Abstract. A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution. Digital signatures provide part of the solution, but the main benefits are lost if a trusted third party is still required to prevent double-spending. We propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer network. The network timestamps transactions by hashing them into an ongoing chain of hash-based proof-of-work, forming a record that cannot be changed without redoing the proof-of-work. The longest chain not only serves as proof of the sequence of events witnessed, but proof that it came from the largest pool of CPU power. As long as a majority of CPU power is controlled by nodes that are not cooperating to attack the network, they'll generate the longest chain and outpace attackers. The network itself requires minimal structure. Messages are broadcast on a best effort basis, and nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the longest proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone.
摘要. 一种完全的点对点电子货币应当允许在线支付从一方直接发送到另一方而不需要通过一个金融机构。数字签名提供了部分解决方案，但如果仍需一个可信任第三方来防止双重支付，那就失去了电子货币的主要优点。我们提出一种使用点对点网络解决双重支付问题的方案。该网络通过将交易哈希进一条持续增长的基于哈希的工作量证明链来给交易打上时间戳，形成一条除非重做工作量证明否则不能更改的记录。最长的链不仅是被见证事件序列的证据，而且也是它本身是由最大 CPU 算力池产生的证据。只要多数的 CPU 算力被不打算联合攻击网络的节点控制，这些节点就将生成最长的链而超过攻击者。这种网络本身只需极简的架构。信息将被尽力广播，节点可以随时离开和重新加入网络，只需接受最长的工作量证明链作为它们离开时发生事件的证据。