本节概要：如何提取嵌入在HTML格式中的文本信息。
很多网站请求后，返回的数据是嵌套在HTML格式中的。例如：5xclass.cn
对于这种情况想要提取其中的数据，常见有两种方法：
- 基于bs4模块（本节重点）
- 基于xpath模块
1.HTML格式
<div>
<h1 class="item">武沛齐</h1>
<ul class="item">
<li>篮球</li>
<li>足球</li>
</ul>
<div id='x3'>
<span>5xclass.cn</span>
<a>pythonav.com</a>
</div>
</div>
可以根据 标签名称 或 标签属性 来实现直接或间接寻找标签。
2.bs4
基于bs4可以实现去HTML格式的包裹的数据库中快速提取我们想要的数据。
2.1 安装
pip3 install beautifulsoup4
或
pip3.11 install beautifulsoup4
2.2 使用
-
根据标签名称，获取标签（只获取找到的第1个）
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup html_string = """<div> <h1 class="item">武沛齐</h1> <ul class="item"> <li>篮球</li> <li>足球</li> </ul> <div id='x3'> <span>5xclass.cn</span> <a href="www.xxx.com" class='info'>pythonav.com</a> </div> </div>""" soup = BeautifulSoup(html_string, features="html.parser") tag = soup.find(name='a') print(tag) # 标签对象 print(tag.name) # 标签名字 a print(tag.text) # 标签文本 pythonav.com print(tag.attrs) # 标签属性 {'href': 'www.xxx.com', 'class': ['info']} -
根据属性获取标签（只获取找到的第1个）
# @课程 : 爬虫逆向实战课 # @讲师 : 武沛齐 # @课件获取: wupeiqi666 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup html_string = """<div> <h1 class="item">武沛齐</h1> <ul class="item"> <li>篮球</li> <li>足球</li> </ul> <div id='x3'> <span>5xclass.cn</span> <a href="www.xxx.com" class='info'>pythonav.com</a> </div> </div>""" soup = BeautifulSoup(html_string, features="html.parser") tag = soup.find(name='div', attrs={"id": "x3"}) print(tag) -
嵌套读取，先找到某个标签，然后再去孩子标签中寻找
# @课程 : 爬虫逆向实战课 # @讲师 : 武沛齐 # @课件获取: wupeiqi666 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup html_string = """<div> <h1 class="item">武沛齐</h1> <ul class="item"> <li>篮球</li> <li>足球</li> </ul> <div id='x3'> <span>5xclass.cn</span> <a href="www.xxx.com" class='info'>pythonav.com</a> <span class='xx1'>武沛齐</span> </div> </div>""" soup = BeautifulSoup(html_string, features="html.parser") parent_tag = soup.find(name='div', attrs={"id": "x3"}) child_tag = parent_tag.find(name="span", attrs={"class": "xx1"}) print(child_tag) -
读取所有标签（多个）
html_string = """<div> <h1 class="item">武沛齐</h1> <ul class="item"> <li>篮球</li> <li>足球</li> </ul> <div id='x3'> <span>5xclass.cn</span> <a href="www.xxx.com" class='info'>pythonav.com</a> <span class='xx1'>武沛齐</span> </div> </div>""" from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup = BeautifulSoup(html_string, features="html.parser") tag_list = soup.find_all(name="li") print(tag_list) # 输出 # [<li>篮球</li>, <li>足球</li>]html_string = """<div> <h1 class="item">武沛齐</h1> <ul class="item"> <li>篮球</li> <li>足球</li> </ul> <div id='x3'> <span>5xclass.cn</span> <a href="www.xxx.com" class='info'>pythonav.com</a> <span class='xx1'>武沛齐</span> </div> </div>""" from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup = BeautifulSoup(html_string, features="html.parser") tag_list = soup.find_all(name="li") for tag in tag_list: print(tag.text) # 输出 篮球 足球
3.案例：X车网
获取所有的汽车品牌列表。
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
res = requests.get(url="https://car.yiche.com/")
soup = BeautifulSoup(res.text, features="html.parser")
tag_list = soup.find_all(name="div", attrs={"class": "item-brand"})
for tag in tag_list:
print(tag.attrs['data-name'])
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
res = requests.get(url="https://car.yiche.com/")
soup = BeautifulSoup(res.text, features="html.parser")
tag_list = soup.find_all(name="div", attrs={"class": "item-brand"})
for tag in tag_list:
child = tag.find(name='div', attrs={"class": "brand-name"})
print(child.text)
4.案例：网易云音乐
https://music.163.com/#/discover/playlist/?cat=华语
采集标签+图片下载：
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
res = requests.get(
url="https://music.163.com/discover/playlist/?cat=%E5%8D%8E%E8%AF%AD",
headers={
"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/119.0.0.0 Safari/537.36",
"Referer": "https://music.163.com/"
}
)
soup = BeautifulSoup(res.text, features="html.parser")
parent_tag = soup.find(name='ul', attrs={"id": "m-pl-container"})
for child in parent_tag.find_all(recursive=False):
title = child.find(name="a", attrs={"class": "tit f-thide s-fc0"}).text
image_url = child.find(name='img').attrs['src']
print(title, image_url)
# 每个封面下载下来
img_res = requests.get(url=image_url)
file_name = title.split()[0]
with open(f"{file_name}.jpg", mode='wb') as f:
f.write(img_res.content)