前提

1、开通开通阿里云短信服务

2、申请签名、申请模版

3、提前创建好阿里云接口访问的AccessKey ID与AccessKey Secret

核心依赖

<dependency>
    <groupId>com.aliyun</groupId>
    <artifactId>aliyun-java-sdk-core</artifactId>
    <version>4.6.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>com.aliyun</groupId>
    <artifactId>aliyun-java-sdk-dysmsapi</artifactId>
    <version>2.2.1</version>
</dependency>

工具类

import cn.hutool.core.date.DateUtil;
import com.aliyuncs.DefaultAcsClient;
import com.aliyuncs.IAcsClient;
import com.aliyuncs.dysmsapi.model.v20170525.SendSmsRequest;
import com.aliyuncs.dysmsapi.model.v20170525.SendSmsResponse;
import com.aliyuncs.exceptions.ClientException;
import com.aliyuncs.profile.DefaultProfile;
import com.aliyuncs.profile.IClientProfile;
import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Getter;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

/**
 * 阿里云短信发送工具类
 *
 * @author JHL
 * @version 1.0
 */
public class SmsUtil {


    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SmsUtil.class);

    /**
     * 产品名称:云通信短信API产品,开发者无需替换
     */
    private static final String PRODUCT = "Dysmsapi";

    /**
     * 产品域名,开发者无需替换
     */
    private static final String DOMAIN = "dysmsapi.aliyuncs.com";

    /**
     * 此处需要替换成开发者自己的 AccessKey ID
     */
    private static final String ACCESS_KEY_ID = "LTAI5tQDdsdsadsaCWHmwei";
    
    /**
     * 此处需要替换成开发者自己的 AccessKey Secret
     */
    private static final String ACCESS_KEY_SECRET = "3DCWrodsadZdsadpL6tYzbltlD";

    /**
     * 发送短信
     *
     * @param phone                短信接收手机号
     * @param smsTemplateCode      (需要提前在阿里云创建) 模版代码枚举
     * @param jsonTemplateVariable (需要提前在阿里云创建) json（k:v键值对）格式的模板变量，例如：{\"code\":\"1234\"}
     * @return SendSmsResponse     发送短信的结果响应
     * @throws ClientException e
     */
    public static SendSmsResponse sendSms(String phone, SmsTemplateCodeEnum smsTemplateCode, SmsSignatureEnum smsSignature, String jsonTemplateVariable) throws ClientException {
        // 超时时间
        System.setProperty("sun.net.client.defaultConnectTimeout", "10000");
        System.setProperty("sun.net.client.defaultReadTimeout", "10000");
        // 初始化acsClient,暂不支持region化
        IClientProfile profile = DefaultProfile.getProfile("cn-hangzhou", ACCESS_KEY_ID, ACCESS_KEY_SECRET);
        DefaultProfile.addEndpoint("cn-hangzhou", "cn-hangzhou", PRODUCT, DOMAIN);
        IAcsClient acsClient = new DefaultAcsClient(profile);
        // 组装请求对象-具体描述见控制台-文档部分内容
        SendSmsRequest request = new SendSmsRequest();
        // 必填:手机号
        request.setPhoneNumbers(phone);
        // 必填:设置短信签名
        request.setSignName(smsSignature.getSignatureName());
        // 必填:设置短信模板
        request.setTemplateCode(smsTemplateCode.getTemplateCode());
        // 必填:填充模板变量
        request.setTemplateParam(jsonTemplateVariable);
        // 此处可能会抛出异常，注意catch
        SendSmsResponse sendSmsResponse = acsClient.getAcsResponse(request);
        logger.info("######################### \t[ 发送短信\t时间：{}\t电话：{}\t签名：{}\t模板：{} ]\t #########################", DateUtil.date(), phone, smsSignature.desc, smsTemplateCode.desc);
        if (!"OK".equals(sendSmsResponse.getCode())) {
            logger.error("######################### \t[ 短信发送失败原因:{} ]\t #########################", sendSmsResponse.getMessage());
        } else {
            logger.info("######################### \t[ 短信发送成功 ]\t #########################");
        }
        return sendSmsResponse;
    }

    /**
     * 短信模板枚举
     */
    @AllArgsConstructor
    @Getter
    public enum SmsTemplateCodeEnum {
        TEST("测试模板", "SMS_460660514"),
        ERR_TEST("错误测试模板", "123"),
        ;

        private final String desc;
        private final String templateCode;
    }


    /**
     * 短信签名枚举
     */
    @AllArgsConstructor
    @Getter
    public enum SmsSignatureEnum {
        TEST("测试签名", "唐鸿凌个人博客"),
        ERR_TEST("错误测试签名", "123"),

        ;

        private final String desc;
        private final String signatureName;
    }

    /**
     * 测试发送
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientException {
        sendSms("1x5998x316x", SmsTemplateCodeEnum.ERR_TEST, SmsSignatureEnum.TEST, null);
    }

}

本文参考：https://www.zhihu.com/column/p/414819277