每天40分玩转Django：Django插件开发

Django插件开发

一、插件开发概述表

二、创建可重用Django应用

我们以一个通用的评论系统插件为例，演示如何创建可重用的Django应用。

2.1 项目结构

django-generic-comments/
├── LICENSE
├── MANIFEST.in
├── README.md
├── setup.py
├── generic_comments/
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── apps.py
│   ├── models.py
│   ├── views.py
│   ├── urls.py
│   ├── forms.py
│   ├── signals.py
│   ├── templates/
│   │   └── generic_comments/
│   │       ├── comment_form.html
│   │       └── comment_list.html
│   └── static/
│       └── generic_comments/
│           ├── css/
│           └── js/
└── tests/
    ├── __init__.py
    ├── test_models.py
    └── test_views.py

2.2 核心代码实现

# generic_comments/apps.py
from django.apps import AppConfig

class GenericCommentsConfig(AppConfig):
    name = 'generic_comments'
    verbose_name = 'Generic Comments'
    
    def ready(self):
        import generic_comments.signals

# generic_comments/models.py
from django.db import models
from django.conf import settings
from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey
from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType

class Comment(models.Model):
    content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
    content_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')
    
    user = models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    content = models.TextField()
    created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    updated_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)
    is_public = models.BooleanField(default=True)
    
    class Meta:
        ordering = ['-created_at']
        
    def __str__(self):
        return f'Comment by {self.user.username} on {self.content_object}'

# generic_comments/forms.py
from django import forms
from .models import Comment

class CommentForm(forms.ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        model = Comment
        fields = ['content']
        widgets = {
            'content': forms.Textarea(attrs={'rows': 4})
        }

# generic_comments/views.py
from django.shortcuts import redirect, get_object_or_404
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
from django.contrib import messages
from .forms import CommentForm
from .signals import comment_posted

@login_required
def add_comment(request, content_type_id, object_id):
    content_type = get_object_or_404(ContentType, id=content_type_id)
    content_object = content_type.get_object_for_this_type(id=object_id)
    
    if request.method == 'POST':
        form = CommentForm(request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            comment = form.save(commit=False)
            comment.user = request.user
            comment.content_type = content_type
            comment.object_id = object_id
            comment.save()
            
            # 触发评论发布信号
            comment_posted.send(
                sender=comment.__class__,
                comment=comment,
                request=request
            )
            
            messages.success(request, '评论已发布')
            return redirect(content_object.get_absolute_url())
    else:
        form = CommentForm()
        
    return render(request, 'generic_comments/comment_form.html', {
        'form': form,
        'content_object': content_object
    })

# generic_comments/signals.py
from django.dispatch import Signal

comment_posted = Signal()

# 信号接收器示例
def notify_comment_posted(sender, comment, request, **kwargs):
    """当评论发布时发送通知"""
    pass

2.3 配置文件

# setup.py
from setuptools import setup, find_packages

setup(
    name='django-generic-comments',
    version='0.1.0',
    packages=find_packages(exclude=['tests*']),
    include_package_data=True,
    license='MIT',
    description='A Django app for adding comments to any model',
    long_description=open('README.md').read(),
    long_description_content_type='text/markdown',
    url='https://github.com/yourusername/django-generic-comments',
    author='Your Name',
    author_email='your.email@example.com',
    classifiers=[
        'Environment :: Web Environment',
        'Framework :: Django',
        'Framework :: Django :: 3.2',
        'Intended Audience :: Developers',
        'License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License',
        'Operating System :: OS Independent',
        'Programming Language :: Python',
        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8',
        'Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP',
        'Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: Dynamic Content',
    ],
    python_requires='>=3.8',
    install_requires=[
        'Django>=3.2',
    ],
)

# MANIFEST.in
include LICENSE
include README.md
recursive-include generic_comments/static *
recursive-include generic_comments/templates *
recursive-include docs *

三、应用开发流程图

四、测试用例编写

# tests/test_models.py
from django.test import TestCase
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
from generic_comments.models import Comment

User = get_user_model()

class CommentModelTest(TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        self.user = User.objects.create_user(
            username='testuser',
            email='test@example.com',
            password='testpass123'
        )
        
    def test_comment_creation(self):
        comment = Comment.objects.create(
            user=self.user,
            content='Test comment',
            content_type=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(User),
            object_id=self.user.id
        )
        
        self.assertEqual(str(comment), f'Comment by testuser on {self.user}')
        self.assertTrue(comment.is_public)

# tests/test_views.py
from django.test import TestCase, Client
from django.urls import reverse
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
from generic_comments.models import Comment

User = get_user_model()

class CommentViewsTest(TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        self.client = Client()
        self.user = User.objects.create_user(
            username='testuser',
            password='testpass123'
        )
        
    def test_add_comment(self):
        self.client.login(username='testuser', password='testpass123')
        
        content_type = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(User)
        response = self.client.post(
            reverse('generic_comments:add_comment', kwargs={
                'content_type_id': content_type.id,
                'object_id': self.user.id
            }),
            {'content': 'Test comment'}
        )
        
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
        self.assertEqual(Comment.objects.count(), 1)

五、文档编写

# Django Generic Comments

A reusable Django application for adding comments to any model.

## Installation

```bash
pip install django-generic-comments

Quick Start

1. Add “generic_comments” to your INSTALLED_APPS setting:

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    ...
    'generic_comments',
]

2. Include the generic_comments URLconf in your project urls.py:

path('comments/', include('generic_comments.urls')),

3. Run migrations:

python manage.py migrate

Usage

To add comments to a model:

from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericRelation
from generic_comments.models import Comment

class YourModel(models.Model):
    comments = GenericRelation(Comment)

## 六、发布到PyPI

### 6.1 打包准备

1. 安装必要工具：
```bash
pip install setuptools wheel twine

2. 创建分发包：

python setup.py sdist bdist_wheel

3. 上传到PyPI：

twine upload dist/*

6.2 发布检查清单

1. 代码质量检查：

# 运行测试
python runtests.py

# 代码风格检查
flake8 generic_comments

2. 文档完整性检查：

• README.md 是否完整
• 使用说明是否清晰
• API文档是否完整

3. 版本号管理：

# generic_comments/__init__.py
VERSION = (0, 1, 0)
__version__ = '.'.join(map(str, VERSION))

七、使用示例

7.1 在项目中集成

# settings.py
INSTALLED_APPS = [
    ...
    'generic_comments',
]

# 可选配置
GENERIC_COMMENTS_CONFIG = {
    'moderate_comments': False,
    'email_notifications': True,
}

# models.py
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericRelation
from generic_comments.models import Comment

class Article(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    content = models.TextField()
    comments = GenericRelation(Comment)
    
    def get_absolute_url(self):
        return reverse('article_detail', args=[self.id])

7.2 模板使用

{% load generic_comments_tags %}

<div class="comments">
    {% get_comment_list for article as comments %}
    
    {% for comment in comments %}
        <div class="comment">
            <div class="comment-user">{{ comment.user }}</div>
            <div class="comment-content">{{ comment.content }}</div>
            <div class="comment-date">{{ comment.created_at|date:"Y-m-d H:i" }}</div>
        </div>
    {% endfor %}
    
    {% if user.is_authenticated %}
        {% get_comment_form for article as form %}
        <form method="post" action="{% url 'generic_comments:add_comment' content_type_id=content_type.id object_id=article.id %}">
            {% csrf_token %}
            {{ form.as_p }}
            <button type="submit">提交评论</button>
        </form>
    {% endif %}
</div>

八、最佳实践建议

1. 代码组织：

   • 遵循Django应用规范
   • 保持代码模块化
   • 使用合适的设计模式

2. 测试覆盖：

   • 编写完整的单元测试
   • 包含集成测试
   • 测试边界情况

3. 文档维护：

   • 详细的安装说明
   • 清晰的API文档
   • 丰富的使用示例

4. 版本控制：

   • 语义化版本号
   • 更新日志维护
   • 分支管理策略

本节课程介绍了如何开发和发布一个Django可重用应用。通过具体的评论系统示例，展示了从开发到发布的完整流程。建议学习者在实践中注意以下几点：

1. 充分考虑应用的可复用性和扩展性
2. 编写完整的测试和文档
3. 遵循Python包发布的最佳实践
4. 持续维护和更新应用

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