std::atomic<int> foo(0);
void set_foo(int x){
foo.store(x, std::memory_order_relaxed);
}
void print_foo(){
int x;
do{
x= foo.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
}while(x==0);
std::cout<<"foo:"<<x<<'\n';
}
int main(){
std::thread first(print_foo);
std::thread second(set_foo, 10);
first.join();
second.join();
return 0;
}
operator T()const volatile noexcept;
operator T()const noexcept;
与load
功能类似,读取封装的值,默认内存序是std::memory_order_seq_cst
示例如下
T exchange(T val, memory_order sync=memory_order_seq_cst)volatile noexcept;
T exchange(T val, memory_order sync=memory_order_seq_cst)noexcept;
compare_exchange_weak
compare_exchange_strong
1
std::atomic
对整型和指针类型特化
成员函数
fetch_add
fetch_sub
fetch_and
fetch_or
fetch_xor
operator++
operator--
2
C++11原子操作中C风格的API
std::atomic和std::atomic_flag