LVM是什么？
逻辑卷管理器（LVM，Logical Volume Manager）是一种把硬盘空间分配成逻辑卷的方法。
看到定义可能还比较懵，不妨结合场景：
有一块系统盘空间随着时间推移容量需要扩容该怎么做？
这时候使用LVM就比较方便了，它可以弹性的调整文件系统的容量，可以整合多个物理分区在一起，让这些分区看起来像是一个磁盘一样。通俗理解就是它可以将很多硬盘/分区全部拿过来作为一个资源池，然后自己再随意划分成逻辑层面的分区，那么这个分区后期进行扩容缩容删除就比较方便了！
LVM相关概念
1、Physical Volume，PV，物理卷
[root@node3 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x172f2548.
Command (m for help): p ###输入 p 查看分区情况
Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x172f2548
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
Command (m for help): n ###输入 n 创建新分区
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p ### 默认是 p ，创建主分区，视情况而定
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1 ###这里做第一块主分区
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519):
Using default value 20971519
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 10 GiB is set
Command (m for help): p ###再次输入 p 查看分区情况
Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x172f2548
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 20971519 10484736 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w ###最后输入 w 保存从sdb分出来的sdb1
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
fdisk -l查看是否分区成功
[root@node3 ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x172f2548
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 20971519 10484736 83 Linux
可以看到实际分区Id字段为83，使用时需要通过 fdisk 命令将Id字段调整为8e(LVM 的标识符)，再经过 pvcreate 命令将它转为 LVM 最底层的物理卷(PV)，之后这些PV才能够被利用
[root@node3 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): t ###输入 t 修改分区类型
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): L ###输入 L 列出所有分区类型
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 27 Hidden NTFS Win 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 40 Venix 80286 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 42 SFS 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d QNX4.x 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a5 FreeBSD ee GPT
f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor
12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3 61 SpeedStor ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary
16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE
18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto
1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX be Solaris boot ff BBT
1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e ###输入 8e 修改为指定分区类型
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'
Command (m for help): p ######输入 p 查看分区情况
Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x172f2548
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 20971519 10484736 8e Linux LVM
Command (m for help): w ###最后输入 w 保存修改的分区类型
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
使用pvcreate创建pv
[root@node3 ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb1
Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created.
2、Volume Group，VG，卷组
VG可以理解为很多物理卷（PV）所组成的组
[root@node3 ~]# vgcreate storage /dev/sdb1
Volume group "storage" successfully created
[root@node3 ~]# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name storage
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 1
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 0
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size <10.00 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 2559
Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0
Free PE / Size 2559 / <10.00 GiB
VG UUID fK1Wcs-B1BL-TY3G-IRiJ-7JnV-wd0T-CRFx95
使用vgextend添加 pv 到 vg
[root@node3 ~]# vgextend storage /dev/sdc
sdc sdc1
[root@node3 ~]# vgextend storage /dev/sdc1
Physical volume "/dev/sdc1" successfully created.
Volume group "storage" successfully extended
[root@node3 ~]# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name storage
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 2
Metadata Sequence No 2
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 0
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 2
Act PV 2
VG Size 19.99 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 5118
Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0
Free PE / Size 5118 / 19.99 GiB
VG UUID fK1Wcs-B1BL-TY3G-IRiJ-7JnV-wd0T-CRFx95
可以看到两个 pv 已经成功添加到 vg 中
3、Logical Volume，LV，逻辑卷
LV 是由 VG 切分而来的，此时 LV 就可以当成一个分区格式化来使用了，
lvcreate 参数
-L 是直接制定容量，基础单位是MB，如果要切割出1G空间，则 -L 1G，MB以此类推。
-l 是以基本单元的个数为单位，每个基本单元的大小是4MB，-l 20，则是切割出4*20=80M空间。
-n 是指定生成逻辑卷的名称。
在卷组中切割出一个：名称为test1，大小为5G的空间：
[root@node3 ~]# lvcreate -n test1 -L 5G storage
Logical volume "test1" created.
[root@node3 ~]# lvdisplay ###查看lv
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/storage/test1
LV Name test1
VG Name storage
LV UUID WkSHKt-2GPL-sZX0-ZZeu-KGZB-9Gao-vufFmC
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time node3, 2023-02-01 15:22:25 +0800
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 5.00 GiB
Current LE 1280
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:0
格式化、挂载使用
[root@node3 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/storage/test1
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
327680 inodes, 1310720 blocks
65536 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=1342177280
40 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@node3 ~]# mkdir /mnt/dir1
[root@node3 ~]# mount /dev/storage/test1 /mnt/dir1/
[root@node3 ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 1.9G 20M 1.9G 2% /run
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda2 19G 2.2G 17G 12% /
/dev/sda1 1014M 142M 873M 14% /boot
tmpfs 378M 0 378M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/storage-test1 4.8G 20M 4.6G 1% /mnt/dir1
4、Physical Extend，PE，物理扩展块
PE 是整个 LVM 最小的存储块，LVM 的 VG 最多仅能含有 65534 个 PE，一个 PE 默认的大小时 4M。
所以可以通过调整 PE 来调整 VG最大容量。
# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name ceph-77651246-631b-44d8-9ece-1cc0af8e0b68
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 17
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 1
Open LV 1
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size 9.00 GiB
PE Size 1.00 GiB
Total PE 9
Alloc PE / Size 9 / 9.00 GiB
Free PE / Size 0 / 0
VG UUID GdTfRy-au4B-DgAN-Ej2X-XgdK-hFNz-wDrLm1
LV 扩容、缩容
扩容
[root@node3 ~]# umount /mnt/dir1/ ###解除挂载
[root@node3 ~]# lvextend -L 15G /dev/storage/test1 ###vg容量不够
Insufficient free space: 2560 extents needed, but only 2558 available
[root@node3 ~]# lvextend -L 10G /dev/storage/test1 ###扩展后的分区容量，必须大于原容量
Size of logical volume storage/test1 changed from 5.00 GiB (1280 extents) to 10.00 GiB (2560 extents).
Logical volume storage/test1 successfully resized.
[root@node3 ~]# e2fsck -f /dev/storage/test1 ###检查硬盘的完整性
e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/dev/storage/test1: 11/327680 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 58462/1310720 blocks
[root@node3 ~]# resize2fs /dev/storage/test1 ###重置硬盘容量
resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Resizing the filesystem on /dev/storage/test1 to 2621440 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/storage/test1 is now 2621440 blocks long.
[root@node3 ~]# mount /dev/storage/test1 /mnt/dir1/ ###重新挂载使用
[root@node3 ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 1.9G 20M 1.9G 2% /run
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda2 19G 2.2G 17G 12% /
/dev/sda1 1014M 142M 873M 14% /boot
tmpfs 378M 0 378M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/storage-test1 9.8G 23M 9.2G 1% /mnt/dir1
缩容
lvextend -L 3G /dev/storage/test1 ###操作参考扩容
LV删除、卸载
[root@node3 ~]# umount /mnt/dir1/ ###解除挂载
[root@node3 ~]# lvremove /dev/storage/test1 ###删除lv
Do you really want to remove active logical volume storage/test1? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "test1" successfully removed
[root@node3 ~]# vgremove storage ###删除vg
Do you really want to remove volume group "storage" containing 1 logical volumes? [y/n]: y
Do you really want to remove active logical volume storage/test2? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "test2" successfully removed
Volume group "storage" successfully removed
[root@node3 ~]# pvremove /dev/sdb1 ###删除pv
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully wiped.