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HttpClient和IHttpClientFactory借助第三方库生成的客户端Refit andWebApiClientCore

时间:2022-08-31 23:24:24浏览次数:110  
标签:andWebApiClientCore request Refit private handler HttpMessageHandler public Http

理解ASP.NET Core - 发送Http请求(HttpClient) 

 

注:本文隶属于《理解ASP.NET Core》系列文章,请查看置顶博客或点击此处查看全文目录

前言

在.NET中,我们有很多发送Http请求的手段,如HttpWebRequestWebClient以及HttpClient

在进入正文之前,先简单了解一下前2个:

HttpWebRequest

namespace System.Net
{
    public class HttpWebRequest : WebRequest, ISerializable { }
}

HttpWebRequest位于System.Net命名空间下,继承自抽象类WebRequest,是.NET中最早、最原始地用于操作Http请求的类。相对来说,该类提供的方法更接近于底层,所以它的使用较为繁琐,对于开发者的水平要求是比较高的。

WebClient

namespace System.Net
{
    public class WebClient : Component { }
}

同样的,WebClient也位于System.Net命名空间下,它主要是对WebRequest进行了一层封装,简化了常用任务场景的使用,如文件上传、文件下载、数据上传、数据下载等,并提供了一系列事件。

不过,虽然HttpWebRequestWebClient仍然可用,但官方建议,若没有特殊要求,不要使用他俩,而应该使用HttpClient。那HttpClient是什么呢?

HttpClient

namespace System.Net.Http
{
    public class HttpClient : HttpMessageInvoker { }
}

HttpClient位于System.Net.Http命名空间下,它提供了GetAsyncPostAsyncPutAsyncDeleteAsyncPatchAsync等方法,更适合操作当下流行的Rest风格的Http Api。而且,它提供的方法几乎都是异步的,非常适合当下的异步编程模型。

而且,HttpClient旨在实例化一次,并在应用程序的整个生命周期内重复使用,也就是说,可以使用一个HttpClient实例可以发送多次以及多个不同的请求。

不过需要注意的是,如果每次请求反而都实例化一个HttpClient,由于Dispose并不会立即释放套接字,那么当短时间内有大量请求时,就会导致服务器的套接字数被耗尽,从而引发SocketException异常。

我们一起来看一个错误的示例:

public class ValuesController : ControllerBase
{
    [HttpGet("WrongUsage")]
    public async Task<string> WrongUsage()
    {
        try
        {
            // 模拟10次请求,每次请求都创建一个新的 HttpClient
            var i = 0;
            while (i++ < 10)
            {
                using var client = new HttpClient();
                await client.GetAsync("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/1");                   
            }

            return "Success";
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            return ex.ToString();
        }
    }
}

jsonplaceholder.typicode.com 是一个免费提供虚假API的网站,我们可以使用它来方便测试。

在Windows中,当你请求WrongUsage接口之后,可以通过 netstat 命令查看套接字连接(jsonplaceholder的IP为172.67.131.170:443),你会发现程序虽然已经退出了,但是连接并没有像我们所预期的那样立即关闭:

> netstat -n | find "172.67.131.170"
  TCP    172.16.161.10:1057     172.67.131.170:443     TIME_WAIT
  TCP    172.16.161.10:1058     172.67.131.170:443     TIME_WAIT
  TCP    172.16.161.10:1061     172.67.131.170:443     TIME_WAIT
  TCP    172.16.161.10:1065     172.67.131.170:443     TIME_WAIT
  TCP    172.16.161.10:1070     172.67.131.170:443     TIME_WAIT
  TCP    172.16.161.10:1073     172.67.131.170:443     TIME_WAIT
  TCP    172.16.161.10:10005    172.67.131.170:443     TIME_WAIT

下面是一个较为合理的示例:

public class ValuesController : ControllerBase
{
    private static readonly HttpClient _httpClient;

    static ValuesController()
    {
        // 复用同一个实例
        _httpClient = new HttpClient();
    }
}

可以看出,HttpClient很容易被错误使用,并且,即使是上面的正确示例,仍然有很多待优化的地方。因此,为了解决这个问题,IHttpClientFactory诞生了。

IHttpClientFactory

看名字就知道了,IHttpClientFactory可以帮我们创建所需要的HttpClient实例,我们无须关心实例的创建过程。与HttpClient一样,位于System.Net.Http命名空间下。

下面先了解一下它的一些用法。

基础用法

首先,注册HttpClientFactory相关的服务

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
builder.Services.AddHttpClient();

然后,构造函数注入IHttpClientFactory,通过CreateClient()创建Client实例。

public class ValuesController : ControllerBase
{
    private readonly IHttpClientFactory _httpClientFactory;

    public ValuesController(IHttpClientFactory httpClientFactory)
    {
        _httpClientFactory = httpClientFactory;
    }

    [HttpGet]
    public async Task<string> Get()
    {
        // 通过 _httpClientFactory 创建 Client 实例
        var client = _httpClientFactory.CreateClient();
        var response = await client.GetAsync("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/1");
        if (response.IsSuccessStatusCode)
        {
            return await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();
        }
        
        return $"{response.StatusCode}: {response.ReasonPhrase}";
    }
}

输出:

{
  "userId": 1,
  "id": 1,
  "title": "sunt aut facere repellat provident occaecati excepturi optio reprehenderit",
  "body": "quia et suscipit\nsuscipit recusandae consequuntur expedita et cum\nreprehenderit molestiae ut ut quas totam\nnostrum rerum est autem sunt rem eveniet architecto"
}

命名客户端

类似于命名选项,我们也可以添加命名的HttpClient,并添加一些全局默认配置。下面我们添加一个名为jsonplaceholder的客户端:

// jsonplaceholder client
builder.Services.AddHttpClient("jsonplaceholder", (sp, client) =>
{
    // 基址
    client.BaseAddress = new Uri("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/");
    // 请求头
    client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add(HeaderNames.Accept, "application/json");
    client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add(HeaderNames.UserAgent, "HttpClientFactory-Sample-Named");
});

[HttpGet("named")]
public async Task<dynamic> GetNamed()
{
    // 获取指定名称的 Client
    var client = _httpClientFactory.CreateClient("jsonplaceholder");
    var response = await client.GetAsync("posts/1");
    if (response.IsSuccessStatusCode)
    {
        return new
        {
            Content = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(),
            AcceptHeader = response.RequestMessage!.Headers.Accept.ToString(),
            UserAgentHeader = response.RequestMessage.Headers.UserAgent.ToString()
        };
    }

    return $"{response.StatusCode}: {response.ReasonPhrase}";
}

输出:

{
  "content": "{\n  \"userId\": 1,\n  \"id\": 1,\n  \"title\": \"sunt aut facere repellat provident occaecati excepturi optio reprehenderit\",\n  \"body\": \"quia et suscipit\\nsuscipit recusandae consequuntur expedita et cum\\nreprehenderit molestiae ut ut quas totam\\nnostrum rerum est autem sunt rem eveniet architecto\"\n}",
  "acceptHeader": "application/json",
  "userAgentHeader": "HttpClientFactory-Sample-Named"
}

实际上,在创建HttpClient实例时,也可以指定未在服务中注册的HttpClient名字。读完文章后面,你就知道为什么了。

类型化客户端

客户端也可以被类型化,这样做的好处有:

  • 无需像命名客户端那样通过传递字符串获取客户端实例
  • 可以将同一类别的调用接口进行归类、封装
  • 有智能提示

下面看个简单地例子,首先,创建一个类型化客户端JsonPlaceholderClient,用于封装对jsonplaceholder接口的调用:

public class JsonPlaceholderClient
{
    private readonly HttpClient _httpClient;

    // 直接注入 HttpClient
    public JsonPlaceholderClient(HttpClient httpClient)
    {
        _httpClient = httpClient;
    }

    public async Task<dynamic> GetPost(int id) =>
        await _httpClient.GetFromJsonAsync<dynamic>($"/posts/{id}");
}

为了让DI容器知道要将哪个HttpClient实例注入到JsonPlaceholderClient的构造函数,我们需要配置一下服务:

builder.Services.AddHttpClient<JsonPlaceholderClient>(client =>
{
    client.BaseAddress = new Uri("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/");
    client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add(HeaderNames.Accept, "application/json");
    client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add(HeaderNames.UserAgent, "HttpClientFactory-Sample-Typed");
});

最后,我们直接注入JsonPlaceholderClient,而不再是IHttpClientFactory,使用起来就好像在调用本地服务似的:

public class ValuesController : ControllerBase
{
    private readonly JsonPlaceholderClient _jsonPlaceholderClient;

    public ValuesController(JsonPlaceholderClient jsonPlaceholderClient)
    {
        _jsonPlaceholderClient = jsonPlaceholderClient;
    }
    
    [HttpGet("typed")]
    public async Task<dynamic> GetTyped()
    {
        var post = await _jsonPlaceholderClient.GetPost(1);
        
        return post;
    }
}

借助第三方库生成的客户端

一般来说,类型化的客户端已经大大简化了我们使用HttpClient的步骤和难度,不过,我们还可以借助第三方库再次简化我们的代码:我们只需要定义要调用的服务接口,第三方库会生成代理类。

常用的第三方库有以下两个:

这两个第三方库的使用方式非常类似,由于我比较熟悉WebApiClientCore,所以后面的示例均使用它进行演示。

首先,安装Nuget包:

Install-Package WebApiClientCore

接着,创建一个接口IJsonPlaceholderApi

[Header("User-Agent", "HttpClientFactory-Sample-Api")]
[Header("Custom-Header", "Custom-Value")]
public interface IJsonPlaceholderApi
{
    [HttpGet("/posts/{id}")]
    Task<dynamic> GetPost(int id);
}

怎么样,看起来是不是很像在写Web Api?

对了,别忘了进行服务注册:

builder.Services.AddHttpApi<IJsonPlaceholderApi>(
    o =>
    {
        o.HttpHost = new Uri("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/");
        o.UseDefaultUserAgent = false;
    });

最后,我们就可以更方便地用它了:

public class ValuesController : ControllerBase
{
    private readonly IJsonPlaceholderApi _jsonPlaceholderApi;

    public ValuesController(IJsonPlaceholderApi jsonPlaceholderApi)
    {
        _jsonPlaceholderApi = jsonPlaceholderApi;
    }
    
    [HttpGet("api")]
    public async Task<dynamic> GetApi()
    {
        var post = await _jsonPlaceholderApi.GetPost(1);

        return post;
    }
}

HttpClient设计原理

上面我们提到过:HttpClient旨在实例化一次,并在应用程序的整个生命周期内重复使用。如果每次请求都实例化一个HttpClient,由于Dispose并不会立即释放套接字,那么当短时间内有大量请求时,服务器的套接字数就会被耗尽,从而引发SocketException异常。

为了能够真正理解这句话,我们一起看一下HttpClient的是如何发送请求并处理响应结果的。

下面,我们先看下HttpClient的基本结构:

按照惯例,为了方便理解,后续列出的源码中我已经删除了一些不是那么重要的代码。

public class HttpMessageInvoker : IDisposable
{
    private volatile bool _disposed;
    private readonly bool _disposeHandler;
    private readonly HttpMessageHandler _handler;

    public HttpMessageInvoker(HttpMessageHandler handler) : this(handler, true) { }

    public HttpMessageInvoker(HttpMessageHandler handler, bool disposeHandler)
    {
        _handler = handler;
        _disposeHandler = disposeHandler;
    }

    [UnsupportedOSPlatformAttribute("browser")]
    public virtual HttpResponseMessage Send(HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
        _handler.Send(request, cancellationToken);

    public virtual Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
        _handler.SendAsync(request, cancellationToken);

    public void Dispose()
    {
        Dispose(true);
        GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
    }

    protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
    {
        if (disposing && !_disposed)
        {
            _disposed = true;

            if (_disposeHandler)
            {
                _handler.Dispose();
            }
        }
    }
}

public class HttpClient : HttpMessageInvoker
{
    private const HttpCompletionOption DefaultCompletionOption = HttpCompletionOption.ResponseContentRead;

    private volatile bool _disposed;
    private int _maxResponseContentBufferSize;

    public HttpClient() : this(new HttpClientHandler()) { }

    public HttpClient(HttpMessageHandler handler) : this(handler, true) { }

    public HttpClient(HttpMessageHandler handler, bool disposeHandler) : base(handler, disposeHandler)  =>
        _maxResponseContentBufferSize = HttpContent.MaxBufferSize;

    // 中间的Rest方法就略过了,因为它们的内部都是通过调用 SendAsync 实现的

    // 同步的 Send 方法与异步的 SendAsync 实现类似
    public Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage request) =>
        SendAsync(request, DefaultCompletionOption, CancellationToken.None);

    public override Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
        SendAsync(request, DefaultCompletionOption, cancellationToken);

    public Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage request, HttpCompletionOption completionOption) =>
        SendAsync(request, completionOption, CancellationToken.None);

    public Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage request, HttpCompletionOption completionOption, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        var response = await base.SendAsync(request, cts.Token).ConfigureAwait(false);
        ThrowForNullResponse(response);

        if (ShouldBufferResponse(completionOption, request))
        {
            await response.Content.LoadIntoBufferAsync(_maxResponseContentBufferSize, cts.Token).ConfigureAwait(false);
        }

        return response;
    }

    private static void ThrowForNullResponse(HttpResponseMessage? response)
    {
        if (response is null) throw new InvalidOperationException(...);
    }

    private static bool ShouldBufferResponse(HttpCompletionOption completionOption, HttpRequestMessage request) =>
        completionOption == HttpCompletionOption.ResponseContentRead 
        && !string.Equals(request.Method.Method, "HEAD", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);

    protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
    {
        if (disposing && !_disposed)
        {
            _disposed = true;

            // ...
        }

        base.Dispose(disposing);
    }
}

看过之后,我们对HttpClient的基本结构可以有一个清晰的认识:

  • HttpClient继承自HttpMessageInvoker,“调用者”,很形象的一个名字。
  • Send/SendAsync方法是整个类的核心方法,所有的请求都是通过调用它们来实现的
  • HttpClient只是对HttpMessageHandler的包装,实际上,所有的请求都是通过这个Handler来发送的。

如果你足够细心,你会发现其中的一个构造函数接收了一个名为disposeHandler的参数,用于指示是否要释放HttpMessageHandler。为什么要这么设计呢?我们知道,HttpClient旨在实例化一次,并在应用程序的整个生命周期内重复使用,实际上指的是HttpMessageHandler,为了在多个地方复用它,该参数允许我们创建多个HttpClient实例,但使用的都是同一个HttpMessageHandler实例(参见下方的IHttpClientFactory设计方式)。

下面看一下HttpMessageHandler及其子类HttpClientHandler

public abstract class HttpMessageHandler : IDisposable
{
    protected HttpMessageHandler() { }

    // 这个方法是后加的,为了不影响它的已存在的子类,所以将其设置为了virtual(而不是abstract),并默认抛NSE
    protected internal virtual HttpResponseMessage Send(HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        throw new NotSupportedException(...);
    }

    protected internal abstract Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken);

    protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
    {
        // 基类中啥都没干
    }

    public void Dispose()
    {
        Dispose(true);
        GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
    }
}

// 这里我们不讨论作为WASM运行在浏览器中的情况
public class HttpClientHandler : HttpMessageHandler
{
    // Socket
    private readonly SocketsHttpHandler _underlyingHandler;
    
    private volatile bool _disposed;

    public HttpClientHandler()
    {
        _underlyingHandler = new HttpHandlerType();
        ClientCertificateOptions = ClientCertificateOption.Manual;
    }
    
    private HttpMessageHandler Handler => _underlyingHandler;
    
    // Send 与 SendAsync 类似
    protected internal override Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
        Handler.SendAsync(request, cancellationToken);
    
    protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
    {
        if (disposing && !_disposed)
        {
            _disposed = true;
            _underlyingHandler.Dispose();
        }

        base.Dispose(disposing);
    }
}

实际上,在.NET Core 2.1(不包含)之前,HttpClient默认使用的HttpMessageHandler在各个平台上的实现各不相同,直到.NET Core 2.1开始,HttpClient才统一默认使用SocketsHttpHandler,这带来了很多好处:

  • 更高的性能
  • 消除了平台依赖,简化了部署和服务
  • 在所有的.NET平台上行为一致
[UnsupportedOSPlatform("browser")]
public sealed class SocketsHttpHandler : HttpMessageHandler
{
    private readonly HttpConnectionSettings _settings = new HttpConnectionSettings();
    private HttpMessageHandlerStage? _handler;
    private bool _disposed;
    
    // Send 与 SendAsync 类似
    protected internal override Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        HttpMessageHandler handler = _handler ?? SetupHandlerChain();
        return handler.SendAsync(request, cancellationToken);
    }
    
    private HttpMessageHandlerStage SetupHandlerChain()
    {
        HttpConnectionSettings settings = _settings.CloneAndNormalize();
        HttpConnectionPoolManager poolManager = new HttpConnectionPoolManager(settings);
        HttpMessageHandlerStage handler;

        if (settings._credentials == null)
        {
            handler = new HttpConnectionHandler(poolManager);
        }
        else
        {
            handler = new HttpAuthenticatedConnectionHandler(poolManager);
        }

        // 省略了一些Handlers管道的组装,与中间件管道类似

        // 释放旧的 _handler
        if (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _handler, handler, null) != null)
        {
            handler.Dispose();
        }

        return _handler;
    }
    
    protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
    {
        if (disposing && !_disposed)
        {
            _disposed = true;
            _handler?.Dispose();
        }

        base.Dispose(disposing);
    }
}

// HttpAuthenticatedConnectionHandler 结构类似
internal sealed class HttpConnectionHandler : HttpMessageHandlerStage
{
    // Http连接池管理器
    private readonly HttpConnectionPoolManager _poolManager;

    public HttpConnectionHandler(HttpConnectionPoolManager poolManager) =>
        _poolManager = poolManager;

    internal override ValueTask<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage request, bool async, CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
        _poolManager.SendAsync(request, async, doRequestAuth: false, cancellationToken);

    protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
    {
        if (disposing)
        {
            _poolManager.Dispose();
        }

        base.Dispose(disposing);
    }
}

后面的就比较底层了,今天咱们就看到这里吧。下面我们看一下IHttpClientFactory

IHttpClientFactory设计方式

我们先从服务注册看起:

public static class HttpClientFactoryServiceCollectionExtensions
{
    public static IServiceCollection AddHttpClient(this IServiceCollection services)
    {
        services.AddLogging();
        services.AddOptions();

        // 核心服务
        services.TryAddTransient<HttpMessageHandlerBuilder, DefaultHttpMessageHandlerBuilder>();
        services.TryAddSingleton<DefaultHttpClientFactory>();
        services.TryAddSingleton<IHttpClientFactory>(serviceProvider => serviceProvider.GetRequiredService<DefaultHttpClientFactory>());
        services.TryAddSingleton<IHttpMessageHandlerFactory>(serviceProvider => serviceProvider.GetRequiredService<DefaultHttpClientFactory>());
        
        // 类型化客户端服务
        services.TryAdd(ServiceDescriptor.Transient(typeof(ITypedHttpClientFactory<>), typeof(DefaultTypedHttpClientFactory<>)));
        services.TryAdd(ServiceDescriptor.Singleton(typeof(DefaultTypedHttpClientFactory<>.Cache), typeof(DefaultTypedHttpClientFactory<>.Cache)));

        services.TryAddEnumerable(ServiceDescriptor.Singleton<IHttpMessageHandlerBuilderFilter, LoggingHttpMessageHandlerBuilderFilter>());

        services.TryAddSingleton(new HttpClientMappingRegistry());

        // 默认注册一个名字为空字符串的 HttpClient 实例
        services.TryAddTransient(s => s.GetRequiredService<IHttpClientFactory>().CreateClient(string.Empty));

        return services;
    }

    public static IHttpClientBuilder AddHttpClient(this IServiceCollection services, string name)
    {
        AddHttpClient(services);

        // 返回一个Builder,以允许继续针对HttpClient进行配置
        return new DefaultHttpClientBuilder(services, name);
    }
    
    public static IHttpClientBuilder AddHttpClient<[DynamicallyAccessedMembers(DynamicallyAccessedMemberTypes.PublicConstructors)] TClient>(
        this IServiceCollection services)
        where TClient : class
    {
        AddHttpClient(services);

        // 获取类型名作为客户端名
        string name = TypeNameHelper.GetTypeDisplayName(typeof(TClient), fullName: false);
        var builder = new DefaultHttpClientBuilder(services, name);
        // 目的是通过 ActivatorUtilities 动态创建 TClient 实例,并通过构造函数注入 HttpClient
        builder.AddTypedClientCore<TClient>(validateSingleType: true);
        return builder;
    }
}

很显然,HttpMessageHandlerBuilder的作用就是创建HttpMessageHandler实例,默认实现为DefaultHttpMessageHandlerBuilder

IHttpMessageHandlerBuilderFilter会在DefaultHttpClientFactory中用到,它可以在HttpMessageHandlerBuilder.Build调用之前对HttpMessageHandlerBuilder进行一些初始化操作。

IHttpClientFactory接口的默认实现是DefaultHttpClientFactory

internal class DefaultHttpClientFactory : IHttpClientFactory, IHttpMessageHandlerFactory
{
    private readonly IServiceProvider _services;
    private readonly Func<string, Lazy<ActiveHandlerTrackingEntry>> _entryFactory;

    // 有效的Handler对象池,使用Lazy来保证每个命名客户端具有唯一的 HttpMessageHandler 实例
    internal readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, Lazy<ActiveHandlerTrackingEntry>> _activeHandlers;
    // 过期的Handler集合
    internal readonly ConcurrentQueue<ExpiredHandlerTrackingEntry> _expiredHandlers;

    public DefaultHttpClientFactory(
        IServiceProvider services,
        IServiceScopeFactory scopeFactory,
        ILoggerFactory loggerFactory,
        IOptionsMonitor<HttpClientFactoryOptions> optionsMonitor,
        IEnumerable<IHttpMessageHandlerBuilderFilter> filters)
    {
        _services = services;
        _activeHandlers = new ConcurrentDictionary<string, Lazy<ActiveHandlerTrackingEntry>>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
        _entryFactory = (name) =>
        {
            return new Lazy<ActiveHandlerTrackingEntry>(() =>
            {
                return CreateHandlerEntry(name);
            }, LazyThreadSafetyMode.ExecutionAndPublication);
        };
    }

    public HttpClient CreateClient(string name)
    {
        HttpMessageHandler handler = CreateHandler(name);
        return new HttpClient(handler, disposeHandler: false);
    }

    public HttpMessageHandler CreateHandler(string name)
    {
        // 若存在指定的命名客户端的活跃的Handler,则直接使用,若不存在,则新建一个
        ActiveHandlerTrackingEntry entry = _activeHandlers.GetOrAdd(name, _entryFactory).Value;
        return entry.Handler;
    }
    
    internal ActiveHandlerTrackingEntry CreateHandlerEntry(string name)
    {
        HttpMessageHandlerBuilder builder = _services.GetRequiredService<HttpMessageHandlerBuilder>();
        builder.Name = name;

        var handler = new LifetimeTrackingHttpMessageHandler(builder.Build());

        // options.HandlerLifetime 默认2分钟
        return new ActiveHandlerTrackingEntry(name, handler, scope, options.HandlerLifetime);
    }
}

public static class HttpClientFactoryExtensions
{
    public static HttpClient CreateClient(this IHttpClientFactory factory) =>
        factory.CreateClient(Options.DefaultName);  // 名字为 string.Empty
}

可以发现,我们每次调用CreateClient,都是新创建一个HttpClient实例,但是,当这些HttpClient实例同名时,所使用的HttpMessageHandler在一定条件下,其实都是同一个。

另外,你也可以发现,所有通过IHttpClientFactory创建的HttpClient,都是命名客户端:

  • 未指定名字的,则默认使用空字符串作为客户端的名字
  • 类型客户端使用类型名作为客户端的名字

Handler的创建是通过DefaultHttpMessageHandlerBuilder调用Build来实现的,不同的是,Factory并非是简单地创建一个Handler,而是建立了一个Handler管道,这是通过抽象类DelegatingHandler实现的。其中,管道最底层的Handler默认是HttpClientHandler,与我们直接new HttpClient()时所创建的Handler是一样的。

与中间件管道类似,DelegatingHandler的作用就是将Http请求的发送和处理委托给内部的另一个Handler处理,而它可以在这个Handler处理之前和之后加一些自己的特定逻辑。

public abstract class DelegatingHandler : HttpMessageHandler
{
    private HttpMessageHandler? _innerHandler;
    private volatile bool _disposed;

    [DisallowNull]
    public HttpMessageHandler? InnerHandler
    {
        get => _innerHandler;
        set => _innerHandler = value;
    }

    protected DelegatingHandler() { }

    // 这里接收的innerHandler就是负责发送和处理Http请求的
    protected DelegatingHandler(HttpMessageHandler innerHandler) =>
        InnerHandler = innerHandler;

    protected internal override HttpResponseMessage Send(HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
        _innerHandler!.Send(request, cancellationToken);

    protected internal override Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
        _innerHandler!.SendAsync(request, cancellationToken);

    protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
    {
        if (disposing && !_disposed)
        {
            _disposed = true;
            if (_innerHandler != null)
            {

                _innerHandler.Dispose();
            }
        }

        base.Dispose(disposing);
    }
}

这里我们看到的LifetimeTrackingHttpMessageHandler,以及源码中我删除掉的LoggingHttpMessageHandler都是DelegatingHandler的子类。

你有没有想过,为啥最后要包装成LifetimeTrackingHttpMessageHandler呢?其实很简单,它就是一个标识,标志着它内部的Handler在超出生命周期后,需要被释放。

另外,实际上,创建好的HttpMessageHandler并非能够一直重用,默认可重用的生命周期为2分钟,我们会将可重用的放在_activeHandlers中,而过期的放在了_expiredHandlers,并在合适的时候释放销毁。注意,过期不意味着要立即销毁,只是不再重用,即不再分配给新的HttpClient实例了。

那为什么不让创建好的HttpMessageHandler一直重用,干嘛要销毁呢?它的原理与各种池(如数据库连接池、线程池)类似,就是为了保证套接字连接在空闲的时候能够被及时关闭,而不是长时间保持打开的状态,白白占用资源。

总结

现在,我们已经对HttpClientIHttpClientFactory有了一个清晰的认识,我们简单总结一下:

  • HttpClient是当前.NET版本中发送Http请求的首选
  • HttpClient提供了很多异步Rest方法,非常适合当下的异步编程模型
  • HttpClient旨在实例化一次,并在应用程序的整个生命周期内重复使用。
  • 直接创建HttpClient实例,很容易被错误使用,建议通过IHttpClientFactory来创建
  • HttpClient是对HttpMessageHandler的包装,默认使用HttpMessageHandler的子类HttpClientHandler,而HttpClientHandler也只是对SocketsHttpHandler的简单包装(不讨论WASM)
  • 通过IHttpClientFactory,我们可以方便地创建命名客户端、类型化客户端等
  • IHttpClientFactory通过创建多个HttpClient实例,但多个实例重用同一个HttpMessageHandler来优化HttpClient的创建




目录-理解ASP.NET Core

 

《理解ASP.NET Core》基于.NET5 & .NET6 进行整理,旨在帮助大家能够对.NET & ASP.NET Core框架有一个清晰的认识。

目录

标签:andWebApiClientCore,request,Refit,private,handler,HttpMessageHandler,public,Http
From: https://www.cnblogs.com/Leo_wl/p/16644898.html

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