c语言—字符函数和字符串函数进阶篇—笔记

这章介绍了一些字符函数，需要记忆和练习，才能掌握。

具体函数可以翻阅c语言函数库​​https://zh.cppreference.com/w​​

C语言中对字符和字符串的处理很是频繁，但是C语言本身是没有字符串类型的，字符串通常放在

常量字符串中或者字符数组中。

字符串常量适用于那些对它不做修改的字符串函数.

求字符串长度

• strlen

长度不受限制的字符串函数

• strcpy
• strcat
• strcmp

长度受限制的字符串函数介绍

• strncpy
• strncat
• strncmp

字符串查找

• strstr
• strtok

错误信息报告

• strerror

字符操作

内存操作函数

• memcpy
• memmove
• memset
• memcmp

1.函数介绍

strlen

size_t strlen ( const char * str );

//举例
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
const char*str1 = "abcdef";
const char*str2 = "bbb";
if(strlen(str2)-strlen(str1)>0)
{
printf("str2>str1\n");
}
else
{
printf("srt1>str2\n");
}
return 0;
}

strcpy

char* strcpy(char * destination, const char * source );

strcat

char * strcat ( char * destination, const char * source );

strcmp

int strcmp ( const char * str1, const char * str2 );

strncpy

char * strncpy ( char * destination, const char * source, size_t num )；

strncat

char * strncat ( char * destination, const char * source, size_t num );

strncmp

int strncmp ( const char * str1, const char * str2, size_t num );

/* strncmp example */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main ()
{
char str[][5] = { "R2D2" , "C3PO" , "R2A6" };
int n;
puts ("Looking for R2 astromech droids...");
for (n=0 ; n<3 ; n++)
if (strncmp (str[n],"R2xx",2) == 0)
{
printf ("found %s\n",str[n]);
}
return 0;
}

strstr

char * strstr ( const char *str1, const char * str2);

/* strstr example */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main ()
{
char str[] ="This is a simple string";
char * pch;
pch = strstr (str,"simple");
strncpy (pch,"sample",6);
puts (str);
return 0;
}

strtok

char * strtok ( char * str, const char * sep );

/* strtok example */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main ()
{
char str[] ="- This, a sample string.";
char * pch;
printf ("Splitting string \"%s\" into tokens:\n",str);
pch = strtok (str," ,.-");
while (pch != NULL)
{
printf ("%s\n",pch);
pch = strtok (NULL, " ,.-");
}
return 0;
}

//举例
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char *p = "[email protected]";
const char* sep = ".@";
char arr[30];
char *str = NULL;
strcpy(arr, p);//将数据拷贝一份，处理arr数组的内容
for(str=strtok(arr, sep); str != NULL; str=strtok(NULL, sep))
{
printf("%s\n", str);
}
}

strerror

char * strerror ( int errnum );

返回错误码，所对应的错误信息。

/* strerror example : error list */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>//必须包含的头文件
int main ()
{
FILE * pFile;
pFile = fopen ("unexist.ent","r");
if (pFile == NULL)
printf ("Error opening file unexist.ent: %s\n",strerror(errno));
//errno: Last error number
return 0;
}
Edit & Run

字符分类函数

函数 如果他的参数符合下列条件就返回真

iscntrl 任何控制字符

isspace 空白字符：空格‘ ’，换页‘\f’，换行'\n'，回车‘\r’，制表符'\t'或者垂直制表符'\v'

isdigit 十进制数字 0~9

isxdigit 十六进制数字，包括所有十进制数字，小写字母a~f，大写字母A~F

islower 小写字母a~z

isupper 大写字母A~Z

isalpha 字母a~z或A~Z

isalnum 字母或者数字，a~z,A~Z,0~9

ispunct 标点符号，任何不属于数字或者字母的图形字符（可打印）

isgraph 任何图形字符

isprint 任何可打印字符，包括图形字符和空白字符

字符转换

int tolower ( int c );
int toupper ( int c );

/* isupper example */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
int main ()
{
int i=0;
char str[]="Test String.\n";
char c;
while (str[i])
{
c=str[i];
if (isupper(c))
c=tolower(c);
putchar (c);
i++;
}
return 0;
}

memcpy

void * memcpy ( void * destination, const void * source, size_t num );

/* memcpy example */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
struct {
char name[40];
int age;
} person, person_copy;
int main ()
{
char myname[] = "Pierre de Fermat";
/* using memcpy to copy string: */
memcpy ( person.name, myname, strlen(myname)+1 );
person.age = 46;
/* using memcpy to copy structure: */
memcpy ( &person_copy, &person, sizeof(person) );
printf ("person_copy: %s, %d \n", person_copy.name, person_copy.age );
return 0;
}

memmove

void * memmove ( void * destination, const void * source, size_t num );

/* memmove example */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main ()
{
char str[] = "memmove can be very useful......";
memmove (str+20,str+15,11);
puts (str);
return 0;
}

memcmp

int memcmp ( const void * ptr1,
const void * ptr2,
size_t num );

/* memcmp example */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main ()
{
char buffer1[] = "DWgaOtP12df0";
char buffer2[] = "DWGAOTP12DF0";
int n;
n=memcmp ( buffer1, buffer2, sizeof(buffer1) );
if (n>0) printf ("'%s' is greater than '%s'.\n",buffer1,buffer2);
else if (n<0) printf ("'%s' is less than '%s'.\n",buffer1,buffer2);
else printf ("'%s' is the same as '%s'.\n",buffer1,buffer2);
return 0;
}

2.库函数的模拟实现

模拟实现strlen

//计数器方式
int my_strlen(const char * str)
{
int count = 0;
while(*str)
{
count++;
str++;
}
return count;
}

//不能创建临时变量计数器
int my_strlen(const char * str)
{
if(*str == '\0')
return 0;
else
return 1+my_strlen(str+1);
}

//指针-指针的方式
int my_strlen(char *s)
{
char *p = s;
while(*p != ‘\0’ )
p++;
return p-s;
}

模拟实现strcpy

//1.参数顺序
//2.函数的功能，停止条件
//3.assert
//4.const修饰指针
//5.函数返回值
//6.题目出自《高质量C/C++编程》书籍最后的试题部分
char *my_strcpy(char *dest, const char*src)
{
char *ret = dest;
assert(dest != NULL);
assert(src != NULL);
while((*dest++ = *src++))
{
;
}
return ret;
}

模拟实现strcat

char *my_strcat(char *dest, const char*src)
{
char *ret = dest;
assert(dest != NULL);
assert(src != NULL);
while(*dest)
{
dest++;
}
while((*dest++ = *src++))
{
;
}
return ret;
}

模拟实现strstr

char * strstr (const char * str1, const char * str2)
{
char *cp = (char *) str1;
char *s1, *s2;
if ( !*str2 )
return((char *)str1);
while (*cp)
{
s1 = cp;
s2 = (char *) str2;
while ( *s1 && *s2 && !(*s1-*s2) )
s1++, s2++;
if (!*s2)
return(cp);
cp++;
}
return(NULL);
}

模拟实现strcmp

int my_strcmp (const char * src, const char * dst)
{
int ret = 0 ;
assert(src != NULL);
assert(dest != NULL);
while( ! (ret = *(unsigned char *)src - *(unsigned char *)dst) && *dst)
++src, ++dst;
if ( ret < 0 )
ret = -1 ;
else if ( ret > 0 )
ret = 1 ;
return( ret );
}

模拟实现memcpy

void * memcpy ( void * dst, const void * src, size_t count)
{
void * ret = dst;
assert(dst);
assert(src);
/*
* copy from lower addresses to higher addresses
*/
while (count--) {
*(char *)dst = *(char *)src;
dst = (char *)dst + 1;
src = (char *)src + 1;
}
return(ret);
}

模拟实现memmove

void * memmove ( void * dst, const void * src, size_t count)
{
void * ret = dst;
if (dst <= src || (char *)dst >= ((char *)src + count)) {
/*
* Non-Overlapping Buffers
* copy from lower addresses to higher addresses
*/
while (count--) {
*(char *)dst = *(char *)src;
dst = (char *)dst + 1;
src = (char *)src + 1;
}
}
else {
/*
* Overlapping Buffers
* copy from higher addresses to lower addresses
*/
dst = (char *)dst + count - 1;
src = (char *)src + count - 1;
while (count--) {
*(char *)dst = *(char *)src;
dst = (char *)dst - 1;
src = (char *)src - 1;
}
}
return(ret);
}