常常有一些组件在内部具有特定的数据结构，如果让客户程序依赖这些特定的数据结构，将极大地破坏组件的复用。这时候，将这些特定数据结构封装在内部，在外部提供统一的接口，来实现与特定数据结构无关的访问，是一种行之有效的解决方案。

典型模式：

• Composite
• Iterator
• Chain of Resposibility

1 模式动机

在软件构建过程中，集合对象内部结构常常变化各异。但对于这些集合对象，我们希望在不暴露其内部结构（比如树、堆、栈等等）的同时，可以让外部客户代码透明地访问其中包含的元素;同时这种“透明遍历"也为“同一种算法在多种集合对象上进行操作”提供了可能。

2 模式定义

提供—种方法顺序访问一个聚合对象中的各个元素，而又不暴露（稳定)该对象的内部表示。

3 模式结构

4 代码示例 

/**
 * Iterator Design Pattern
 *
 * Intent: Lets you traverse elements of a collection without exposing its
 * underlying representation (list, stack, tree, etc.).
 */

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>

/**
 * C++ has its own implementation of iterator that works with a different
 * generics containers defined by the standard library.
 */

template <typename T, typename U>
class Iterator {
 public:
  typedef typename std::vector<T>::iterator iter_type;
  Iterator(U *p_data, bool reverse = false) : m_p_data_(p_data) {
    m_it_ = m_p_data_->m_data_.begin();
  }

  void First() {
    m_it_ = m_p_data_->m_data_.begin();
  }

  void Next() {
    m_it_++;
  }

  bool IsDone() {
    return (m_it_ == m_p_data_->m_data_.end());
  }

  iter_type Current() {
    return m_it_;
  }

 private:
  U *m_p_data_;
  iter_type m_it_;
};

/**
 * Generic Collections/Containers provides one or several methods for retrieving
 * fresh iterator instances, compatible with the collection class.
 */

template <class T>
class Container {
  friend class Iterator<T, Container>;

 public:
  void Add(T a) {
    m_data_.push_back(a);
  }

  Iterator<T, Container> *CreateIterator() {
    return new Iterator<T, Container>(this);
  }

 private:
  std::vector<T> m_data_;
};

class Data {
 public:
  Data(int a = 0) : m_data_(a) {}

  void set_data(int a) {
    m_data_ = a;
  }

  int data() {
    return m_data_;
  }

 private:
  int m_data_;
};

/**
 * The client code may or may not know about the Concrete Iterator or Collection
 * classes, for this implementation the container is generic so you can used
 * with an int or with a custom class.
 */
void ClientCode() {
  std::cout << "________________Iterator with int______________________________________" << std::endl;
  Container<int> cont;

  for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
    cont.Add(i);
  }

  Iterator<int, Container<int>> *it = cont.CreateIterator();
  for (it->First(); !it->IsDone(); it->Next()) {
    std::cout << *it->Current() << std::endl;
  }

  Container<Data> cont2;
  Data a(100), b(1000), c(10000);
  cont2.Add(a);
  cont2.Add(b);
  cont2.Add(c);

  std::cout << "________________Iterator with custom Class______________________________" << std::endl;
  Iterator<Data, Container<Data>> *it2 = cont2.CreateIterator();
  for (it2->First(); !it2->IsDone(); it2->Next()) {
    std::cout << it2->Current()->data() << std::endl;
  }
  delete it;
  delete it2;
}

int main() {
  ClientCode();
  return 0;
}

输出结果：

________________Iterator with int______________________________________
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
________________Iterator with custom Class______________________________
100
1000
10000

参考：https://refactoringguru.cn/design-patterns/iterator