本次给大家整理的是《Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science》杂志2024年9月第51卷第7期的论文的题目和摘要，一共包括20篇SCI论文！
论文1
Spatial inequalities and cities: A review
空间不平等与城市：综述
【摘要】
This special issue of Environment and Planning B focuses on Spatial Inequalities and Cities. As the world progresses to almost a fully urban state, locations, networks, and access shape the everyday lives lived in cities, alongside being the movers and shapers of the future of sustainable and equitable urbanization. This special issue brings together a set of peer-reviewerd papers spanning urban science, urban analytics, geographic information / spatial science, network science, and quantitative socio-economic-spatial analysis, to explore and examine how the morphological, structural and spatial form of cities is linked to the production, maintenance and exacerbation of socio-economic inequalities and injustices. The issue also presents a critical angle on data, methods, and their use, and on how novel data and methods can help shed light on new dimensions of spatial inequalities. This editorial presents a brief critical review of the field of urban spatial inequalities and a summary of the special issue.
【摘要翻译】
《环境与规划B》特刊聚焦于空间不平等与城市。随着世界逐步走向几乎完全城市化，地点、网络和可达性在塑造城市日常生活中发挥着重要作用，同时也是未来可持续和公平城市化的推动者和塑造者。该特刊汇集了一系列经过同行评审的论文，涵盖城市科学、城市分析、地理信息/空间科学、网络科学以及定量社会经济空间分析，旨在探讨和研究城市的形态、结构和空间形式如何与社会经济不平等和不公正的产生、维持和加剧相联系。该期刊还从数据、方法及其使用的角度提出了批判性的观点，以及新颖的数据和方法如何帮助揭示空间不平等的新维度。本文编辑部分对城市空间不平等领域进行了简要的批判性回顾，并总结了特刊的内容。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083241263422
【作者信息】
Somwrita Sarkar，悉尼大学，澳大利亚Clémentine Cottineau-Mugadza，代尔夫特理工大学，荷兰Levi J Wolf，布里斯托大学，英国
论文2
Segregated by design? Street network topological structure and the measurement of urban segregation
设计上的隔离？街道网络拓扑结构与城市隔离的测量
【摘要】
Racial residential segregation is a longstanding topic of focus across the disciplines of urban social science. Classically, segregation indices are calculated based on areal groupings (e.g., counties or census tracts), with more recent research exploring ways that spatial relationships can enter the equation. Spatial segregation measures embody the notion that proximity to one’s neighbors is a better specification of residential segregation than simply who resides together inside the same arbitrarily drawn polygon. Thus, they expand the notion of “who is nearby” to include those who are geographically close to each polygon rather than a binary inside/outside distinction. Yet spatial segregation indices often resort to crude measurements of proximity, such as the Euclidean distance between observations, given the complexity and data requirements of calculating more theoretically appropriate measures, such as distance along the pedestrian travel network. In this paper, we examine the ramifications of such decisions. For each metropolitan region in the U.S., we compute both Euclidean and network-based spatial segregation indices. We use a novel inferential framework to examine the statistical significance of the difference between the two measures and following, we use features of the network topology (e.g., connectivity, circuity, throughput) to explain this difference using a series of regression models. We show that there is often a large difference between segregation indices when measured by these two strategies (which is frequently significant). Further, we explain which topology measures reduce the observed gap and discuss implications for urban planning and design paradigms.
【摘要翻译】
种族居住隔离是城市社会科学各学科长期关注的主题。传统上，隔离指数是基于区域分组（例如，县或普查区）计算的，而近年来的研究则探索了空间关系如何进入这一计算。空间隔离测量体现了这样一种理念：与邻居的接近性比单纯看谁居住在同一个任意划定的多边形内，更能准确表征住宅隔离。因此，它扩展了“谁在附近”的概念，包括那些地理上靠近每个多边形的人，而不仅仅是二元的内外区分。然而，空间隔离指数通常依赖于粗略的接近性测量，例如观测值之间的欧几里得距离，因为计算更符合理论的测量（例如沿步行旅行网络的距离）所需的数据复杂性和要求。在本文中，我们考察了这种决策的影响。我们为美国每个大都市区计算了欧几里得和基于网络的空间隔离指数。我们使用一种新颖的推断框架来检验这两种测量之间差异的统计显著性，随后，我们利用网络拓扑的特征（例如，连通性、环路性、通量）通过一系列回归模型来解释这一差异。我们的研究表明，当使用这两种策略测量时，隔离指数之间通常存在较大差异（且这种差异往往具有显著性）。此外，我们还解释了哪些拓扑测量可以缩小观察到的差距，并讨论了这些结果对城市规划和设计范式的启示。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083231197956
【作者信息】
Elijah Knaap，圣地亚哥州立大学，美国Sergio Rey，圣地亚哥州立大学，美国
论文3
Spatiotemporal gender differences in urban vibrancy
城市活力中的时空性别差异
【摘要】
Urban vibrancy is the dynamic activity of humans in urban locations. It can vary with urban features and the opportunities for human interactions, but it might also differ according to the underlying social conditions of city inhabitants across and within social surroundings. Such heterogeneity in how different demographic groups may experience cities has the potential to cause gender segregation because of differences in the preferences of inhabitants, their accessibility and opportunities, and large-scale mobility behaviours. However, traditional studies have failed to capture fully a high-frequency understanding of how urban vibrancy is linked to urban features, how this might differ for different genders, and how this might affect segregation in cities. Our results show that (1) there are differences between males and females in terms of urban vibrancy, (2) the differences relate to ‘Points of Interest’ as well as transportation networks, and (3) there are both positive and negative ‘spatial spillovers’ existing across each city. To do this, we use a quantitative approach using Call Detail Record data – taking advantage of the near-ubiquitous use of mobile phones – to gain high-frequency observations of spatial behaviours across Italy’s seven most prominent cities. We use a spatial model comparison approach of the direct and ‘spillover’ effects from urban features on male-female differences. Our results increase our understanding of inequality in cities and how we can make future cities fairer.
【摘要翻译】
城市活力是指人类在城市地点的动态活动。城市活力可能因城市特征和人际交往机会的不同而有所变化，但也可能因城市居民的社会条件而在不同社会环境中存在差异。这种不同人口群体在城市中经历的异质性有可能导致性别隔离，因为居民的偏好、可达性和机会以及大规模流动行为的差异。然而，传统研究未能充分捕捉到城市活力与城市特征之间的高频率理解，也未能有效地揭示不同性别之间的差异及其对城市隔离的影响。我们的结果表明：（1）男性和女性在城市活力方面存在差异；（2）这些差异与“兴趣点”以及交通网络相关；（3）每个城市之间都存在正负的“空间溢出效应”。为此，我们采用量化方法，使用通话详细记录数据，利用手机的广泛使用，获取意大利七个主要城市的空间行为的高频观察。我们使用空间模型比较方法分析城市特征对男女差异的直接和“溢出”效应。我们的结果加深了对城市不平等的理解，并为未来城市的公平性提供了改进建议。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083231209073
【作者信息】
Thomas Collins，埃克塞特大学，英国Riccardo Di Clemente，伦敦东北大学，英国Mario Gutiérrez-Roig，埃塞克斯大学，英国Federico Botta，埃克塞特大学，英国；艾伦·图灵研究所，英国
论文4
Unraveling transit service and land use components of the socio-spatial inequality of access
解开交通服务和土地利用对社会空间不平等的影响
【摘要】
This study proposes a framework that delineates the mobility and place components of access to help identify areas potentially suffering from insufficient transit service, limited job opportunities, or both. The framework introduces Spatial Inequality of Transit Services (SITS) and Spatial Inequality of Opportunities (SIO) measures to guide the structural reform of transit development policies through the lens of equity, equality, and need. It is tested on transit access to employment opportunities at the block group level in the Washington Metropolitan Area. Three observations are perceived. First, mobility and place components of access should be untangled to tailor effective transit and land use plans and policies. Second, transit services are less equally distributed than employment opportunities and disproportionately serve the residents of core cities. Third, carless and low-income households disproportionally reside in areas with better transit services regardless of their proximity to employment opportunities, and African Americans are discriminated against the most by the unequal distribution of employment opportunities. The findings serve as an essential input for developing regional transit plans and may be utilized to evaluate and prioritize proposed interventions based on their potential to reduce observed access deficiencies. However, further targeted research on residential location choice is necessary to delve into the decision-making processes, understand underlying motivations, identify potential barriers in seeking alternative options, and determine if it is a result of self-selection.
【摘要翻译】
本研究提出了一种框架，以阐明可达性的流动性和地点组成部分，帮助识别可能因公共交通服务不足、就业机会有限或两者兼而有之而受到影响的区域。该框架引入了公共交通服务空间不平等（SITS）和机会空间不平等（SIO）指标，以便通过公平、平等和需求的视角指导公共交通发展政策的结构改革。该框架在华盛顿大都会区的街区群体层面上对就业机会的交通可达性进行了测试。可以观察到三个现象。首先，交通可达性的流动性和地点组成部分应加以拆分，以便制定有效的交通和土地使用计划及政策。其次，公共交通服务的分布比就业机会不均，且在很大程度上服务于核心城市的居民。第三，无车和低收入家庭不成比例地居住在公共交通服务较好的地区，无论其与就业机会的接近性如何，而非裔美国人则在就业机会的不平等分配中受到的歧视最多。这些发现为制定区域交通计划提供了重要的参考，并可以用来评估和优先考虑提出的干预措施，以减少观察到的可达性缺陷。然而，需要进一步的针对性研究，以探讨居民选址选择的决策过程，理解其潜在动机，识别在寻求替代选项时的潜在障碍，并确定这是否是自我选择的结果。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083231207534
【作者信息】
Fatemeh Janatabadi，乔治梅森大学，美国Alireza Ermagun，乔治梅森大学，美国
论文5
Inequalities in experiencing urban functions. An exploration of human digital (geo-)footprints
体验城市功能的差异：人类数字（地理）足迹的探索
【摘要】
Studies on mobility inequalities have so far mostly relied on Survey data or Censuses. While such studies have demonstrated that inequalities strongly influence everyday mobility choices, these data sources lack granular information on people’s movements on a daily basis. By capitalising on high spatio-temporal resolution data provided by Spectus.ai, this study aims at investigating how the deprivation level of the area where people live influences the kinds of urban environment they are more likely to use for their everyday activities. To do this, raw GPS trajectories collected in 2019 in Great Britain (GB) are transformed into semantic trajectories where short-time changes and the functional nature of urban contexts are acknowledged as two key dimensions to understand human spatial behaviours. Hourly sequences of stops are extracted from GPS trajectories and enriched with contextual information based on a new area-based classification detecting urban functions. The data exploration shows that some human patterns are widely common across all levels of deprivation, such as the tendency to be mostly exposed to the urban context near the home location. At the same time, we show that differences exist, especially between those who live in the most deprived areas and those who live in the least deprived areas of GB. It appears that people living in the most deprived areas tend to have a less regular working pattern and be more exposed to urban-based functions and well-served areas, while those living in the least deprived areas have a more regular working patterns and are mostly exposed to the countryside and low-density areas. Our approach and results provide new insights on the temporal and contextual dimensions of mobility inequalities, informing on who is exposed to issues characterising certain urban environments.
【摘要翻译】
这项研究探讨了移动不平等的问题，主要依赖于调查数据或人口普查数据。虽然这些研究表明不平等对日常出行选择有很大影响，但这些数据源缺乏关于人们日常移动的详细信息。通过利用Spectus.ai提供的高时空分辨率数据，本研究旨在调查人们居住区域的贫困水平如何影响他们在日常活动中更可能使用的城市环境类型。为此，研究将2019年在大不列颠（GB）收集的原始GPS轨迹转化为语义轨迹，关注短期变化和城市背景的功能性这两个关键维度，以理解人类的空间行为。从GPS轨迹中提取的每小时停留序列，结合基于新的区域分类的上下文信息，检测城市功能。数据探索显示，某些人类模式在各个贫困水平中普遍存在，例如，倾向于在家庭附近的城市背景中活动。同时，我们也表明存在差异，尤其是居住在最贫困地区的人与居住在GB最富裕地区的人之间。研究发现，居住在最贫困地区的人往往工作模式不够规律，更容易接触到城市功能和服务良好的区域，而居住在最富裕地区的人则具有更规律的工作模式，主要接触乡村和低密度区域。我们的研究方法和结果为移动不平等的时间和背景维度提供了新见解，揭示了谁在特定城市环境中暴露于各种问题。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083231208507
【作者信息】
Alessia Calafiore，英国爱丁堡大学Krasen Samardzhiev，英国利物浦大学Francisco Rowe，英国利物浦大学Martin Fleischmann，捷克查尔斯大学Daniel Arribas-Bel，英国利物浦大学
论文6
Proximity or opportunity? Spatial and market determinants of private individuals’buy-to-let investments
接近性还是机会？私人个体购房出租投资的空间和市场决定因素
【摘要】
This paper contributes to the debate on the liquidity of real estate investment in the context of financialisation. Using microdata built from tax registers, we analyse the geography of rental housing purchases by private individuals from three French cities. We develop a modelling approach in order to better understand the respective roles of space and market characteristics in determining buy-to-let investment flows. Considering the distribution of the data and our objective of integrating both intra- and intercity housing investments in a single model, we use an adaptive zoning approach. This approach allows high spatial resolution where interactions are strong to be kept and the aggregation of more distant, less populated areas. We demonstrate that geographical proximity is highly determinant in explaining flows of buy-to-let investments from private individuals. We also uncover striking facts related to the geography of rental investments, such as the convergence of investments from rich suburbs toward the centre of agglomerations and preferential flows from the Paris region to southern and coastal cities. Finally, we find that investors tend to buy in upmarket areas and in places that are more expensive than their market of residence. Our results indicate that geographical proximity and safety of investments are key factors in housing wealth accumulation by private individuals.
【摘要翻译】
这篇论文探讨了在金融化背景下房地产投资的流动性问题。我们利用从税务登记中获取的微观数据，分析了三座法国城市私人个人的租赁住房购买的地理分布。为了更好地理解空间和市场特征在确定买房投资流动中的各自作用，我们开发了一种建模方法。考虑到数据的分布以及我们希望在一个模型中整合城市内部和城市之间的住房投资，我们采用了一种自适应分区方法。这种方法保留了强交互的高空间分辨率，同时对较远、人口较少的地区进行了聚合。我们证明，地理接近性在解释私人个人的买房投资流动中具有重要的决定性作用。此外，我们还发现了一些与租赁投资地理分布相关的显著事实，例如富裕郊区的投资向市中心聚集，以及来自巴黎地区向南部和沿海城市的优先流动。最后，我们发现投资者倾向于在高档区域和比其居住市场更昂贵的地方购房。我们的研究结果表明，地理接近性和投资安全性是私人个人在住房财富积累中的关键因素。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083231217014
【作者信息】
Antoine Peris，法国阿维尼翁大学，UMR CNRS 7300 ESPACE，阿维尼翁，法国Laure Casanova Enault，法国阿维尼翁大学，UMR CNRS 7300 ESPACE，阿维尼翁，法国
论文7
Mobility and transit segregation in urban spaces
城市空间中的流动性与交通隔离
【摘要】
Segregation is a highly nuanced concept that researchers have worked to define and measure over the past several decades. Conventional approaches tend to estimate segregation based on residential patterns. However, the residential dimension does not fully comprise individuals’interactions with their environment and, consequently, can misrepresent individuals’ lived experiences. To address this gap, we analyse how segregation extends to other dimensions of the urban life. We accomplish this by using the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE) to measure socioeconomic segregation at amenities and on public transit lines. Moreover, we consider the pivotal role that transport plays in democratising access to opportunities. Using transport networks, amenity visitations, and census data, we leverage agent-based models to approximate socioeconomic composition at amenities and on transit lines. Consequently, we can estimate socioeconomic segregation within the United States, for various aspects of urban life. We find that neighbourhoods that are segregated in the residential domain tend to exhibit similar levels of segregation in amenity visitation patterns and transit usage, albeit to a lesser extent. Moreover, we discover that low-income neighbourhoods experience a greater decrease from residential to amenity segregation, than their high-income segregated counterparts, highlighting how mobility can be used as a tool for overcoming residential inequalities, given the proper infrastructure. We identify inequalities embedded into transit service, which impose constraints on residents from segregated areas, limiting the neighbourhoods that they can access within an hour to areas that are similarly disadvantaged. By exploring socioeconomic segregation from a transit perspective, we underscore the importance of conceptualising experiential segregation, while also highlighting how transport systems can contribute to a cycle of disadvantage.
【摘要翻译】
隔离是一个高度复杂的概念，研究人员在过去几十年中一直致力于对其进行定义和测量。传统方法往往基于居住模式来估计隔离。然而，居住维度并未完全涵盖个人与环境的互动，因此可能会误表征个人的生活经历。为了解决这一空白，我们分析了隔离如何延伸到城市生活的其他维度。我们通过使用极端集中指数（ICE）来测量设施和公共交通线路上的社会经济隔离。此外，我们还考虑了交通在民主化机会获取中的关键作用。通过交通网络、设施访问和人口普查数据，我们利用基于代理的模型来近似设施和交通线路的社会经济组成。因此，我们能够估计美国不同城市生活方面的社会经济隔离。我们发现，在住宅领域隔离的社区在设施访问模式和交通使用中往往表现出类似的隔离水平，尽管程度较轻。此外，我们发现低收入社区在从住宅隔离到设施隔离的过程中，经历了更大的下降，相比之下，高收入隔离社区的变化较小，突显了在适当基础设施的支持下，流动性可以作为克服住宅不平等的工具。我们还识别了嵌入在交通服务中的不平等，这对来自隔离区域的居民施加了限制，使他们在一小时内能够到达的社区也同样处于劣势。通过从交通视角探索社会经济隔离，我们强调了概念化体验隔离的重要性，同时突出了交通系统如何导致不利循环的影响。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083231219294
【作者信息】
Nandini Iyer，英国埃克塞特大学Ronaldo Menezes，英国埃克塞特大学；巴西塞阿拉联邦大学Hugo Barbosa，英国埃克塞特大学
论文8
Evaluating the impact of social housing policies: Measuring accessibility changes when individuals move to social housing projects
评估社会住房政策的影响：当个人迁入社会住房项目时可达性变化的测量
【摘要】
Addressing housing deficits and inequalities remains a key challenge for cities in promoting more sustainable urban development. In response to these challenges, governments around the world, particularly in the Global South, have made substantial investments in housing policies for middle- and low-income individuals. Nevertheless, while these initiatives increase housing provision, they often face criticism for not adequately considering the location of new residences. This oversight has far-reaching effects on the accessibility to essential facilities, which play a pivotal role in determining spatial advantages and disadvantages, and consequently, in the degree of inclusion of individuals in both the city and society. Addressing this critical role of accessibility, this paper introduces a methodology for assessing the potential impact of housing policies on the lives of their beneficiaries, by quantifying changes in cumulative accessibility levels between individuals' former house locations and the location of the housing projects into which they moved. Accessibility is calculated for three distinct transport modes: walking, cycling, and public transport, using unimodal and multimodal urban network models. A case study was conducted in Natal, northeastern Brazil, on the implementation of the Minha Casa, Minha Vida (My House, My Life, MCMV) housing policy, initiated in 2009 and still active today. The results of the study revealed a significant decrease in accessibility across all transportation modes when individuals moved to the new housing estates. The decline was particularly pronounced among individuals with lower incomes, potentially raising their regular expenses after relocation and, ultimately, leading to spatial isolation and social exclusion. These findings demonstrate the contribution of the methodology to capturing the impacts of housing policies on the everyday accessibility of their beneficiaries, while emphasizing the importance of re-evaluating these policies with a particular focus on fostering the social and urban inclusion of beneficiaries.
【摘要翻译】
解决住房赤字和不平等仍然是城市在促进更可持续的城市发展方面面临的关键挑战。为了应对这些挑战，世界各国，特别是全球南方的政府，已在中低收入人群的住房政策上进行了大量投资。然而，尽管这些举措增加了住房供应，但它们常常受到批评，认为未充分考虑新居住地的选址。这种忽视对基本设施的可达性产生了深远的影响，而这些设施在决定空间优势和劣势方面起着关键作用，进而影响个人在城市和社会中的包容程度。为了解决可达性的这一关键角色，本文提出了一种评估住房政策对受益人生活潜在影响的方法，通过量化个人原住址与他们搬入的住房项目之间的累积可达性水平的变化来实现。可达性是针对步行、骑行和公共交通三种不同交通方式进行计算的，使用单模式和多模式城市网络模型。在巴西东北部的纳塔尔进行了一项案例研究，研究了自2009年启动至今仍在实施的“我的房子，我的生活”（Minha Casa, Minha Vida, MCMV）住房政策的执行情况。研究结果显示，当个人搬到新的住宅区时，各种交通方式的可达性显著下降。这一下降在低收入人群中尤为明显，可能会提高他们搬迁后的日常开支，最终导致空间孤立和社会排斥。这些发现展示了该方法在捕捉住房政策对受益人日常可达性影响方面的贡献，同时强调了在重新评估这些政策时，特别需要关注促进受益人的社会和城市包容性的重要性。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083231218774
【作者信息】
Flavia Lopes，瑞典查尔姆斯科技大学Lucas Figueiredo，巴拉伊巴联邦大学，巴西Jorge Gil，瑞典查尔姆斯科技大学Edja Trigueiro，里约热内卢联邦大学，巴西
论文9
Unpacking urban scaling and socio-spatial inequalities in mobility: Evidence from England
拆解城市规模与流动性中的社会空间不平等：来自英格兰的证据
【摘要】
Prior research on the scaling of city size and inequality has a primary focus on economic factors such as income. Limited research has addressed socio-spatial disparities in mobility, involving physical activities and social interactions among individuals and population groups. Utilising mobile phone app data, this study measured inequalities using multiple mobility-related indicators (i.e. the number of activity points, the radius of gyration, self-containment, and social interaction indices) and related to population size by scaling models. In England’s context, these indicators unfolding mobility patterns and social issues display different scaling regimes, varying from sublinear to super-linear. It was observed that larger cities are associated with greater social interactions, particularly among socioeconomically advantaged groups; however, they also exhibit exacerbated self-segregation. Due to the radiation effect of big cities, the performances (e.g. travel radius) of small surrounding towns deviate from the predicted values of scaling models. Within cities, the evenness of indicators is independent of population size and produces distinct spatial patterns. The findings expand upon previous research and provide a more nuanced understanding of the complex relationship between city size, urban inequality, and human mobility.
【摘要翻译】
以往关于城市规模与不平等之间关系的研究主要关注经济因素，例如收入。然而，涉及个人和群体之间的身体活动和社会互动的社会空间差异的研究则相对有限。本研究利用移动应用数据，测量了多项与流动性相关的指标（即活动点数量、回转半径、自给自足和社会互动指数），并通过规模模型将其与人口规模相关联。在英格兰的背景下，这些指标揭示的流动性模式和社会问题表现出不同的规模机制，从亚线性到超线性不等。研究发现，较大城市通常与更高的社会互动相关，尤其是在社会经济较为优越的群体中；然而，它们也表现出加剧的自我隔离。由于大城市的辐射效应，周围小城镇的表现（例如旅行半径）偏离了规模模型的预测值。在城市内部，这些指标的均匀性与人口规模无关，并产生独特的空间模式。这些发现扩展了以往的研究，提供了对城市规模、城市不平等和人类流动性之间复杂关系的更深入理解。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083241234137
【作者信息】
Qi-Li Gao，深圳大学，中国；伦敦大学学院，英国Chen Zhong，伦敦大学学院，英国Yikang Wang，伦敦大学学院，英国
论文10
Regional comparison of socio-demographic variation in urban E-scooter usage
城市电动滑板车使用的社会人口差异区域比较
【摘要】
In recent years we have witnessed explosive growth in the shared, free-floating, electric scooter industry. While still controversial in many North American cities, a number of large e-scooter operators have managed to carve out a piece of the urban transportation landscape. As these vehicles shift from novelty services to increasingly reliable modes of short personal travel, the discussion has turned to investigating who exactly benefits from these micromobility services and who are being left behind. Though population surveys have been administered to identify the socio-demographic characteristics of e-scooter riders in the past, little work has linked these characteristics through trips, or investigated the regional variation in these demographic factors. In this work we explore the variability and similarities in e-scooter rider characteristics across three major U.S. cities. To accomplish this, we apply a Moran’s Eigenvector Spatial Filtering linear regression model and compare our results to more commonly used spatial regression approaches. Our results indicate that the spatial filtering approach outperforms other methods in identifying socio-demographic characteristics of e-scooter users, across multiple regions. We find that many socio-demographics associated with e-scooter usage are regionally variant, despite younger users making up the core user base in all cities. There are variations in usage based on gender, income, and race across cities with Black and Hispanic populations remaining underserved. The implications of these findings are discussed.
【摘要翻译】
近年来，我们见证了共享、自由漂浮的电动滑板车行业的爆炸性增长。尽管在许多北美城市仍存在争议，但一些大型电动滑板车运营商已经成功在城市交通中占据了一席之地。随着这些车辆从新奇服务逐渐转变为日益可靠的短途个人出行方式，讨论的焦点转向了调查究竟谁从这些微型出行服务中受益，以及谁被遗落在了后面。尽管过去曾进行人口调查以识别电动滑板车骑行者的社会人口特征，但很少有研究将这些特征与出行联系起来，或者调查这些人口特征在区域间的差异。在本研究中，我们探索了美国三大城市电动滑板车骑行者特征的变异性和相似性。为此，我们应用了莫兰特征向量空间过滤线性回归模型，并将我们的结果与更常用的空间回归方法进行比较。我们的结果表明，空间过滤方法在识别多地区电动滑板车用户的社会人口特征方面优于其他方法。尽管年轻用户在所有城市中占据核心用户基础，但我们发现与电动滑板车使用相关的许多社会人口特征存在区域差异。根据性别、收入和种族的使用情况在各城市之间有所不同，黑人和西班牙裔人群仍然得不到充分服务。我们讨论了这些发现的影响。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083241240195
【作者信息】
Priyanka Verma，麦吉尔大学地理系地理分析实验室，加拿大蒙特利尔Grant McKenzie，麦吉尔大学地理系地理分析实验室，加拿大蒙特利尔a
论文11
Towards urban place-based resilience modeling: Mixed methods for a flood resilience assessment index
朝着城市基于地点的韧性建模：洪水韧性评估指数的混合方法
【摘要】
Large-scale socioeconomic vulnerability models commonly used in flood hazard assessments grapple with data limitations and struggle to fully capture diversity in vulnerability and resilience stemming from America’s sociopolitical history. In response, we developed a prototype for a place-based Flood Resilience Assessment Index (FRAI) using tract-level geographies that illustrates human-centric frameworks for quantifying flood resilience in the U.S. For these purposes, we define flood resilience as the likelihood a tract will rebound from a flood disaster. This framework can be used in tandem with flood risk models. We employ mixed methods in geospatial processing, including dasymetric interpolation and network analysis to model access. We also standardize variables by percentage to enable temporal analyses and equity-centered narrative framing. While the resulting scores for a five-county pilot study correlate with those of leading vulnerability indices, FRAI leverages diverse data sources and novel methods to represent the changing landscapes, resources, and needs of urban cores and growing suburbs. Future trajectories for FRAI will continue to define and refine methods for diverse datasets, employ participatory methods for emergency managers and residents of flood-prone communities in value-setting, weighting, and validation, and identify policy and practice avenues.
【摘要翻译】
大规模的社会经济脆弱性模型在洪水危险评估中常常面临数据限制，难以全面捕捉源于美国社会政治历史的脆弱性和韧性的多样性。因此，我们开发了一种基于地点的洪水韧性评估指数（FRAI）原型，采用地区级地理数据，展示了量化美国洪水韧性的以人为本框架。出于这些目的，我们将洪水韧性定义为某地区在洪水灾害后恢复的可能性。该框架可以与洪水风险模型一起使用。我们采用混合方法进行地理空间处理，包括达西米特插值和网络分析以建模可达性。我们还通过百分比标准化变量，以便进行时间分析和以公平为中心的叙事框架。虽然五个县的试点研究中得到的评分与领先的脆弱性指数相关，但FRAI利用多样的数据源和新颖的方法来代表城市核心和不断增长的郊区的变化景观、资源和需求。FRAI的未来发展将继续定义和完善多样数据集的方法，采用参与式方法让洪水易发社区的应急管理人员和居民参与价值设定、加权和验证，并确定政策和实践的途径。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083241243104
【作者信息】
Brad Bottoms，美国密歇根大学社会解决中心Julie Arbit，美国密歇根大学社会解决中心Earl Lewis，历史系、非裔美国人和非洲研究系，以及杰拉尔德·R·福特公共政策学院，密歇根大学社会解决中心Alford Young, Jr，美国密歇根大学社会学系、非裔美国人和非洲研究系，以及杰拉尔德·R·福特公共政策学院，密歇根大学社会解决中心，国家机构多样性中心
论文12
Inequalities in the potential movement of social groups: A network-based indicator
社会群体潜在移动的不平等：基于网络的指标
【摘要】
Accessibility and mobility are key concerns of sustainable cities, especially in the Global South, due to the strong social inequalities. This paper contributes to the literature on mobility segregation by focusing on the potential movement of social groups in the city. We conceptualize potential movement as a network centrality, acting as an indicator of population movement when performing daily activities (working, studying, shopping, etc.). This paper’s objectives are (a) to identify the inequalities in potential movement of different social groups performing their daily activities; (b) to propose a network-based method to enhance our understanding of mobility inequalities; and (c) to address the context of medium-sized Latin American cities. We adopt a modified Betweenness Centrality model (Potential Movement) on a directed and weighted network. Our results show a similar pattern for both cities, with the CBD concentrating the potential movement for all groups; however, several inequalities were found. The high-income and white groups show higher levels of potential movement in the CBD and the low-income and non-white groups have a more distributed potential movement pattern, implying longer journeys to reach jobs and services. Income and race have shown to play a crucial role in those inequalities.
【摘要翻译】
可达性和流动性是可持续城市的关键问题，特别是在全球南方，因其存在严重的社会不平等。本文通过关注城市中社会群体的潜在移动，为流动性隔离的文献贡献了新的视角。我们将潜在移动概念化为网络中心性，作为在人们进行日常活动（如工作、学习、购物等）时人口流动的指标。本文的目标是：(a) 识别不同社会群体在日常活动中潜在移动的不平等；(b) 提出一种基于网络的方法，以增强对流动性不平等的理解；(c) 关注中等规模的拉丁美洲城市背景。我们在一个有向加权网络上采用了修改的中介中心性模型（潜在移动）。我们的结果显示，两座城市的潜在移动模式相似，中央商业区（CBD）集中着所有群体的潜在移动；然而，发现了多个不平等现象。高收入和白人群体在CBD的潜在移动水平较高，而低收入和非白人群体的潜在移动模式则更为分散，意味着他们需要进行更长的旅程才能到达工作和服务地点。收入和种族在这些不平等现象中发挥了至关重要的作用。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083241246375
【作者信息】
Ana Luisa Maffini，巴西南里奥格兰德联邦大学（UFRGS）城市与区域规划研究生项目（PROPUR）Gustavo Maciel Gonçalves，巴西南里奥格兰德联邦大学（UFRGS）城市与区域规划研究生项目（PROPUR）Clarice Maraschin，巴西南里奥格兰德联邦大学（UFRGS）城市与区域规划研究生项目（PROPUR）城市主义系Jorge Gil，瑞典查尔姆斯理工大学建筑与土木工程系
论文13
The fuel of discontent? Transport poverty risks and equity concerns in French urban peripheries
不满的燃料？法国城市边缘的交通贫困风险与公平问题
【摘要】
A range of accessibility indicators has been developed in the past decade to evaluate equity in transportation within urban areas. Some studies have attempted to incorporate them in transport poverty metrics, focussing on insufficient access to general services and employment. While accessibility measures coupled with statistics have been effective in assessing immediate households’ vulnerability, we argue that an analysis of their adaptive capacity could contribute to a better information of local policies in the long term. This paper aims to develop a methodology for mapping transport poverty risks at the metropolitan scale, while studying the relation between urban segregation and the transport divide. We use the case study of Lyon to operationalise our method and find evidence of vulnerability patterns previously identified in the sociological literature. Beyond the sensitivity of households living in the first-crown neighbourhoods and the growing exposure of medium-income families settling in peripheral municipalities, we emphasise the importance of using mixed methodologies to better capture households’ needs and mobility choices within suburban environments. We conclude by discussing shortcomings and future developments of our research.
【摘要翻译】
在过去十年中，已经开发出了一系列可达性指标，以评估城市区域内交通的公平性。一些研究试图将其纳入交通贫困指标，重点关注对一般服务和就业的不足获取。尽管可达性测量与统计数据的结合在评估家庭的脆弱性方面是有效的，但我们认为，对其适应能力的分析可以更好地为当地政策提供长期信息。本文旨在开发一种方法论，用于在大都市规模上绘制交通贫困风险，同时研究城市分隔与交通鸿沟之间的关系。我们使用里昂的案例研究来实现我们的方法，并找到在社会学文献中之前已识别的脆弱性模式的证据。除了居住在第一圈邻里中的家庭的敏感性和中等收入家庭在边缘市镇定居的日益暴露外，我们强调使用混合方法论的重要性，以更好地捕捉家庭在郊区环境中的需求和出行选择。最后，我们讨论了研究的局限性和未来发展方向。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083241246377
【作者信息】
Armand Pons，法国斯特拉斯堡大学Olivier Finance，法国斯特拉斯堡大学Alexis Conesa，法国斯特拉斯堡大学
论文14
How accessible are cities for visually impaired pedestrians? A case of Greater London
城市对视觉障碍行人的可达性如何？以大伦敦为例
【摘要】
Urban planning and design aim to encourage active mobility by promoting various models that assess a city’s transportability and accessibility. In practice, these models are not attuned to a huge part of the population that have mobility impairments, therefore they uphold a flawed city design and prevent these populations from being an equal part of the inclusive city vision. We suggest an approach to develop new visually impaired mobility accessibility indices of urban space using open-source geospatial data and showcase them across different wards and boroughs in Greater London. Results show the various urban accessibility levels for visually impaired pedestrians, pointing to existing problems this community faces when navigating the city, such as challenging street network connectivity and dangerous walking areas. These indices can be used for more inclusive city planning and design, enhancing urban mobility and walkability equality, and improving this community’s quality of life.
【摘要翻译】
城市规划和设计旨在通过促进各种模型来鼓励积极的出行，评估城市的可运输性和可达性。然而，实际上，这些模型并未考虑到大量有行动障碍的人群，因此维持了有缺陷的城市设计，阻碍了这些群体作为包容性城市愿景平等一部分的能力。我们提出了一种方法，利用开放源代码的地理空间数据开发新的视觉障碍者城市空间出行可达性指数，并在大伦敦的不同区和 borough 中展示这些指数。结果显示，视觉障碍行人面临的各种城市可达性水平，指出了该群体在城市导航时所面临的现有问题，例如复杂的街道网络连通性和危险的步行区域。这些指数可以用于更具包容性的城市规划和设计，增强城市出行和步行平等，改善该社区的生活质量。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083241256402
【作者信息】
Achituv Cohen，以色列阿里尔大学Sagi Dalyot，以色列理工学院Asya Natapov，英国拉夫堡大学Trisalyn Nelson，美国加州大学圣巴巴拉分校
论文15
Inequality and spatial mismatch in the urban labor market: Evidence for the Curitiba metropolitan region, Brazil
城市劳动力市场中的不平等与空间错位：巴西库里提巴大都市区的证据
【摘要】
Accessibility plays a fundamental role in improving urban economic equity, especially for disadvantaged communities. In many metropolitan areas of Brazil, accessibility relies on infrastructure unequally distributed, creating barriers to access opportunities in the urban labor market. This paper aims to identify sources of spatial mismatch and measure its effects on the labor market of the Curitiba Metropolitan Region (CMR), in Brazil. First, we measured the spatial imbalances of households and jobs by income classes and their effects on the spatial dissimilarity of accessibility to job opportunities. Second, we use econometric tools to evaluate how accessibility to the formal job sector affects individual earnings in the CMR labor market by wage quartile. We find evidence of strong spatial segregation for the poorest individuals from public transit network and from the formal job sector. The econometric results show there was roughly no accessibility premium for individual earnings for the poorest workers and positive effects for the richest workers in the CMR labor market. This set of empirical evidence suggest a spatial concentration of urban amenities that enhance economic inequality for the CMR.
【摘要翻译】
无障碍性在改善城市经济公平，尤其是对弱势群体至关重要。在巴西许多大都市地区，无障碍性依赖于不均匀分布的基础设施，这为进入城市劳动市场创造了障碍。本文旨在识别空间错配的来源，并衡量其对巴西库里提巴大都市区域（CMR）劳动市场的影响。首先，我们按收入等级测量家庭和就业机会的空间不平衡及其对就业机会可达性的空间差异性的影响。其次，我们使用计量经济学工具来评估在CMR劳动市场中，通往正式就业部门的可达性如何影响个人收入，按工资四分位数划分。我们发现，最贫困群体与公共交通网络和正式就业部门之间存在明显的空间隔离。计量经济学结果显示，最贫困工人在CMR劳动市场中几乎没有可达性溢价，而最富裕工人则享受到了积极的影响。这组实证证据表明，城市设施的空间集中加剧了CMR的经济不平等。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083241254567
【作者信息】
Luiz Pedro Couto Santos Silva，巴西朱伊斯·德·福拉联邦大学Alexandre Alves Porsse，巴西巴拉那联邦大学
论文16
Who can access what? Uncovering urban inequality in access to service for senior citizens
谁能获取什么？揭示老年人服务获取的城市不平等
【摘要】
The scarcity or lack of access to essential services at the local and neighbourhood levels in cities can result in significant spatial inequalities, as some areas and their residents can deal with disadvantages and a lower quality of daily life. In particular, the spatial distribution and the variety of amenities at the local scale represent an important feature of the liveliness of places. The local availability and access to essential services are particularly relevant for some demographic groups experiencing limited mobility or mobility poverty, such as older adults living in cities, and spatial disparities have been further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which highlighted severe difficulties in accessing essential services. This work explores the issue focussing on the following question: who can access what depending on where they live in cities? Using Machine Learning and Spatial Autocorrelation applied to different data sources for spatial information on the location of urban amenities and Internet access, this work aims to identify the most underserved places in terms of the variety of available amenities and access to quality broadband in three European capital cities. A comparison to urban areas where high percentages of older adults reside makes it possible to identify where residents can locally access several essential services (green spaces, health care, and local shopping) and where this need cannot be satisfied because of a lack in the amenity variety available at walking distance to their home. The combination of underserved areas with a high concentration of senior residents identifies left-behind areas in these cities, where interventions on inequalities are most needed. Results can inform policies aiming at favouring fair access to services at the local scale, possibly including slow and active mobility modes, and in general to develop comprehensive and sustainable planning strategies for cities, leaving no place and no person behind.
【摘要翻译】
城市中对基本服务的稀缺或缺乏访问可能导致显著的空间不平等，因为一些地区及其居民可能面临劣势，日常生活质量较低。特别是在地方层面上，服务设施的空间分布和多样性是地方活力的重要特征。对于某些经历有限移动性或出行贫困的人口群体（如生活在城市中的老年人），基本服务的地方可用性和可达性尤为重要，而空间差异在COVID-19大流行期间进一步加剧，这一事件凸显了获取基本服务的严重困难。本研究围绕以下问题探讨这一问题：谁能根据居住地访问哪些服务？本研究利用机器学习和空间自相关技术，结合不同数据源中的城市便利设施位置和互联网接入的空间信息，旨在识别三座欧洲首都城市中可用便利设施种类和优质宽带接入方面服务不足的地区。通过与高比例老年人居住的城市区域进行比较，能够识别居民在本地能否获取多种基本服务（如绿地、医疗保健和本地购物），以及因居住地附近缺乏便利设施的多样性而无法满足这些需求的地方。服务不足地区与高密度老年居民区的结合，有助于识别这些城市中被忽视的区域，在这些地方对不平等的干预最为迫切。研究结果可以为制定促进地方服务公平获取的政策提供依据，可能包括慢行和主动出行方式，并普遍有助于发展全面和可持续的城市规划战略，以确保没有地方和任何人被落下。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083241260757
【作者信息】
Patrizia Sulis，欧洲委员会，联合研究中心，意大利Paola Proietti，欧洲委员会，联合研究中心，意大利
论文17
Residential mobility and new forms of spatial inequality in the settlement system: A comparative study of Estonia and Lithuania
住宅流动性与定居系统中新形式的空间不平等：爱沙尼亚和立陶宛的比较研究
【摘要】
This study examines how socio-spatial inequalities are associated with population concentration and de-concentration processes shaped by residential mobility. The study explores whether the patterns of residential mobility vary in different settlement system contexts. It reviews the cyclical urbanization models and the inequality of opportunities they provide in urban, suburban, and counter-urban contexts for individuals in various life stages. The theoretical models are tested by analysing individual-level data covering the entire populations of Estonia and Lithuania – two countries with similar social but different settlement system contexts. The study utilizes linked individual-level data from the 2011 and 2021 censuses, and harmonized variables in the two countries. The results show that individuals engaging in concentration, suburbanization, or de-concentration have distinct characteristics, with little differences between countries characterized with different settlement systems. While the life-course approach assumes that young people are most likely to urbanize (concentrate), those in family ages shift towards suburbanization, and older individuals tend to counter-urbanize (de-concentrate), our findings challenge these assumptions, demonstrating that young adults have a high likelihood of migration in all three directions. These findings call for more in-depth studies on the interplay between age and migration patterns that would go beyond the life-course approach and delve deeper into the residential decision-making of young people.
【摘要翻译】
这项研究探讨了社会空间不平等如何与人口集中和去集中过程相关，这些过程由居民流动塑造。研究分析了不同居住系统背景下居民流动模式是否存在差异。它回顾了循环城市化模型以及这些模型在城市、郊区和反城市化背景下为不同生命阶段的个体提供的机会不平等。通过分析涵盖爱沙尼亚和立陶宛全体人口的个体层面数据，研究检验了理论模型——这两个国家具有相似的社会背景但不同的居住系统背景。研究利用了2011年和2021年普查的链接个体层面数据，以及两个国家的协调变量。结果表明，参与集中、郊区化或去集中的人具有不同的特征，而在不同居住系统国家之间几乎没有差异。虽然生命历程方法假设年轻人最有可能城市化（集中），而处于家庭阶段的人则转向郊区化，老年人倾向于反城市化（去集中），但我们的研究结果挑战了这些假设，表明年轻人在这三个方向的迁移可能性都很高。这些发现呼吁进行更深入的研究，探讨年龄与迁移模式之间的相互作用，超越生命历程方法，深入研究年轻人的居住决策。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083241257013
【作者信息】
Rūta Ubarevičienė，荷兰代尔夫特理工大学Kadi Kalm，塔尔图大学，爱沙尼亚Maarten van Ham，荷兰代尔夫特理工大学Tautvydas Žinys，立陶宛国家数据局/立陶宛统计局，立陶宛Jaak Kliimask，爱沙尼亚生命科学大学，爱沙尼亚Tiit Tammaru，塔尔图大学，爱沙尼亚
论文18
New methods for old questions: Predicting historical urban renewal areas in the United States
旧问题的新方法：预测美国历史城市更新区域
【摘要】
Mid-20th century urban renewal in the United States was transformational for the physical urban fabric and socioeconomic trajectories of neighborhoods and its displaced residents. However, there is little research that systematically investigates its impacts due to incomplete national data. This article uses a multiple-model machine learning method to discover 204 new Census tracts that were likely sites of federal urban renewal, highway construction related demolition, and other urban renewal projects between 1949 and 1970. It also aims to understand the factors motivating the decision to “renew” certain neighborhoods. I find that race, housing age, and homeownership are all determinants of renewal. Moreover, by stratifying the analysis along neighborhoods perceived to be more or less risky, I also find that race and housing age are two distinct channels that influence renewal.
【摘要翻译】
20世纪中叶，美国的城市更新对城市的物理结构和社区居民的社会经济发展产生了深远的影响。然而，由于国家数据的不完整，关于其影响的系统性研究仍然较少。本文使用多模型机器学习方法发现了204个新的人口普查区，这些区域可能是1949年至1970年间联邦城市更新、公路建设相关拆迁和其他城市更新项目的现场。本文还旨在理解促使“更新”特定社区的决策因素。研究发现，种族、住房年龄和房屋拥有权都是影响城市更新的决定因素。此外，通过对被认为更高风险或较低风险的社区进行分层分析，发现种族和住房年龄是影响城市更新的两个不同渠道。
【doi】https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083241260778
【作者信息】Wenfei Xu，康奈尔大学，美国
论文19
Flexurba: An open-source R package to flexibly reconstruct the Degree of Urbanisation classification
Flexurba：一个开放源代码的R包，用于灵活重构城市化程度分类
【摘要】
This paper describes flexurba, a software library written in R, with the first open reconstruction of the Degree of Urbanisation algorithm to classify cities, towns, and rural areas. The R package offers enhanced flexibility and facilitates constructing alternative versions of the Degree of Urbanisation classification by customising parameters such as the minimum population size required for a city, and more ‘hidden’ implementation details including the contiguity rules and edge smoothing procedures. To illustrate how the package can be employed, we briefly demonstrate the grid classification and spatial units classification for Belgium. In addition, we compare results generated by the flexurba package with the official classification and discuss potential use cases. The package enables a broad range of analyses beyond the Degree of Urbanisation’s original application, including evaluating alternative urban delineations, sensitivity analyses, and comparative research.
【摘要翻译】
本文描述了flexurba，这是一个用R语言编写的软件库，首次公开重建了城市化程度算法，用于对城市、城镇和农村地区进行分类。该R包提供了更大的灵活性，便于通过自定义参数（如城市所需的最低人口规模）和更多“隐含”的实现细节（包括相邻性规则和边缘平滑程序）来构建城市化程度分类的替代版本。为了展示该软件包的使用方式，我们简要演示了比利时的网格分类和空间单位分类。此外，我们将flexurba包生成的结果与官方分类进行了比较，并讨论了潜在的应用案例。该软件包能够进行广泛的分析，超出了城市化程度最初应用的范围，包括评估替代城市划分、敏感性分析和比较研究。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083241262545
【作者信息】
Céline Van Migerode，鲁汶大学，比利时Ate Poorthuis，鲁汶大学，比利时Ben Derudder，鲁汶大学，比利时；根特大学，比利时
论文20
Gender differences in spatio-temporal dynamics: Visualizing bike-sharing mobility patterns in New York City
性别差异在时空动态中的表现：可视化纽约市的共享单车流动模式
【摘要】
Urban spaces distinctly modulate the mobility patterns of men and women, with new mobility modes manifesting gender differences. In this study, by visualizing bike-sharing mobility patterns in New York City, we reveal significant disparities in cycling usage between males and females. During weekdays, the findings highlight a pattern of male dominance in most areas, particularly in business districts. In some recreational and residential areas, routes with higher proportions of female cyclists are observed. Additionally, weekends experience a surge in the proportion of female cyclists, predominantly in leisure-oriented locations. These findings highlighted the need for urban planning to account for gender differences across space and time to meet diverse mobility needs.
【摘要翻译】
城市空间明显调节了男性和女性的出行模式，新的出行方式表现出性别差异。在本研究中，通过可视化纽约市的自行车共享出行模式，我们揭示了男性和女性在骑行使用上的显著差异。研究发现，在工作日，大多数区域存在男性主导的模式，特别是在商业区。在某些休闲和住宅区，观察到女性骑行者的比例较高的路线。此外，周末女性骑行者的比例显著上升，主要集中在休闲导向的地点。这些发现突显了城市规划需要考虑空间和时间上的性别差异，以满足不同的出行需求。
【doi】
https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083241258521
【作者信息】
Guiyu Chen，城市治理与设计研究组，香港科技大学（广州），中国广州Chaosu Li，[email protected]
