线程按照其调度者可以分为用户级线程和核心级线程两种 
用户级线程主要解决的是上下文切换的问题，它的调度算法和调度过程全部由用户自行选择决定，在运行时不需要特定的内核支持； 
我们常用基本就是用户级线程，所以就只总结一下POSIX提供的用户级线程接口； 
基本线程操作相关的函数： 
1线程的建立结束 
2线程的互斥和同步 
3使用信号量控制线程 
4线程的基本属性配置 

基本线程操作：

互斥与同步机制基本函数

信号量线程控制(默认无名信号量)

线程属性配置相关函数

基本的线程建立运行pthread_create

/* thread.c */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pthread.h>

#define THREAD_NUMBER       3                 /*线程数*/
#define REPEAT_NUMBER       5                 /*每个线程中的小任务数*/
#define DELAY_TIME_LEVELS  10.0             /*小任务之间的最大时间间隔*/
//
void *thrd_func(void *arg) { 
    /* 线程函数例程 */
    int thrd_num = (int)arg;
    int delay_time = 0;
    int count = 0;
    printf("Thread %d is starting\n", thrd_num);
    for (count = 0; count < REPEAT_NUMBER; count++) {
        delay_time = (int)(rand() * DELAY_TIME_LEVELS/(RAND_MAX)) + 1;
        sleep(delay_time);
        printf("\tThread %d: job %d delay = %d\n", 
                      thrd_num, count, delay_time);
    }

    printf("Thread %d finished\n", thrd_num);
    pthread_exit(NULL);
}

int main(void) {
     pthread_t thread[THREAD_NUMBER];
     int no = 0, res;
     void * thrd_ret;
     srand(time(NULL));    
     for (no = 0; no < THREAD_NUMBER; no++) {
          /* 创建多线程 */
          res = pthread_create(&thread[no], NULL, thrd_func, (void*)no);
          if (res != 0) {
               printf("Create thread %d failed\n", no);
               exit(res);
          }
     }

     printf("Create treads success\n Waiting for threads to finish...\n");
     for (no = 0; no < THREAD_NUMBER; no++) {
          /* 等待线程结束 */
          res = pthread_join(thread[no], &thrd_ret);
          if (!res) {
            printf("Thread %d joined\n", no);
          } else {
            printf("Thread %d join failed\n", no);
          }
     }
     return 0;        
}

例程中循环3次建立3条线程，并且使用pthread_join函数依次等待线程结束； 
线程中使用rand()获取随机值随机休眠5次，随意会出现后执行的线程先执行完成； 
运行结果：

$ gcc thread.c -lpthread
$ ./a.out 
Create treads success
 Waiting for threads to finish...
Thread 0 is starting
Thread 1 is starting
Thread 2 is starting
Thread 1: job 0 delay = 2
Thread 1: job 1 delay = 2
Thread 0: job 0 delay = 8
Thread 2: job 0 delay = 10
Thread 2: job 1 delay = 3
Thread 1: job 2 delay = 10
Thread 0: job 1 delay = 8
Thread 0: job 2 delay = 3
Thread 0: job 3 delay = 1
Thread 2: job 2 delay = 8
Thread 1: job 3 delay = 8
Thread 1: job 4 delay = 1
Thread 1 finished
        Thread 2: job 3 delay = 6
        Thread 0: job 4 delay = 7
Thread 0 finished
Thread 0 joined
Thread 1 joined
        Thread 2: job 4 delay = 10
Thread 2 finished
Thread 2 joined

可以看到，线程1先于线程0执行，但是pthread_join的调用时间顺序，先等待线程0执行； 
由于线程1已经早结束，所以线程0被pthread_join等到的时候，线程1已结束，就在等待到线程1时，直接返回； 

线程执行的互斥和同步pthread_mutex_lock

在上面的程序中增加互斥锁

/*thread_mutex.c*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pthread.h>

#define THREAD_NUMBER        3            /* 线程数 */
#define REPEAT_NUMBER        3            /* 每个线程的小任务数 */
#define DELAY_TIME_LEVELS 10.0         /*小任务之间的最大时间间隔*/
pthread_mutex_t mutex;

void *thrd_func(void *arg) {
     int thrd_num = (int)arg;
     int delay_time = 0, count = 0;
     int res;
     /* 互斥锁上锁 */
     res = pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
     if (res) {
          printf("Thread %d lock failed\n", thrd_num);
          pthread_exit(NULL);
     }
     printf("Thread %d is starting\n", thrd_num);
     for (count = 0; count < REPEAT_NUMBER; count++) {          
         delay_time = (int)(rand() * DELAY_TIME_LEVELS/(RAND_MAX)) + 1;
         sleep(delay_time);
         printf("\tThread %d: job %d delay = %d\n", 
                                      thrd_num, count, delay_time);
     }
     printf("Thread %d finished\n", thrd_num);
     pthread_exit(NULL);
}

int main(void) {
     pthread_t thread[THREAD_NUMBER];
     int no = 0, res;
     void * thrd_ret;

     srand(time(NULL));
     /* 互斥锁初始化 */
     pthread_mutex_init(&mutex, NULL);
     for (no = 0; no < THREAD_NUMBER; no++) {
          res = pthread_create(&thread[no], NULL, thrd_func, (void*)no);
          if (res != 0) {
              printf("Create thread %d failed\n", no);
              exit(res);
          }
     }     
     printf("Create treads success\n Waiting for threads to finish...\n");
     for (no = 0; no < THREAD_NUMBER; no++) {
          res = pthread_join(thread[no], &thrd_ret);
          if (!res) {
                printf("Thread %d joined\n", no);
          } else  {
              printf("Thread %d join failed\n", no);
          }
     }   
     /****互斥锁解锁***/
     pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
     pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex);          
     return 0;        
}

在上面的例程中直接添加同步锁pthread_mutex_t； 
在线程中加入，于是程序在执行线程程序时； 
调用pthread_mutex_lock上锁，发现上锁时候后进入等待，等待锁再次释放后重新上锁； 
所以线程程序加载到队列中等待，等待成功上锁后继续执行程序代码； 
运行结果

$gcc thread_mutex.c -lpthread
$ ./a.out 
Create treads success
 Waiting for threads to finish...
Thread 0 is starting
        Thread 0: job 0 delay = 9
        Thread 0: job 1 delay = 4
        Thread 0: job 2 delay = 7
Thread 0 finished
Thread 0 joined
Thread 1 is starting
        Thread 1: job 0 delay = 6
        Thread 1: job 1 delay = 4
        Thread 1: job 2 delay = 7
Thread 1 finished
Thread 1 joined
Thread 2 is starting
        Thread 2: job 0 delay = 3
        Thread 2: job 1 delay = 1
        Thread 2: job 2 delay = 6
Thread 2 finished
Thread 2 joined

跟例程1中执行结果不同，线程程序被加载到队列中而不能马上执行，需要等到能够成功上锁； 
上锁后，继续执行线程程序，上锁执行； 
这样线程被依次执行的情况在实际使用场景中经常出现； 
使用场景： 
当用户登录后获取秘钥才能继续获取该用户的基本信息时；需要等待登录线程结束后才能继续执行获取用户信息的线程时， 
需要调用两条线程，假如是：threadLogin(),threadGetInfo(); 则可以有2种方法实现： 
1 此时可以使用互斥锁同时一次性调用完threadLogin()和threadGetInfo()； 
2 当然也可以不使用互斥锁直接在threadLogin()中登录验证成功后调用threadGetInfo()； 
相比之下，方式1更加清晰的显示逻辑关系，增加代码可读性可扩展性。

使用信号量控制线程的执行顺序sem_post

修改上面例程，上面的是使用pthread_mutex_lock互斥锁控制线程执行顺序， 
使用另外一种线程执行顺序的控制；

/* thread_sem.c */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <semaphore.h>

#define THREAD_NUMBER       3
#define REPEAT_NUMBER       3
#define DELAY_TIME_LEVELS   10.0

sem_t sem[THREAD_NUMBER];

void * thrd_func(void *arg) {
    int thrd_num = (int)arg;
    int delay_time = 0;
    int count = 0;
    sem_wait(&sem[thrd_num]);
    printf("Thread %d is starting\n", thrd_num);
    for (count = 0; count < REPEAT_NUMBER; count++) {
        delay_time = (int)(rand() * DELAY_TIME_LEVELS/(RAND_MAX)) + 1;
        sleep(delay_time);
        printf("\tThread %d: job %d delay = %d\n", thrd_num, count, delay_time);
    }
    printf("Thread %d finished\n", thrd_num);
    pthread_exit(NULL);
}

int main(void) {
    pthread_t thread[THREAD_NUMBER];
    int no = 0, res;
    void * thrd_ret;
    srand(time(NULL));
    for (no = 0; no < THREAD_NUMBER; no++) {
        sem_init(&sem[no], 0, 0);
        res = pthread_create(&thread[no], NULL, thrd_func, (void*)no);
        if (res != 0) {
            printf("Create thread %d failed\n", no);
            exit(res);
        }
    }

    printf("Create treads success\n Waiting for threads to finish...\n");
    sem_post(&sem[THREAD_NUMBER - 1]);
    for (no = THREAD_NUMBER - 1; no >= 0; no--) {
        res = pthread_join(thread[no], &thrd_ret);
        if (!res) {
            printf("Thread %d joined\n", no);
        } else {
            printf("Thread %d join failed\n", no);
        }
        sem_post(&sem[(no + THREAD_NUMBER - 1) % THREAD_NUMBER]);           
    }

    for (no = 0; no < THREAD_NUMBER; no++) {
        sem_destroy(&sem[no]);      
    }
    return 0;        
}

执行结果，仍然是建立3条线程，每条线程执行时休眠随机时长：

$ gcc thread_sem.c -lpthread 
$ ./a.out 
Create treads success
 Waiting for threads to finish...
Thread 2 is starting
        Thread 2: job 0 delay = 9
        Thread 2: job 1 delay = 9
        Thread 2: job 2 delay = 5
Thread 2 finished
Thread 2 joined
Thread 1 is starting
        Thread 1: job 0 delay = 5
        Thread 1: job 1 delay = 7
        Thread 1: job 2 delay = 4
Thread 1 finished
Thread 1 joined
Thread 0 is starting
        Thread 0: job 0 delay = 3
        Thread 0: job 1 delay = 9
        Thread 0: job 2 delay = 8
Thread 0 finished
Thread 0 joined

执行结果与第2个例程非常相似，只不过教材中进行倒序执行而已； 
那么这种方式其实与使用互斥锁相比，代码量可读性基本持平不相上下；

线程的基本属性pthread_attr_setscope

设置属性一般有： 
1 绑定属性 
2 分离属性 
3 堆栈地址 
4 堆栈大小 
5 优先级

关于绑定属性就是绑定于内核线程； 
分离属性主要是讲线程结束后是否马上释放相应的内存；

/* thread_attr.c */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pthread.h>

#define THREAD_NUMBER       1
#define REPEAT_NUMBER       3
#define DELAY_TIME_LEVELS   10.0
int finish_flag = 0;

void * thrd_func(void * arg){
    int delay_time = 0;
    int count = 0;
    printf("Thread is starting\n");
    for (count = 0; count < REPEAT_NUMBER; count++) {
        delay_time = (int)(rand() * DELAY_TIME_LEVELS/(RAND_MAX)) + 1;
        sleep(delay_time);
        printf("\tThread : job %d delay = %d\n", count, delay_time);
    }
    printf("Thread finished\n");
    finish_flag = 1;
    pthread_exit(NULL);
}

int main(void) {
    pthread_t thread;
    pthread_attr_t attr;
    int res = 0;
    srand(time(NULL));
    res = pthread_attr_init(&attr);
    if (res != 0) {
        printf("Create attribute failed\n");
        exit(res);
    }
    res = pthread_attr_setscope(&attr, PTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM);
    res += pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED);
    if (res != 0) {
        printf("Setting attribute failed\n");
        exit(res);
    }
    res = pthread_create(&thread, &attr, thrd_func, NULL);
    if (res != 0) {
        printf("Create thread failed\n");
        exit(res);
    }
    pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);
    printf("Create tread success\n");

    while(!finish_flag){
        printf("Waiting for thread to finish...\n");
        sleep(2);
    }
    return 0;        
}

在运行前后使用 $ free 命令查看内存前后的使用情况发现： 
在线程结束后内存马上被释放；
其实，一般线程的属性直接使用系统默认属性即可； 
关于线程的使用，大约就是这样。