字符串，列表的内置方法(增加、修改、删除) 、可变类型与不可变类型 、字典 ，元组，集合的内置方法、队列和栈的概念

字符串的内置方法(较多，重要)

old_code = 'KeViN'
print('这是返回给用户的验证码: %s' % old_code)
new_code = input('请输入你的验证码：').strip()
print(new_code)

# 对验证码作一个判断,现在对验证码作不区分带小写

# if old_code.upper() == new_code.upper():
if old_code.lower() == new_code.lower():
    print('验证码输入正确')
else:
    print('验证码输入错误')
    
res = 'hello oldBoy'
# startswith, endswith
print(res.startswith('h'))  # True
print(res.startswith('hel'))  # True
print(res.startswith('hello1'))  # False

print(res.endswith('y'))  # True
print(res.endswith('Boy'))  # True
print(res.endswith('boy'))  # False

# 第一种方式：
# res = 'my name is {}, my age is {},{},{}'
# print(res.format('tank', 18))  # my name is tank, my age is 18

# 第二种方式：可以写索引，并且索引也可以反复使用
# res = 'my name is {0}, my age is {1},{0},{1}, {2}'
# print(res.format('kevin', 18, 'aa'))  # my name is kevin, my age is 18,kevin,kevin

# 第三张方式:
# res = 'my name is {name1}, my age is {age1}, {name1}, {name1}, {age1}'
# print(res.format(name1='kevin', age1=18))  # my name is kevin, my age is 18

l = ['kevin', 'jack', 'tank', 'tony','kevin', 'jack', 'tank', 'tony','kevin', 'jack', 'tank', 'tony','kevin', 'jack', 'tank', 'tony']
# 把里面的每一个人名取出来，并以|作为连接符号，把所有人名连接起来
# kevin|jack|tank|tony
# print(l[0] + '|' + l[1] + '|' + l[2] + '|' + l[3])  # kevin|jack|tank|tony

# kevin|jack|tank|tony|kevin|jack|tank|tony|kevin|jack|tank|tony|kevin|jack|tank|tony
print('|'.join(l))  # kevin|jack|tank|tony

res = 'my name is jack jack jack jack'
print(res.replace('jack', 'kevin'))  # my name is kevin kevin kevin kevin
print(res.replace('jack', 'kevin', 1))  # my name is kevin jack jack jack
print(res.replace('jack', 'kevin', 2))  # my name is kevin kevin jack jack

# 交换两个变量?
m = '10'
n = '20'
res = m + n  # 1020
m = res.replace('10', '')
n = res.replace('20', '')
print(m, n)


guess = input('请输入你的年龄：').strip()
if guess.isdigit():
    guess = int(guess)
else:
    print('你什么玩意，能不能好好输入')

字符串了解的方法

# 如果找到了，就返回第一次在字符串中出现的位置索引
# print(msg.find('o'))  # 1
# print(msg.find('s'))  # 5
# print(msg.find('hello'))  # 9
# 当找不到指定的字符串的时候，返回-1
# print(msg.find('hello1', 1, 5))  # -1

# print(msg.index('e'))  # 10
# index：查找指定的字符串，如果找不到直接报错
print(msg.index('ee'))  # 10
# 查找某个字符串出现的次数
print(msg.count('say'))

# 2.center,ljust,rjust,zfill
name = 'kevin'
# print(name.center(30, '*'))  # ************kevin*************
# 左对齐
print(name.ljust(30, '*'))  # kevin*************************
# 右对齐
print(name.rjust(30, '*'))  # *************************kevin
# zfill
print(name.zfill(30))  # 0000000000000000000000000kevin

# # 4.capitalize,swapcase,title
message = 'hello everyone nice to meet you!'
print(message.capitalize())  # Hello everyone nice to meet you!
print(message.swapcase())  # HELLO EVERYONE NICE TO MEET YOU!
print(message.title())  # Hello Everyone Nice To Meet You!

print(message.islower())
print(message.isupper())

列表

# 类型转换
# 把字符串转为列表
print(list('hello'))  # ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']
print(list([1, 2, 3, 4]))  # [1, 2, 3, 4]
print(list({'username':'kevin', 'age':18}))  # ['username', 'age']
print(list((1, 2, 3, 4)))  # [1, 2, 3, 4]
print(list({1, 2, 3, 4}))  # [1, 2, 3, 4]

# list关键字可以把支持for循环的数据类型都转为列表
添加元素：
# 2. 添加元素
# 方式1：
# res=names_list.append('ly')  # 它是在末尾追加元素
# print(res) # None:空
# print(names_list)
# names_list = ['kevin', 'tank', 'jack', 'tony', [11, 22, 33]]
# names_list = ['kevin', 'tank', 'jack', 'tony', 11, 22, 33]
# names_list.append([11, 22, 33])  # ['kevin', 'tank', 'jack', 'tony', [11, 22, 33]] 如果追加的是列表，会把列表整个元素都添加进去
# print(names_list)
names_list = ['kevin', 'tank', 'jack', 'tony']
# 方式2：
# names_list.insert(0, 666)
# names_list.insert(2, 999)
# names_list.insert(1, [1, 2, 3])
# print(names_list)

# 方式3：extend扩展元素,是用来做列表的合并的
# names_list.extend([1, 2, 3, 4])  # ['kevin', 'tank', 'jack', 'tony', 1, 2, 3, 4]
# print(names_list)
# 
l = [1, 2, 3, 4]
for i in l:
    names_list.append(i)  # ['kevin', 'tank', 'jack', 'tony', 1, 2, 3, 4]

print(names_list)


# 删除元素
names_list = ['kevin', 'tank', 'jack', 'tony', 11, 22, 33]
# 方式1：
# del names_list[0]  # del ------> delete
# del names_list[0]  # del ------> delete
# del names_list[0]  # del ------> delete
# print(names_list)

# 方式2：
# res=names_list.remove('kevin')  # 直接写元素值，而不是索引
# print(res) # None
# print(names_list)

# 方式3：弹出元素
# res=names_list.pop()  # ['kevin', 'tank', 'jack', 'tony', 11, 22]
# res=names_list.pop(1)  # ['kevin', 'tank', 'jack', 'tony', 11, 22]
# print(res)  # 33
# print(res)  # tank
# print(names_list)

可变类型与不可变类型

res = 'helloworld'
print(id(res))
res1 = res.title()
print(id(res1))
print(res.title())  # Helloworld
print(res) # helloworld


name_list = ['kevin', 'tank', 'jack']
print(id(name_list))
name_list.append('tony')
print(id(name_list))
print(name_list)  # ['kevin', 'tank', 'jack', 'tony']

# 可变类型：列表、字典
    # 改变的是原来的值, 它的内存地址没有改变，
# 不可变类型：字符串、整型、浮点型
    # 不改变原值,它改变内存地址

列表需要了解的方法

# 8.sort()给列表内所有元素排序
# lst = [9, 8, 7, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
# s = ['kevin', 'tank', 'jack', 'xyz']
# lst.sort()  # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
# lst.sort(reverse=True)  # [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
# s.sort()  # ['jack', 'kevin', 'tank', 'xyz']
# print(s)

# print(lst)  #


l1 = [1, 2, 3]
l2 = [1, 2, ]
print(l1 > l2)  # False

队列和栈的概念

# 队列和栈的概念是在数据结构里面存在的
链表、单链表、双链表、循环链表、栈、队列、树、二叉树、平衡二叉树、红黑树、b树、b+树、b-树、图

# 队列：先进先出
# 栈：先进后出