Confucianism, also known as Ruism [儒家], is a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China. Variously described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or simply a way of life, Confucianism developed from what was later called the Hundred Schools of Thought [百家争鸣] from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius [孔子] (551–479 BCE).
Confucius considered himself a transmitter of cultural values inherited from the Xia (c. [about] 2070–1600 BCE), Shang (c. 1600–1046 BCE) and Zhou dynasties (c. 1046–256 BCE). Confucianism was suppressed during the Legalist [法家] and autocratic Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE), but survived. During the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), Confucian approaches edged out the "proto-Taoist" Huang–Lao [黄老] as the official ideology, while the emperors mixed both with the realist techniques of Legalism.
A Confucian revival began during the Tang dynasty (618–907). In the late Tang, Confucianism developed in response to Buddhism and Taoism and was reformulated as Neo-Confucianism [neo: new]. This reinvigorated [vigor: 活力] form was adopted as the basis of the imperial exams [科举] and the core philosophy of the scholar official class in the Song dynasty (960–1297). The abolition of the examination system in 1905 marked the end of official Confucianism. The intellectuals of the New Culture Movement of the early twentieth century blamed Confucianism for China's weaknesses. They searched for new doctrines to replace Confucian teachings; some of these new ideologies include the "Three Principles of the People" [三民主义] with the establishment of the Republic of China [中华民国], and then Maoism under the People's Republic of China. In the late twentieth century, the Confucian work ethic has been credited with the rise of the East Asian economy.
A wénmiào (文庙) is a temple where Confucius is worshipped as Wéndì, "God of Culture" (文帝).
Five Classics (五经):
- I Ching or Classic of Change or Book of Changes 周易
- Classic of Poetry or Book of Songs 诗经
- Book of Documents or Book of History Compilation of speeches of major figures and records of events in ancient times embodies the political vision and addresses the kingly way in terms of the ethical foundation for humane government 尚书
- Book of Rites describes the social forms, administration, and ceremonial rites of the Zhou Dynasty. 礼记
- Spring and Autumn Annals 春秋
The Five Constants [五常] are:
- Rén (仁, benevolence, humaneness);
- Yì (义; 義, righteousness or justice);
- Lǐ (礼; 禮, proper rite);
- Zhì (智, knowledge);
- Xìn (信, integrity).
The junzi (君子, "lord's son") is a Chinese philosophical term often translated as "gentleman" or "superior person" and employed by Confucius in his works to describe the ideal man. In the I Ching it is used by the Duke of Wen [周文公旦].
In Confucianism, the sage or wise is the ideal personality; however, it is very hard to become one of them. Confucius created the model of junzi, gentleman, which may be achieved by any individual. Later, Zhu Xi [朱熹] defined junzi as second only to the sage. There are many characteristics of the junzi: he may live in poverty, he does more and speaks less, he is loyal, obedient and knowledgeable. The junzi disciplines himself. Ren is fundamental to become a junzi.
On the contrary, the xiaoren (小人, "small or petty person") does not grasp the value of virtues and seeks only immediate gains. The petty person is egotistic and does not consider the consequences of his action in the overall scheme of things. Should the ruler be surrounded by xiaoren as opposed to junzi, his governance and his people will suffer due to their small-mindness. Examples of such xiaoren individuals may range from those who continually indulge in sensual and emotional pleasures all day to the politician who is interested merely in power and fame; neither sincerely aims for the long-term benefit of others.
The junzi enforces his rule over his subjects by acting virtuously himself. It is thought that his pure virtue would lead others to follow his example. The ultimate goal is that the government behaves much like a family, the junzi being a beacon of filial piety.
In contemporary China, the Confucian revival has developed into various interwoven directions: the proliferation of Confucian schools or academies (书院), the resurgence of Confucian rites (传统礼仪), and the birth of new forms of Confucian activity on the popular level, such as the Confucian communities (社区儒学). Some scholars also consider the reconstruction of lineage churches and their ancestral temples, as well as cults and temples of natural and national gods within broader Chinese traditional religion, as part of the renewal of Confucianism.
六级/考研单词: confucian, humane, transmit, dynasty, suppress, ideology, emperor, illicit, buddha, imperial, scholar, abolish, intellect, doctrine, ethic, temple, worship, classic, poet, embody, administer, autumn, benevolent, integrity, seldom, translate, superior, wise, loyal, contrary, petty, grasp, perpetual, indulge, mere, fame, sincere, enforce, contemporary, academy, ancestor, cult, nationwide, renew
标签:his,fu,cian,Confucian,dynasty,junzi,Confucianism,BCE,Con From: https://www.cnblogs.com/funwithwords/p/16586138.html