【知识预告】
- string类的常用接口说明
- string类对象的访问及遍历操作
- string类对象的容量操作
- string类对象的修改操作
- 相关例题
1 string类的常用接口说明(只写了常用的)
千言万语都不如来段代码直接
int main()
{
string s1;
string s2("hello");
cin >> s1;
cout << s1 << endl;
cout << s2;
// char str[1600];
// 静态数组没办法很好的按需分配空间
// 比scanf强太多了
string ret1 = s1 + s2;
cout << ret1 << endl;
string ret2 = s1 + "我来了";
cout << ret2 << endl;
return 0;
}
2 string类对象的访问及遍历操作
2.1 for循环遍历
int main()
{
string s1("hello world");
string s2 = "hello world";
// 遍历string
for (size_t i = 0; i < s1.size(); i++)
{
// 读
cout << s1[i] << " ";
}
cout << endl;
for (size_t i = 0; i < s1.size(); i++)
{
// 写
s1[i]++;
}
cout << s1 << endl;
return 0;
}
2.2 迭代器遍历
int main()
{
string s1("hello world");
// 迭代器,都是定义在类域里面
string::iterator it = s1.begin();
//while (it < s1.end()) 这里可以用,但是不建议
while (it != s1.end()) // 推荐使用!=,通用
{
// 读
cout << *it << " "; // it类似指针
it++;
}
cout << endl;
it = s1.begin();
while (it != s1.end())
{
// 写
*it = 'a';
it++;
}
cout << endl;
cout << s1 << endl;
return 0;
}
2.3 范围for遍历
int main()
{
string s1("hello world");
// 读
for (auto ch : s1) // 范围for
{
cout << ch << " ";
}
cout << endl;
// 写
for (auto& ch : s1)
{
ch++;
}
cout << endl;
cout << s1 << endl;
return 0;
}
void func(const string& s)
{
//string::const_iterator it = s.begin();
auto it = s.begin();
while (it != s.end())
{
// const迭代器,只能读不能写
cout << *it << " ";
it++;
}
cout << endl;
//string::const_reverse_iterator rit = s.rbegin();
auto rit = s.rbegin(); // auto可以简化
while (rit != s.rend())
{
cout << *rit << " ";
rit++;
}
cout << endl;
}
int main()
{
string s1("hello worldxxxxxxxx");
func(s1);
string s2(s1);
cout << s2 << endl; // hello worldxxxxxxxx
string s3(s1, 6, 5);
cout << s3 << endl; // world
string s4(s1, 6, 3);
cout << s4 << endl; // wor
string s5(s1, 6); // worldxxxxxxxx
cout << s5 << endl;
string s6(s1, 6, s1.size() - 6);
cout << s6 << endl; // worldxxxxxxxx
string s7(10, 'a');
cout << s7 << endl; // aaaaaaaaaa
string s8(++s7.begin(), --s7.end());
cout << s8 << endl; // aaaaaaaa
s8 = s7;
cout << s8 << endl; // aaaaaaaaaa
s8 = "xxx";
cout << s8 << endl; // xxx
s8 = "y";
cout << s8 << endl; // y
return 0;
}
3 string类对象的容量操作
int main()
{
string s1("hello world");
cout << s1.size() << endl; // 11
cout << s1.length() << endl; // 11
cout << s1.capacity() << endl; // 15
s1.clear();
s1 += "张三";
cout << s1.size() << endl; // 4
cout << s1.capacity() << endl; // 15
cout << s1.max_size() << endl; // 2147483647,这个用的少
return 0;
}
int main()
{
string s;
s.reserve(100); // 保留100个空间
size_t old = s.capacity();
cout << "初始:" << s.capacity() << endl;
// 初始:111 一般VS会多开一点空间
for (size_t i = 0; i < 100; i++)
{
s.push_back('x');
if (s.capacity() != old)
{
cout << "扩容:" << s.capacity() << endl;
old = s.capacity();
}
}
cout << s << endl; // 打印100个x
s.reserve(10); // 可以开空间,但一般不缩小
cout << s.capacity() << endl; // 111
return 0;
}
int main()
{
string s1("hello world");
cout << s1 << endl; // hello world
cout << s1.size() << endl; // 11
cout << s1.capacity() << endl; // 15
s1.resize(13);
// 打印的时候看不出来变化,后面补了\0
cout << s1 << endl; // hello world
cout << s1.size() << endl; // 13
cout << s1.capacity() << endl; // 15
return 0;
}
int main()
{
string s1("hello world");
s1.resize(13, 'x'); // 在已有的数据上再插入数据
cout << s1 << endl; // hello worldxx
cout << s1.size() << endl; // 13
cout << s1.capacity() << endl; // 15
s1.resize(20, 'x');
cout << s1 << endl; // hello worldxxxxxxxxx
cout << s1.size() << endl; // 20
cout << s1.capacity() << endl; // 31
s1.resize(5); // 保留前5个字符
cout << s1 << endl; // hello
cout << s1.size() << endl; // 5
cout << s1.capacity() << endl; // 31
string s2;
s2.resize(10, '#');
cout << s2 << endl; // ##########
cout << s2.size() << endl; // 10
cout << s2.capacity() << endl; // 15
s2[0]++;
s2.at(0)++; // 这个用的少
cout << s2 << endl; // %#########
return 0;
}
插入点文字总结一下:
- size()与length()方法底层实现原理完全相同,引入size()的原因是为了与其他容器的接口保持一致,一般情况下基本都是用size()。
- clear()只是将string中有效字符清空,不改变底层空间大小。
- resize(size_t n) 与 resize(size_t n, char c)都是将字符串中有效字符个数改变到n个,不同的是当字符个数增多时:resize(n)用0来填充多出的元素空间,resize(size_t n, char c)用字符c来填充多出的元素空间。注意:resize在改变元素个数时,如果是将元素个数增多,可能会改变底层容量的大小,如果是将元素个数减少,底层空间总大小不变。
4 string类对象的修改操作
int main()
{
string ss("world");
string s;
s.push_back('#');
s.append("hello ");
s.append(ss);
cout << s << endl; // #hello world
s += '#';
s += "hello ";
s += ss;
cout << s << endl; // #hello world#hello world
string ret1 = ss + '#';
string ret2 = ss + "hello ";
cout << ret1 << endl; // world#
cout << ret2 << endl; // worldhello
return 0;
}
int main()
{
string str("xxxxxxxxxx");
string base = "The quick brown for jumps over a laze dog.";
str.assign(base); // assign平时用的很少
cout << str << endl; // The quick brown for jumps over a laze dog.
str.assign(base, 5, 10);
cout << str << endl; // uick brown
return 0;
}
int main()
{
// insert和erase能不用就不用
// 它们都设计挪动数据,效率低
string str("hello world");
str.insert(0, 2, 'x');
//str.insert(str.begin(), 'x'); // xhello world
cout << str << endl; // xxhello world
str.erase(5);
cout << str << endl; // xxhel
// replace接口设计复杂繁多,也不建议用
string s1("hello world");
s1.replace(5, 1, "%");
cout << s1 << endl; // hello%world
// 将空格替换为20%
string s2("The quick brown for jumps over a laze dog.");
string s3;
for (auto ch : s2)
{
if (ch != ' ')
{
s3 += ch;
}
else
{
s3 += "20%";
}
}
cout << s2 << endl; // The quick brown for jumps over a laze dog.
cout << s3 << endl; // The20%quick20%brown20%for20%jumps20%over20%a20%laze20%dog.
// 如果我想把s3的数据给s2
//s2 = s3;
//s2.assign(s3);
//swap(s2, s3);
s2.swap(s3);
cout << s2 << endl;
return 0;
}
int main()
{
string s1("test.cpp");
size_t i = s1.find('.'); // 找.所在的位置赋值给i
cout << i << endl; // 4
string s2 = s1.substr(i); // 把i和i后面位置的字符串赋值给s2
cout << s2 << endl; // .cpp
return 0;
}
int main()
{
string s1("test.cpp.tar.zip");
size_t i = s1.rfind('.'); // 倒着找. 把.的位置赋值给i
cout << i << endl; // 12
string s2 = s1.substr(i); // 把i位置后面的字符串赋值给s2
cout << s2 << endl; // .zip
string s3("https://legacy.cplusplus.com/reference/string/string/rfind/");
// 协议:https 协议不一定都是https还可能是http等其它协议
// 域名:legacy.cplusplus.com 不一定都是com结尾,还可能是.edu/.cn
// 资源名:reference/string/string/rfind/
string sub1, sub2, sub3;
size_t i1 = s3.find(':'); // 查文档可知,如果没找到: 会返回npos
if (i1 != string::npos)
sub1 = s3.substr(0, i1); // 左闭右开,不包含:
else
cout << "没有找到i1" << endl;
size_t i2 = s3.find('/', i1 + 3);
if (i2 != string::npos)
sub2 = s3.substr(i1 + 3, i2 - (i1 + 3)); // 第一个参数是起始位置
else // 第二个参数表示起始位置往后多少个字符停止
cout << "没有找到i2" << endl;
sub3 = s3.substr(i2 + 1);
cout << sub1 << endl; // https
cout << sub2 << endl; // legacy.cplusplus.com
cout << sub3 << endl; // reference/string/string/rfind/
return 0;
}
int main()
{
string str("Please, replace the vowels in this sentence by asterisks.");
size_t found = str.find_first_of("aeiou");
while (found != string::npos)
{
str[found] = '*';
found = str.find_first_of("aeiou", found + 1);
}
cout << str << endl;
// Pl**s*, r*pl*c* th* v*w*ls *n th*s s*nt*nc* by *st*r*sks.
return 0;
}
常用的语法介绍完了,现在做几个题目:
1、LeetCode 917 仅仅反转字母
class Solution {
public:
bool isLetter(char ch)
{
if (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z')
return true;
if (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z')
return true;
return false;
}
string reverseOnlyLetters(string s) {
int begin = 0, end = s.size()-1;
while(begin < end)
{
while (begin < end && !isLetter(s[begin]))
{
++begin;
}
while (begin < end && !isLetter(s[end]))
{
--end;
}
swap(s[begin], s[end]);
++begin;
--end;
}
return s;
}
};
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
string str;
// cin >> str;
getline(cin,str);
size_t i = str.rfind(' ');
if (i != string::npos)
{
cout << str.size() -i - 1 << endl;
}
else
{
cout << str.size() << endl;
}
return 0;
}
插入一个getline的小用法
int main()
{
//string s1, s2;
//cin >> s1 >> s2;
//cout << s1 << endl;
//cout << s2 << endl;
// cin是以换行或空格作为分隔符
string str;
// cin >> str;
//getline(cin, str); // 默认以换行作为分隔符
getline(cin, str, '!'); // 以!作为分隔符
// getline(cin, str, '\n'); // 以换行作为分隔符
cout << str;
return 0;
}
3、字符串相加
class Solution {
public:
string addStrings(string num1, string num2) {
int end1 = num1.size()-1, end2 = num2.size()-1;
string str;
// 进位
int next = 0;
while (end1 >=0 || end2 >=0)
{
int x1 = end1 >= 0 ? num1[end1] - '0' : 0;
int x2 = end2 >= 0 ? num2[end2] - '0' : 0;
int ret = x1 + x2 + next;
// 进位
next = ret / 10;
ret = ret % 10;
// 头插
// str.insert(0,1,'0'+ret); // 时间复杂度是O(N^2)
// 尾插
str += ('0'+ret);
--end1;
--end2;
}
if (next == 1)
{
// str.insert(0,1,'1');
str += '1';
}
// 逆置
reverse(str.begin(), str.end()); // 时间复杂度是O(N)
return str;
}
};
标签:string,int,s1,库中,标准,str,main,cout
From: https://blog.csdn.net/double__main__/article/details/142911153