Connection-oriented vs Connectionless Service
Data Link Layer:
The Logical Link Control sublayer
The Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer
Unacknowledged connectionless 无确认无连接服务 例如:Ethernet
Acknowledged connectionless 有确认无连接服务 例如:803.11(WIFI)
Acknowledged connection-oriented 有确认有连接服务
Framing 组帧
Byte count 字符计数法
Byte stuffing 比特填充的首尾标志法
Error control 差错控制
If few errors:forward error correction (FEC) 前向纠错码
Redundancy 冗余
m (data bits) + r (redundant check bits) = n (total number of transmitted bits)
code rate m/n Noisy channel, a code rate of 0.5 might be suitable
Reliable channel, a code rate close to 1.0 might be suitable
Block codes can detect d – 1 errors and correct (d - 1)/2 errors d:汉明距离
Error detection 检错
Even parity 偶校验
Odd parity 奇校验 加一位让1的个数为奇数
Can detect any odd number of errors (including in the parity bit itself)
Checksums
Fletcher's checksum
Cyclic Redundancy Checks (CRCs) r检测位可最多检测出r位错误
Error correction 纠错
Hamming Codes 海明码
(m + r + 1) ≤ 2^r 才能检测出一位错误 m源码 r纠错码
Binary Convolutional Codes 二进制卷积码
Reed-Solomon codes
LDPC codes
Flow control (PHY Physical)
Simplex Communication 单工
Stop-and-Wait 停止-等待
P1:理想
P2:Error Free ACK (ARQ(Automatic Repeat reQuest))
P3:Noisy Channel ACK with sequence numbers (frame[0] ACK[1])
Duplex Communication 双工
Sliding Window Protocols 滑动窗口
Stop-and-Wait sent window =1 receive window = 1 按序接收
Go-back-N sent window >1 receive window = 1 按序接收
Selective Repeat sent window >1 receive window > 1
没搞懂 Bandwidth-Delay = bandwidth [bps] * one-way transmit time [s]
? BD = Bandwidth-Delay [b] / frame size [b]
P33 An appropriate sliding-window size can be obtained by using: w = 2BD + 1
Positive acknowledgement (ACK)
Negative acknowledgement (NAK)
MAC Sublayer
Channel Allocation 信道划分
Static Channel Allocation:
FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access (e.g an FM radio) 频分复用
TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access (i.e. a ‘time-slice’) 时分复用
ALOHA Collision(碰撞)
Slotted ALOHA 时分ALOHA
CSMA 载波监听多路访问协议
1-persistent 1-坚持 发送节点监听到信道空闲,立即发送数据,否则继续监听。
p-persistent p-坚持 发送节点监听到信道空闲,以概率P发送,否则延迟一段时间重新监听
non-persistent 非坚持 发送节点监听到信道空闲,立即发送数据,否则延迟back-off time
坚持指的是对于监听信道忙之后的坚持
CSMA/CD CSMA with Collision Detection 先听后发,边听边发,冲突停发,随即重发
无冲突的协议:
Collision-Free: Bitmap 8个位置先报名,报名的按顺序发
Collision-Free: Token Ring 令牌环
Collision-Free: Countdown
Limited-Contention Protocols 有限竞争协议
Contention protocols good for low load
Contention-free protocols good for high load
负载轻时竞争方法更理想;负载重是无冲突协议更好,结合起来形成有限竞争协议(limited-contention protocol)
Limited Contention: Adaptive Tree Walk
自适应树搜索协议:0号时槽,所有站尝试获得信道;若冲突则1号时槽只有左支可以竞争;
直到没有冲突,左支某站获得信道,下一时槽只允许右枝竞争。
Wireless LANs: 无线LAN协议
Hidden Terminals 隐藏站问题:A检测到B而检测不到C,错误滴认为可以与B通信
Exposed Terminals 暴露站问题:A检测到介质中B与C的通信,错误的认为不能与D通信
MACA(multiple access with collision avoidance,避免冲突的多路访问)
A给B发送RTS(request to send),B以CTS(clear to send)应答,这两帧均包含数据长度;此时听到RTS和CTS的站保持足够时间的沉默。
Frame Format Ethernet / IEEE 802.3
Channel Utilization 信道利用率
CSMA-CD 传输时间除以全部时间
Repeater 工作在物理层
Ethernet Hubs 集线器 工作在物理层 属于一根网线
Ethernet Switches 交换机 工作在数据链路层 (创建路由表要复习!!!P45)
Spanning Trees 生成树算法
Router 路由器 网络层
802.11 Architecture
Two modes:
– Infrastructure Mode (a star topology)
– Ad-Hoc (a peer-to-peer topology)
CSMA/CA 要发返回帧确认
IEEE 802.15.4
A low-rate wireless personal area network (LR-WPAN) simple, low-cost
Topologies 拓扑结构 P14 (还没看!!!)
标签:errors,Network,rate,IoT,window,DLL,Collision,信道,监听 From: https://www.cnblogs.com/charlie-hhht/p/17054584.html