策略模式（Strategy Pattern）
将每个条件分支的实现作为一个独立的策略类，然后使用一个上下文对象来选择要执行的策略。这种方法可以将大量的if else语句转换为对象之间的交互，从而提高代码的可维护性和可扩展性。
示例：
首先，我们定义一个接口来实现所有策略的行为：
public interface PaymentStrategy {
void pay(double amount);
}
接下来，我们定义具体的策略类来实现不同的支付方式：
public class CreditCardPaymentStrategy implements PaymentStrategy {
private String name;
private String cardNumber;
private String cvv;
private String dateOfExpiry;
public CreditCardPaymentStrategy(String name, String cardNumber, String cvv, String dateOfExpiry) {
this.name = name;
this.cardNumber = cardNumber;
this.cvv = cvv;
this.dateOfExpiry = dateOfExpiry;
}
public void pay(double amount) {
System.out.println(amount + " paid with credit card");
}
}
public class PayPalPaymentStrategy implements PaymentStrategy {
private String emailId;
private String password;
public PayPalPaymentStrategy(String emailId, String password) {
this.emailId = emailId;
this.password = password;
}
public void pay(double amount) {
System.out.println(amount + " paid using PayPal");
}
}
public class CashPaymentStrategy implements PaymentStrategy {
public void pay(double amount) {
System.out.println(amount + " paid in cash");
}
}
现在，我们可以在客户端代码中创建不同的策略对象，并将它们传递给一个统一的支付类中，这个支付类会根据传入的策略对象来调用相应的支付方法：
public class ShoppingCart {
private List<Item> items;
public ShoppingCart() {
this.items = new ArrayList<>();
}
public void addItem(Item item) {
this.items.add(item);
}
public void removeItem(Item item) {
this.items.remove(item);
}
public double calculateTotal() {
double sum = 0;
for (Item item : items) {
sum += item.getPrice();
}
return sum;
}
public void pay(PaymentStrategy paymentStrategy) {
double amount = calculateTotal();
paymentStrategy.pay(amount);
}
}
现在我们可以使用上述代码来创建一个购物车，向其中添加一些商品，然后使用不同的策略来支付：
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ShoppingCart cart = new ShoppingCart();
Item item1 = new Item("1234", 10);
Item item2 = new Item("5678", 40);
cart.addItem(item1);
cart.addItem(item2);
// pay by credit card
cart.pay(new CreditCardPaymentStrategy("John Doe", "1234567890123456", "786", "12/22"));
// pay by PayPal
cart.pay(new PayPalPaymentStrategy("[email protected]", "mypassword"));
// pay in cash
cart.pay(new CashPaymentStrategy());
//--------------------------或者提前将不同的策略对象放入map当中,如下
Map<String, PaymentStrategy> paymentStrategies = new HashMap<>();
paymentStrategies.put("creditcard", new CreditCardPaymentStrategy("John Doe", "1234567890123456", "786", "12/22"));
paymentStrategies.put("paypal", new PayPalPaymentStrategy("[email protected]", "mypassword"));
paymentStrategies.put("cash", new CashPaymentStrategy());
String paymentMethod = "creditcard"; // 用户选择的支付方式
PaymentStrategy paymentStrategy = paymentStrategies.get(paymentMethod);
cart.pay(paymentStrategy);
}
}
工厂模式（Factory Pattern）
将每个条件分支的实现作为一个独立的产品类，然后使用一个工厂类来创建具体的产品对象。这种方法可以将大量的if else语句转换为对象的创建过程，从而提高代码的可读性和可维护性。
示例：
// 定义一个接口
public interface StringProcessor {
public void processString(String str);
}
// 实现接口的具体类
public class LowercaseStringProcessor implements StringProcessor {
public void processString(String str) {
System.out.println(str.toLowerCase());
}
}
public class UppercaseStringProcessor implements StringProcessor {
public void processString(String str) {
System.out.println(str.toUpperCase());
}
}
public class ReverseStringProcessor implements StringProcessor {
public void processString(String str) {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(str);
System.out.println(sb.reverse().toString());
}
}
// 工厂类
public class StringProcessorFactory {
public static StringProcessor createStringProcessor(String type) {
if (type.equals("lowercase")) {
return new LowercaseStringProcessor();
} else if (type.equals("uppercase")) {
return new UppercaseStringProcessor();
} else if (type.equals("reverse")) {
return new ReverseStringProcessor();
}
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid type: " + type);
}
}
// 测试代码
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
StringProcessor sp1 = StringProcessorFactory.createStringProcessor("lowercase");
sp1.processString("Hello World");
StringProcessor sp2 = StringProcessorFactory.createStringProcessor("uppercase");
sp2.processString("Hello World");
StringProcessor sp3 = StringProcessorFactory.createStringProcessor("reverse");
sp3.processString("Hello World");
}
}
看起来还是有if...else,但这样的代码更加简洁易懂,后期也便于维护....
映射表（Map）
使用一个映射表来将条件分支的实现映射到对应的函数或方法上。这种方法可以减少代码中的if else语句，并且可以动态地更新映射表，从而提高代码的灵活性和可维护性。
示例：
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.function.Function;
public class MappingTableExample {
private Map<String, Function<Integer, Integer>> functionMap;
public MappingTableExample() {
functionMap = new HashMap<>();
functionMap.put("add", x -> x + 1);
functionMap.put("sub", x -> x - 1);
functionMap.put("mul", x -> x * 2);
functionMap.put("div", x -> x / 2);
}
public int calculate(String operation, int input) {
if (functionMap.containsKey(operation)) {
return functionMap.get(operation).apply(input);
} else {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid operation: " + operation);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
MappingTableExample example = new MappingTableExample();
System.out.println(example.calculate("add", 10));
System.out.println(example.calculate("sub", 10));
System.out.println(example.calculate("mul", 10));
System.out.println(example.calculate("div", 10));
System.out.println(example.calculate("mod", 10)); // 抛出异常
}
}
数据驱动设计（Data-Driven Design）
将条件分支的实现和输入数据一起存储在一个数据结构中，然后使用一个通用的函数或方法来处理这个数据结构。这种方法可以将大量的if else语句转换为数据结构的处理过程，从而提高代码的可扩展性和可维护性。
示例：
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.function.Function;
public class DataDrivenDesignExample {
private List<Function<Integer, Integer>> functionList;
public DataDrivenDesignExample() {
functionList = new ArrayList<>();
functionList.add(x -> x + 1);
functionList.add(x -> x - 1);
functionList.add(x -> x * 2);
functionList.add(x -> x / 2);
}
public int calculate(int operationIndex, int input) {
if (operationIndex < 0 || operationIndex >= functionList.size()) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid operation index: " + operationIndex);
}
return functionList.get(operationIndex).apply(input);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
DataDrivenDesignExample example = new DataDrivenDesignExample();
System.out.println(example.calculate(0, 10));
System.out.println(example.calculate(1, 10));
System.out.println(example.calculate(2, 10));
System.out.println(example.calculate(3, 10));
System.out.println(example.calculate(4, 10)); // 抛出异常
}
}