在小学生都学Python了,你还不知道怎么开始文中介绍了Python的应用广泛,功能强大,提供了Python的在线学习视频和资料等。
学习程序语言不是一件难事,也不是一件简单事。为什么编程这么难中翻译了一篇编程学习的心路历程。
(图例“编程信心与能力”:纵轴为信心值,横轴为能力水平,虚线从左至右依次分割出手牵手蜜月期、混沌悬崖、绝望沙漠、令人兴奋的上升期四个阶段,第5条虚线标志着工作准备就绪)
在我看来,学习编程是学以致用,学习方式是硬着头皮去写。
读文档是蜜月期,读读就过去,谁都会。
写程序是混沌悬崖,知道是这么回事,就是写不出来;
调程序是绝望沙漠,怎么看自己写的都对,就是编译器不开眼;
程序正确了就是兴奋期,万里长征迈出又一步。
这些过程没有捷径,但可以加速,就是我们的零基础Python编程班,应用Python处理生物信息数据和作图。
广告做完了,来点Python的特性。
Python编程有其特有的方式 phyonic,下面是python编程一些有意思的用法和技巧,总结出来,以飨大家。
1.原位替换
a = 5
b = 6
c = 7
a, b = b,a
print("a is",a)
print("b is",b)
a is 6
b is 5
a, (b,c) = c, (a,b)
print("a is",a)
print("b is",b)
print("c is",c)
a is 7
b is 6
c is 5
first, *middle_all, last = (1,2,3,4,5,6)
middle_all
[2, 3, 4, 5]
2.链似比较
x = 5
print("1 < x < 10 is", 1 < x < 10)
print("10 > x <= 9", 10 > x <= 9)
1 < x < 10 is True
10 > x <= 9 True
3.列表索引,反序
a = [1,2,3,4,5]
a[::2]
[1, 3, 5]
a[::-1]
[5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
4.列表解析、字典解析、元组解析
# 获得系列坐标点
a = ((i,j) for i in range(3) for j in range(2))
a
<generator object <genexpr> at 0x7fa8d04d7fc0>
for i in a:
print(i)
(0, 0)
(0, 1)
(1, 0)
(1, 1)
(2, 0)
(2, 1)
str1 = "I love sheng xin bao dian"
print([i for i in str1.split() if i.endswith('n')])
['xin', 'dian']
a = {i:i*2 for i in range(5)}
a
{0: 0, 1: 2, 2: 4, 3: 6, 4: 8}
[(x, y) for x in range(4) if x % 2 == 1 for y in range(4)]
[(1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (3, 0), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3)]
5.集合操作
a = set(["sheng", "xin", "bao","dian","best","tutotials"])
b = set(["hong", "ji", "yin","zu","best","tutotials"])
a | b # union
{'bao', 'best', 'dian', 'hong', 'ji', 'sheng', 'tutotials', 'xin', 'yin', 'zu'}
a & b # intersection
{'best', 'tutotials'}
a ^ b # Symmetric Difference
{'bao', 'dian', 'hong', 'ji', 'sheng', 'xin', 'yin', 'zu'}
6.Negative round
print("round整数:",str(round(1234.5678, -2)))
print("round小数:",str(round(1234.5678, 2)))
round整数: 1200.0
round小数: 1234.57
7.多行字符串的优雅嵌套
# \可以,但是第二行需要起头
system_command = "s-plot pheatmap -f matrix \
-t heatmap -a TRUE"
print(system_command)
s-plot pheatmap -f matrix -t heatmap -a TRUE
# 字符串中包含换行符
# 切第二行要起头,不然会有较多空格
system_command = """s-plot pheatmap -f matrix
-t heatmap -a TRUE"""
print(system_command)
print(system_command.replace('\n', ' '))
s-plot pheatmap -f matrix
-t heatmap -a TRUE
s-plot pheatmap -f matrix -t heatmap -a TRUE
# 类元组的写法,既可以跨行,又可以自由格式
# 需要注意2点
# 类元组,无逗号
# 字符串连接时不会自动加空格,空格需要保存在字符串里面
system_command = ("s-plot pheatmap -f matrix "
"-t heatmap -a TRUE")
print(system_command)
s-plot pheatmap -f matrix -t heatmap -a TRUE
# 多一步join;
system_command = ["s-plot pheatmap -f matrix",
"-t heatmap -a TRUE"]
print(' '.join(system_command))
s-plot pheatmap -f matrix -t heatmap -a TRUE
8.zip转换两个列表为字典
keyL = [1,2,3]
valueL = ['a','b','v']
for i ,j in zip(keyL, valueL):
print(i,j)
1 a
2 b
3 v
import pprint
pprint.pprint(dict(zip(keyL, valueL)))
{1: 'a', 2: 'b', 3: 'v'}
dict([(i,j) for i ,j in zip(keyL, valueL)])
{1: 'a', 2: 'b', 3: 'v'}
9.enumerate索引列表 (不再使用len)
a = ['s','x','b','d']
# Preferred way
for index, item in enumerate(a):
print(index,item)
print("\n")
# Old way
for i in range(len(a)):
print(i,a[i])
0 s
1 x
2 b
3 d
0 s
1 x
2 b
3 d
10.矩阵转置
a = [(1,2), (3,4), (5,6)]
b = zip(*a)
for i in b:
print(i)
(1, 3, 5)
(2, 4, 6)
11.sum的另一用法,二维数组秒变1维
aList = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6], [7, 8, 9]]
sum(aList, [])
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
12.解释正则表达式
import re
re.compile("^[a-z]*$", re.DEBUG)
AT AT_BEGINNING
MAX_REPEAT 0 MAXREPEAT
IN
RANGE (97, 122)
AT AT_END
re.compile("^[a-z][0-9]+$", re.DEBUG)
AT AT_BEGINNING
IN
RANGE (97, 122)
MAX_REPEAT 1 MAXREPEAT
IN
RANGE (48, 57)
AT AT_END
re.compile("^[a-z]([0-9]+)$", re.DEBUG)
AT AT_BEGINNING
IN
RANGE (97, 122)
SUBPATTERN 1 0 0
MAX_REPEAT 1 MAXREPEAT
IN
RANGE (48, 57)
AT AT_END
13.for..else;若for
循环中未执行break
,则else
会被执行
found = False
for i in range(2,5):
if i == 1:
found = True
break
if not found:
print("i was never 1")
i was never 1
for i in range(2,5):
if i == 1:
break
else:
print("i was never 1")
i was never 1
14.启动网络服务器,用于文件预览或传输
# run in commang line
# python -m http.server 8000
Serving HTTP on 0.0.0.0 port 8000 (http://0.0.0.0:8000/) ...
15.python打印九九乘法表 (列表解析)
print('\n'.join([' '.join(['%s*%s=%-2s' % (y,x,x*y) for y in range(1,x+1)]) for x in range(1,10)]))
1*1=1
1*2=2 2*2=4
1*3=3 2*3=6 3*3=9
1*4=4 2*4=8 3*4=12 4*4=16
1*5=5 2*5=10 3*5=15 4*5=20 5*5=25
1*6=6 2*6=12 3*6=18 4*6=24 5*6=30 6*6=36
1*7=7 2*7=14 3*7=21 4*7=28 5*7=35 6*7=42 7*7=49
1*8=8 2*8=16 3*8=24 4*8=32 5*8=40 6*8=48 7*8=56 8*8=64
1*9=9 2*9=18 3*9=27 4*9=36 5*9=45 6*9=54 7*9=63 8*9=72 9*9=81
16.map
, filter
# 过滤大于4的元素
a = [3,4,5]
[i for i in a if i<4]
[3]
list(filter(lambda x: x<4, a))
[5]
# 每个元素加2
[i+2 for i in a]
[5, 6, 7]
map(lambda x: x+2, a)
<map at 0x7fa8d0502358>
list(map(lambda x: x+2, a))
[5, 6, 7]
算2的1000次方的各位数之和
sum(map(int, str(2**1000)))
1366
17.python打印心型
print('\n'.join([''.join([('Love'[(x-y) % len('Love')] if ((x*0.05)**2+(y*0.1)**2-1)**3-(x*0.05)**2*(y*0.1)**3 <= 0 else ' ') for x in range(-30, 30)]) for y in range(30, -30, -1)]))
veLoveLov veLoveLov
eLoveLoveLoveLove eLoveLoveLoveLove
veLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLov
veLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveL
veLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLov
eLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLove
LoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveL
oveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLo
veLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLov
eLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLove
oveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLove
eLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLove
LoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveL
eLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLove
oveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLove
eLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLove
veLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLov
oveLoveLoveLoveLoveLoveLo
LoveLoveLoveLoveLoveL
LoveLoveLoveLov
LoveLoveL
Lov
v
- python打印曼德勃罗集合
print('\n'.join([''.join(['*'if abs((lambda a:lambda z,c,n:a(a,z,c,n))(lambda s,z,c,n:z if n==0else s(s,z*z+c,c,n-1))(0,0.02*x+0.05j*y,40))<2 else' 'for x in range(-80,20)])for y in range(-20,20)]))
*
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19.打开一个关于Python漫画的网站
import antigravity