这些引导词可以分为几大类:关系代词、关系副词、从属连词等。我们将分别讨论它们的用法和例句。
1. 关系代词(Relative Pronouns)
关系代词用于引导定语从句,修饰先行词。常见的关系代词有 who, whom, whose, which, that。
1.1 who
- 用法:指人,作主语。
- 例句:
- The man who spoke to me was very polite.(和我说话的那个男人非常礼貌。)
1.2 whom
- 用法:指人,作宾语。
- 例句:
- The woman whom I saw was very tall.(我看到的那个女人非常高。)
1.3 whose
- 用法:指人或物,表示所属关系。
- 例句:
- The boy whose book was lost is very upset.(书丢了的那个男孩非常难过。)
1.4 which
- 用法:指物,作主语或宾语。
- 例句:
- The book which I read was very interesting.(我读的那本书非常有趣。)
1.5 that
- 用法:指人或物,作主语或宾语,常用于限定性定语从句。
- 例句:
- The car that I bought is very fast.(我买的那辆车非常快。)
2. 关系副词(Relative Adverbs)
关系副词用于引导定语从句,修饰先行词。常见的关系副词有 when, where, why。
2.1 when
- 用法:指时间,作时间状语。
- 例句:
- I remember the day when we first met.(我记得我们第一次见面的那一天。)
2.2 where
- 用法:指地点,作地点状语。
- 例句:
- This is the place where we used to live.(这是我们以前住的地方。)
2.3 why
- 用法:指原因,作原因状语。
- 例句:
- That is the reason why I am late.(那就是我迟到的原因。)
3. 从属连词(Subordinating Conjunctions)
从属连词用于引导从句,从句依赖于主句才能完整表达意思。常见的从属连词有 although, because, if, since, unless, when, while, as, even though, so that, than, where, whether 等。
3.1 although / though
- 用法:表示让步。
- 例句:
- Although it was raining, we went for a walk.(尽管在下雨,我们还是出去散步了。)
3.2 because
- 用法:表示原因。
- 例句:
- She stayed home because she was sick.(她待在家里因为她生病了。)
3.3 if
- 用法:表示条件。
- 例句:
- If it rains, we will stay inside.(如果下雨,我们就待在室内。)
3.4 since
- 用法:表示原因或时间。
- 例句:
- Since it was raining, we stayed inside.(因为下雨,我们待在室内。)
- I haven’t seen her since last year.(自从去年以来,我没见过她。)
3.5 unless
- 用法:表示除非,除非。
- 例句:
- I won’t go unless you come with me.(除非你和我一起去,否则我不去。)
3.6 when
- 用法:表示时间。
- 例句:
- When the bell rings, we will start the class.(铃响时,我们开始上课。)
3.7 while
- 用法:表示时间或对比。
- 例句:
- While I was reading, the phone rang.(我正在读书时,电话响了。)
- While he is lazy, she is very diligent.(他很懒,但她非常勤奋。)
3.8 as
- 用法:表示原因或时间。
- 例句:
- As it was raining, we stayed inside.(因为下雨,我们待在室内。)
- As I was leaving, I saw her.(我离开时看到了她。)
3.9 even though
- 用法:表示让步,语气比 although 更强。
- 例句:
- Even though it was raining, we went for a walk.(即使在下雨,我们还是出去散步了。)
3.10 so that
- 用法:表示目的。
- 例句:
- I woke up early so that I could catch the bus.(我早起以便赶上公交车。)
3.11 than
- 用法:表示比较。
- 例句:
- She is taller than her sister.(她比她姐姐高。)
3.12 where
- 用法:表示地点。
- 例句:
- This is the place where we first met.(这是我们第一次见面的地方。)
3.13 whether
- 用法:表示选择或不确定性。
- 例句:
- I don’t know whether she will come.(我不知道她是否会来。)
4. 其他引导词
还有一些其他的引导词,用于特定的从句类型。
4.1 how
- 用法:表示方式。
- 例句:
- Can you tell me how to get to the station?(你能告诉我怎么去车站吗?)
4.2 what
- 用法:引导名词性从句,表示“什么”。
- 例句:
- I don’t know what he means.(我不知道他的意思。)
4.3 which
- 用法:引导名词性从句,表示“哪个”。
- 例句:
- Which book do you prefer?(你更喜欢哪本书?)
4.4 who
- 用法:引导名词性从句,表示“谁”。
- 例句:
- Who will win the game?(谁会赢得比赛?)
总结
- 关系代词(Relative Pronouns):who, whom, whose, which, that,用于引导定语从句,修饰先行词。
- 关系副词(Relative Adverbs):when, where, why,用于引导定语从句,修饰先行词。
- 从属连词(Subordinating Conjunctions):although, because, if, since, unless, when, while, as, even though, so that, than, where, whether,用于引导从句,从句依赖于主句才能完整表达意思。
- 其他引导词:how, what, which, who,用于引导特定类型的从句。