首页 > 其他分享 >Con·fu·cian

Con·fu·cian

时间:2022-08-14 19:44:51浏览次数:70  
标签:his fu cian Confucian dynasty junzi Confucianism BCE Con

Confucianism, also known as Ruism [儒家], is a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China. Variously described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or simply a way of life, Confucianism developed from what was later called the Hundred Schools of Thought [百家争鸣] from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius [孔子] (551–479 BCE).

Confucius considered himself a transmitter of cultural values inherited from the Xia (c. [about] 2070–1600 BCE), Shang (c. 1600–1046 BCE) and Zhou dynasties (c. 1046–256 BCE). Confucianism was suppressed during the Legalist [法家] and autocratic Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE), but survived. During the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), Confucian approaches edged out the "proto-Taoist" Huang–Lao [黄老] as the official ideology, while the emperors mixed both with the realist techniques of Legalism.

A Confucian revival began during the Tang dynasty (618–907). In the late Tang, Confucianism developed in response to Buddhism and Taoism and was reformulated as Neo-Confucianism [neo: new]. This reinvigorated [vigor: 活力] form was adopted as the basis of the imperial exams [科举] and the core philosophy of the scholar official class in the Song dynasty (960–1297). The abolition of the examination system in 1905 marked the end of official Confucianism. The intellectuals of the New Culture Movement of the early twentieth century blamed Confucianism for China's weaknesses. They searched for new doctrines to replace Confucian teachings; some of these new ideologies include the "Three Principles of the People" [三民主义] with the establishment of the Republic of China [中华民国], and then Maoism under the People's Republic of China. In the late twentieth century, the Confucian work ethic has been credited with the rise of the East Asian economy.

A wénmiào (文庙) is a temple where Confucius is worshipped as Wéndì, "God of Culture" (文帝).

Five Classics (五经):

  • I Ching or Classic of Change or Book of Changes 周易
  • Classic of Poetry or Book of Songs 诗经
  • Book of Documents or Book of History Compilation of speeches of major figures and records of events in ancient times embodies the political vision and addresses the kingly way in terms of the ethical foundation for humane government 尚书
  • Book of Rites describes the social forms, administration, and ceremonial rites of the Zhou Dynasty. 礼记
  • Spring and Autumn Annals 春秋

The Five Constants [五常] are:

  • Rén (仁, benevolence, humaneness);
  • Yì (义; 義, righteousness or justice);
  • Lǐ (礼; 禮, proper rite);
  • Zhì (智, knowledge);
  • Xìn (信, integrity).

The junzi (君子, "lord's son") is a Chinese philosophical term often translated as "gentleman" or "superior person" and employed by Confucius in his works to describe the ideal man. In the I Ching it is used by the Duke of Wen [周文公旦].

In Confucianism, the sage or wise is the ideal personality; however, it is very hard to become one of them. Confucius created the model of junzi, gentleman, which may be achieved by any individual. Later, Zhu Xi [朱熹] defined junzi as second only to the sage. There are many characteristics of the junzi: he may live in poverty, he does more and speaks less, he is loyal, obedient and knowledgeable. The junzi disciplines himself. Ren is fundamental to become a junzi.

On the contrary, the xiaoren (小人, "small or petty person") does not grasp the value of virtues and seeks only immediate gains. The petty person is egotistic and does not consider the consequences of his action in the overall scheme of things. Should the ruler be surrounded by xiaoren as opposed to junzi, his governance and his people will suffer due to their small-mindness. Examples of such xiaoren individuals may range from those who continually indulge in sensual and emotional pleasures all day to the politician who is interested merely in power and fame; neither sincerely aims for the long-term benefit of others.

The junzi enforces his rule over his subjects by acting virtuously himself. It is thought that his pure virtue would lead others to follow his example. The ultimate goal is that the government behaves much like a family, the junzi being a beacon of filial piety.

In contemporary China, the Confucian revival has developed into various interwoven directions: the proliferation of Confucian schools or academies (书院), the resurgence of Confucian rites (传统礼仪), and the birth of new forms of Confucian activity on the popular level, such as the Confucian communities (社区儒学). Some scholars also consider the reconstruction of lineage churches and their ancestral temples, as well as cults and temples of natural and national gods within broader Chinese traditional religion, as part of the renewal of Confucianism.

六级/考研单词: confucian, humane, transmit, dynasty, suppress, ideology, emperor, illicit, buddha, imperial, scholar, abolish, intellect, doctrine, ethic, temple, worship, classic, poet, embody, administer, autumn, benevolent, integrity, seldom, translate, superior, wise, loyal, contrary, petty, grasp, perpetual, indulge, mere, fame, sincere, enforce, contemporary, academy, ancestor, cult, nationwide, renew

标签:his,fu,cian,Confucian,dynasty,junzi,Confucianism,BCE,Con
From: https://www.cnblogs.com/funwithwords/p/16586138.html

相关文章

  • 函数式接口:Function
    Function接口Function接口在java中主要用来转换类型通过调用apply方法将T类型转换为R类型抽象方法:applyRapply(Tvar1);代码样例publicclassMain{publics......
  • SpringBoot-----SpringBoot @Conditional注解自动配置报告
    一、@Conditional简介@Conditional是Spring4新提供的注解,它的作用是按照一定的条件进行判断,满足条件给容器注册Bean。SpringBoot是根据配置文件的内容决定是否创建Bean,以......
  • confront
    Confrontationisanelementofconflictwhereinpartiesconfrontoneanother,directlyengagingoneanotherinthecourseofadisputebetweenthem.Aconfront......
  • hdu7215 Weighted Beautiful Tree
    problem一个点的点权的可能为不变或者变为连着的边的边权。然后dp、dp[u][0]表示变成大于等于w[u]边的最小代价。dp[u][1]表示变成小于等于w[u]边的最小代价。然后对......
  • consul-集群全部停止后仅启动单节点
    1.consul目录下data/raft/下,添加peers.json, 内容如下[{"id":"adf4238a-882b-9ddc-4a9d-5b6758e4159e","address":"10.1.0.1:8300","non_v......
  • Atcoder Grand Contest 025 E - Walking on a Tree(欧拉回路)
    Atcoder题面传送门打个表发现答案等于每条边被覆盖的次数与\(2\)取min之和,考虑如何构造这个上界。首先考虑树是以\(1\)为中心的菊花图,且任意\(A_i,B_i\ne1\)的......
  • 第31课 逢7必过--continue语句
    第31课逢7必过--continue语句模拟游戏,规则是:大家围坐在一起,从1开始报数,但逢7的倍数或者尾数是7,则不去报数,要喊“过”。试编一程序,人数1~20。程序代码如下:1/*2......
  • Network error:Connection timed out Linux工具无法连接网络?重启网卡即可
    用远程连接虚拟机时出现连接超时的现象,解决方法是重启网卡在虚拟机依次执行如下命令:serviceNetworkManagerstop关闭网卡chkconfigNetworkManageroff永久关闭M......
  • hive function汇总
    showfunctions查看了所有的方法把所有的方法记录下来,下次免得去翻别人的博客了数学函数数学常规函数函数简介用法abs绝对值selectabs(-13);13negati......
  • conflict
    afflict[fromad-'to'+fligere'tohit']affectsb/sthinanunpleasantway,andmakethemsufferconflict[Origin:过去分词ofconfligere'tostriketogeth......